Summer 1917
PARIS: ‘Sur-realisme’: Polizzotti, 59. • VIENNA: ‘Albert Einstein’: to Emperor Charles, mid-February to 29 April 1917, CPAE X, 73–74. ‘Freud’: to Abraham, 20 May 1917, FR/AB, 348–350. ‘become suffocating’: Friedrich Adler, Friedrich Adler vor dem Ausnahmegericht: Die Verhandlungen vor dem §-14-Gericht am 18. und 19. Mai 1917 nach dem stenographischen Protokoll, 1919, 127. ‘what I had to do’: ibid., 194. ‘We live in a time’: ibid., 196. ‘Long live’: ibid., 200. • TSARSKOYE SELO: ‘exactly three months’ and ‘lamp and the window’: diary of Nicholas, 9 June 1917, ROM, 160. • LEEDS: quotations from What Happened at Leeds, 1919. For context see Stephen White, ‘Soviets in Britain: The Leeds Convention of 1917’, International Review of Social History, 19/2, 1974, 165–193. • LEWES: for critical accounts of Éamon de Valera’s life see Tim Pat Coogan, De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow, 1993; and Ronan Fanning, Éamon de Valera: A Will to Power, 2015. For the official account see Frank Pakenham (Earl of Longford), Éamon de Valera, 1970. For an overall history of Ireland through the period see Charles Townshend, The Republic: The Fight for Irish Independence, 1918–1923, 2013. For de Valera’s speeches see Speeches and Statements by Éamon de Valera, 1917–1973, 1980 (ed. Maurice Moynihan). ‘calmly ignores’: Fanning, 51. • THE WESTERN FRONT: ‘spring has been stretched’: see the report of Lieutenant-Colonel Chanson of the 358th Infantry Regiment, in Loez, annex online at http://www.crid1418.org/doc/mutins, 66–69. ‘start marching towards Paris’: Pedroncini, 150–152. ‘singing the Internationale’: 135–136. • VIENNA: ‘government posters’: available electronically from the Vienna public library, https://www.onb.ac.at. ‘chief of a primitive tribe’: to Abraham, 21 August 1917, FR/AB, 355. • EAST ST. LOUIS: for the riots and their consequences see Elliot M. Rudwick, Race Riots at East St. Louis, July 2 1917, 1972; Malcolm McLaughlin, ‘Reconsidering the East St Louis Race Riot of 1917’, International Review of Social History, No. 47, 2002, 187–212; and Harper Barnes, Never Been a Time: The 1917 Race Riot that Sparked the Civil Rights Movement, 2008. For eyewitness testimony see Riot at East St. Louis, Illinois: Hearings before the Committee on Rules, House of Representatives, Sixty-fifth Congress, First Session, on H.J. Res. 118, August 3, 1917, 1917. For the long and twisted tale of lynching in the United States, see Philip Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown, 2002. For Josephine Baker see Josephine Baker and Jo Bouillon, Josephine, 1978 (trans. Mariana Fitzpatrick); Lynn Haney, Naked at the Feast: A Biography of Josephine Baker, 1981; Bryan Hammond and Patrick O’Connor, Josephine Baker, 1988; Jean-Claude Baker and Chris Chase, Josephine: The Hungry Heart, 1993; and Bennetta Jules Rosette, Josephine Baker in Art and Life: The Icon and the Image, 2007. ‘stares back in terror’: Josephine Baker remembered the sight in February 1952 on returning to St. Louis, where she gave a speech. ‘pull for East St. Louis’: ‘Post-Dispatch Man, an Eye-Witness, Describes Massacre of Negroes’, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 3 July 1917. ‘not dead yet’ and ‘that kind of advertising’: ‘24 Negroes Killed in St. Louis’, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 3 July 1917. ‘ringing the bells’: ‘Address on the Conspiracy of the East St. Louis Riots’, 8 July 1917, MG I, 213. ‘safe for democracy’: picture in Barnes. ‘Houston’: Robert V. Haynes, ‘The Houston Mutiny and Riot of 1917’, Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 76/4, 1973, 418–439. • PETROGRAD: this account is drawn from Jessie Kenney’s typed manuscript of the Pankhurst mission to Russia, in the Jessie Kenney Papers at the Women’s Library of the London School of Economics: ‘The Price of Liberty’, JKP, 7/JKE5. The original diary was smuggled out at the end of Kenney’s visit. For Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Sylvia and Christabel see Martin Pugh, The Pankhursts: The History of One Radical Family, 2001. ‘It is the men’: ‘The Price of Liberty’, 30 June 1917. ‘human electricity’: Trotsky, 295–296. ‘predators’: ‘The Petty-Bourgeois Stand on the Question of Economic Disorganisation’, original article in Pravda, 1/14 June 1917, CW XXIV, 562–564. ‘at any moment’: speech on attitude towards the Provisional Government, 4/17 June 1917, CW XXV, 15–42. ‘grabbing his briefcase’: Kerensky, Catastrophe, 216. ‘it is a plot’: the Menshevik leader Tsereteli in Volkogonov, Lenin, 136. ‘insinuation’: ‘Insinuations’, original article in Pravda, 11/24 June 1917, CW XXV, 73–74. ‘processions’: speech to Petrograd Bolsheviks, 11/24 June 1917, CW XXV, 79–81. ‘here come the Cossacks’: diary entry 24 June 1917, Louis de Robien, The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia, 1917–1918, 1969 (trans. Camilla Sykes), 75. • SARAJEVO: ‘iron and bronze cross’: photograph of the monument in Miller, ‘Yugoslav Eulogies’, 11. • THE RUSSIAN FRONT: ‘order to attack’: order for the offensive, 16 June 1917, RPG II, 942. ‘before breakfast’: diary of Nicholas, 20 June 1917, ROM, 161. ‘Anything is possible’: diary entry 4 July 1917, Robien, 78. ‘new detective novel’: diary of Nicholas, 27 June 1917, ROM, 162. ‘British military observer’: Memorandum from Brigadier General Knox to the War Cabinet, NA, CAB 24/19/88. ‘his own son’: Rauchensteiner, 757. ‘Tajik for relaxation’: George Katkov, The Kornilov Affair: Kerensky and the Breakup of the Russian Army, 1980, 41. ‘devil brought you’: Bochkareva, 195–196. ‘sex behind a tree’: ibid., 217. • TSARSKOYE SELO: ‘bad news from the front’: diary of Nicholas, 13 July 1917, ROM, 163. • ACROSS EUROPE: for the diplomatic ballet in 1917 see David Stevenson, ‘The Failure of Peace by Negotiation in 1917’, Historical Journal, 34/1, 1991, 65–86; and Documents and Statements Relating to Peace Proposals and War Aims, December 1916–November 1918, 1919 (ed. G. Lowe Dickinson). For a detailed account of the Stockholm conference see Hildamarie Meynell, ‘The Stockholm Conference of 1917: Part I’, International Review of Social History, 5/1, 1960, 1–25, and ‘The Stockholm Conference of 1917: Part II’, International Review of Social History, 5/2, 1960, 202–225. ‘being deliberately prolonged’: Max Egremont, Siegfried Sassoon: A Biography, 2005, 143–144. ‘Catholic politician’: see Matthias Erzberger, Erlebnisse im Weltkrieg, 1920, 250–269. ‘abdicate straight away’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1169. ‘reading the newspapers’: ibid., 1171. ‘peace resolution’: Dokumente zur deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte, Vol. 2, 471. ‘as I interpret it’: Watson, 460. • PETROGRAD: ‘sunflower seeds’ to ‘her husband’s comrade’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 228–229. • EAST CLARE: ‘The Spaniard’: Fanning, 54. ‘defended one half’: David Fitzpatrick, ‘De Valera in 1917: The Undoing of the Easter Rising’, in John P. O’Carroll and John A. Murphy (eds.), De Valera and His Times, 1983, 101–112, 107. • NEIVOLA: ‘train chugs its way’: Service, Lenin, 283. ‘Ambassador’s Rolls-Royce’: diary entry 16 July 1917, Robien, 83. ‘front page of Pravda’: Sukhanov, 439. ‘given a good hiding’: Service, Lenin, 284. ‘ribbons turned inside’ to ‘spilled face powder’: diary entry 17 July 1917, Robien, 84. ‘son of a bitch’: Israel Getzler, Kronstadt 1917–1921: The Fate of Soviet Democracy, 1983, 120. ‘declare your will’ to ‘Give me your hand’: Sukhanov, 445–447. ‘going to shoot us’: Kotkin, 202. ‘not see each other’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 233. ‘Entre nous’: to Kamenev, 18–20 July 1917, CW XXXVI, 454. ‘Look in the oven’: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 234. ‘shave off’: Service, Lenin, 287. • UPSTATE MICHIGAN: ‘Dad’s Ford’: to Anson T. Hemingway, 6 August 1917, EHC, Series 2, Box OC01, EHPP-OC01-006–005. • THE VATICAN: ‘Pope a traitor’: Bosworth, 100. ‘tide of blood’: to Walter Hines Page, 27 August 1917, WW XLIV, 57–59. • WILHELMSHAVEN: ‘world is a madhouse’ and ‘ought to imitate’: diary entry for late June or early July 1917, Richard Stumpf, The Private War of Seaman Stumpf: The Unique Diaries of a Young German in the Great War, 1969 (trans. Daniel Horn), 339. ‘Kaiser suggests’: diary entry 18 August 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 294. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘midget submarines’: Rudolph Alverado and Sonya Alverado, Drawing Conclusions on Henry Ford, 2001, 76. ‘activist notes’: James Weldon Johnson, quoted in Colin Grant, Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey and His Dream of Mother Africa, 2008, 124–125. • TSARSKOYE SELO: ‘long stay in Livadia!’: diary of Nicholas, 28 July 1917, ROM,
164. ‘pleasant to meet’: diary of Nicholas, 31 July 1917, ROM, 165. ‘Japanese flag’: ROM, 169. ‘Rasputin told them’: Pierre Gilliard, Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, 1921 (trans. F. Appleby Holt), 240. • MOSCOW: ‘English county’ and following: diary entries 5 August to 2 September 1917, Kenney. ‘declare Kerensky’s national gathering’: appeal of the Central Committee, RPG III, 1452–1454. ‘precautions necessary’: ‘The Atmosphere in Moscow at the Opening of the Conference’, Izvestiia, 13 August 1917, RPG III, 1456–1457. ‘Power has passed’: ‘On Slogans’, July 1917, CW XXV, 185–192. ‘needs a disguise’: full saga in Service, Lenin, 287–292. • RIGA: ‘news is hateful’: diary entry 4 September 1917, Robien, 101. ‘gramophone horns’: 9 September 1917, ibid.,101. ‘finds herself caught’: diary entry 8 September 1917, Kenney.
Autumn 1917
PETROGRAD: ‘lecture on Greek art’: Sukhanov, 500. ‘reality is more devious’: the details of the Kornilov revolt are contested. For a historian’s account see Katkov. For one of the participants see Alexander Kerensky, The Prelude to Bolshevism, 1919. ‘will not give them the revolution’: statement by Nekrasov, originally in Rech’, 13 September 1917, RPG II, 1578–1579. ‘operatic arias’: Katkov, 92. ‘regime opposed’: radio telegram from Kerensky to the country, 27 August 1917, RPG II, 1572–1573. ‘great provocation’ to ‘inevitable ruin’: Kornilov’s response, 27 August 1917, RPG II, 1573. ‘deathly danger’: editorial in Den’, 28 August 1917, RPG II, 1594–1595. ‘Shakespearean tragedy’: diary entry 14 September 1917, Robien, 112. ‘vast muddle’: diary of Nicholas, 5 September 1917, ROM, 198. ‘Kornilovka’: Bochkareva, 240. • SPARTANBURG: Reid Badger, A Life in Ragtime: A Biography of James Reese Europe, 1995, 155–160. • EASTERN FRONT: ‘Kaiser’s knowledge’: diary entry 29 September 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court, 303. • HELSINKI: ‘writes to Nadya’ and description of her trip: Krupskaya, Memories, Vol. 2, 238–239. ‘into their own hands’ to ‘unquestionably’: letter to the Central Committee, CW XXVI, 12–14/25–27 September 1917, 19–21. • TOBOLSK: ‘Three hundred and thirty-seven’: recollections of Vasily Pankratov, September–December 1917, ROM, 259. • PETROGRAD: for Reed’s life see Eric Homberger, John Reed, 1990. For his writings see John Reed, John Reed and the Russian Revolution: Uncollected Articles, Letters and Speeches on Russia, 1917–1920, 1992 (eds. Eric Homberger and John Biggart), and Ten Days that Shook the World, 1919. ‘джон ридь’ to ‘observations’ and ‘phrases’: notebooks, JRP, Series V/E, Items 1332–1333. ‘black and soggy’ and ‘color and terror’: to Boardman Robinson, 17 September 1917, Reed, John Reed and the Russian Revolution, 26–27. ‘fake babies’: notebook, JRP, Series V/E, Item 1333. ‘reported speaking’: David Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918, 1921, 165–168. ‘only party with a program’: ibid., 169. • ROSENBERG FORTRESS: for de Gaulle’s life in general up to the end of the Second World War see Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: Le Rebelle, 1890–1944, 1984; and Charles de Gaulle, Charles de Gaulle: Lettres, notes et carnets, 3 volumes, 2010 (ed. Philippe de Gaulle)–afterwards CDG. For a recent English biography see Julian Jackson, A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle, 2018. This account of de Gaulle’s attempted escape from Rosenberg is drawn from his post-war description submitted in 1927 for the French military medal for POW escapees, reproduced in CDG I, 673–685. • LONDON: this section is drawn from the entries from September to November 1917 in WSC VIII, 160–196. • VYBORG: for general description see Service, Lenin, 302–307. ‘positively criminal’: letter to the Central Committee, 1/14 October 1917, CW XXVI, 140–141. • WASHINGTON DC: address to the President by Vira Boarman Whitehouse, 25 October 1917, WW XLIV, 440–441. • DUBLIN: for this episode see Coogan, De Valera, 95–97; and Fanning, 56–61. • PETROGRAD: ‘has finally arrived’: editorial in Rabochii Put, 13 October 1917, RPG II, 1763–1764. ‘inevitable lutte finale’: ‘Red Russia: The Triumph of the Bolsheviki’, written in November 1917 and published in The Liberator in March 1918, in Reed, John Reed and the Russian Revolution, 83. ‘Soviet government will give’: Sukhanov, 584–585. ‘fatal step’: Kamenev’s article was in Maxim Gorky’s newspaper Novaia zhizn: see Figes, 477. ‘not set a date’: Trotsky’s Denial, printed in Izvestiia, 18 October 1917, RPG II, 1767. ‘strike-breaker’: letter to Bolshevik Party members, 18 October 1917, CW XXVI, 216–219. ‘general croaking’: ‘Strong Bulls of Bashan Have Beset Me Round’, original article in Rabochy Put, 20 October 1917, in Joseph Stalin, Works, 13 volumes, 1952–1955, Vol. 3, 409–413. • ROSENBERG FORTRESS: see CDG I, 673–685. • KARFREIT: for the Caporetto episode see Stevenson, Cataclysm, 308–311. For Mussolini’s reaction see O’Brien, 141–146. ‘blood which moves’: Mack Smith, Mussolini, 29. ‘trincerocrazia’: the word appears in a letter of Mussolini’s published in Il Popolo d’Italia on 27 December 1916, OO VIII, 270–272, 272. ‘parasites’: ‘Trincerocrazia’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 15 December 1917, 140–142, 141. ‘touch of an artist’: ‘I Nostri Postulati: Per la Storia di una Settimana’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 27 November 1917, OO X, 86–88, 87. • BERLIN: ‘In all my life’ and following: Davis, Kaiser I Knew, 20–27. ‘spat between’: Rauchensteiner, 793. ‘catches a chill’: diary entry 15 November 1917, Müller, Kaiser and his Court. • PETROGRAD: for general descriptions of the October revolution see Figes, 474–500; and, for a fuller description, Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, 2017. For an eyewitness see Sukhanov, 547–669. For foreign observers see memoirs cited elsewhere in this book, and also Rappaport, 257–301. For Lenin’s role see Service, Lenin, 306–323. ‘on receiving another note’: Margarita Fofanova in Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks Come to Power, 265. ‘must not wait!’: letter to Central Committee, 24 October 1917, CW XXVI, 234–235. ‘have gone where you did not want me to go’: note to Margarita Fofanova, 24 October 1917, CW XLIII, 638. ‘smells terribly’: Trotsky, 338. ‘ballet tickets’: Reed, Ten Days, 88. ‘belonging to the American embassy’: Francis, 179–180. ‘Long live the world socialist revolution!’: speech to Petrograd Soviet, 25 October 1917, CW XXVI, 239–241. ‘es schwindelt’: Trotsky, 337. ‘rising of the masses’: Sukhanov, 639. ‘candles and torches’: Meriel Buchanan, The City of Trouble, 1918, 177. ‘women soldiers being thrown out of windows’: Stoff, 160. ‘send out our appeal everywhere’: concluding speech at Second All-Russia Congress of Soviets, 26 October 1917, CW XXVI, 254–256. ‘Ludendorff sends a telegram’: telegram 1628, 9 November 1917, in Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1915–1918, 1958 (ed. Z. A. B. Zeman), 75. ‘British Ambassador observes’: George Buchanan, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories, 2 volumes, Vol. 2, 1923, 208. ‘French diplomat heads’: diary entry 13 November 1917, Robien, 138–139. ‘Michael Romanov’: Rosemary and Donald Crawford, Michael and Natasha: The Life and Love of the Last Tsar of Russia, 1997, 335–338. • VIENNA: ‘grumpy and tired’: to Ferenczi, 6 November 1917, FR/FER II, 245. ‘put Lamarck entirely on our ground’ and ‘future is pretty dim’: to Abraham, 11 November 1917, FR/AB, 361–362. ‘mourning and melancholia’: the paper had been finished two years before; SE XIV, 237–260. ‘silenced’: Gay, Freud, 373, cites the German as ‘verschweigen werden’ from letter of Freud to Ferenczi, 20 November 1917. • SIBERIA: ‘spreads by railway and by telegraph wire’: Roger Pethybridge, The Spread of the Russian Revolution: Essays on 1917, 1972. ‘stop this willfulness?’: recollections of Vasily Pankratov, September–December 1917, ROM, 272. ‘Kun is busy in the local library’: György Borsányi, The Life of a Communist Revolutionary: Béla Kun, 1993, 48. • BRESLAU: to Clara Zetkin, 24 November 1917, LRL, 444–447. • BERLIN: to Heinrich Zangger, 6 December 1917, CPAE VIII, 561–563. • PETROGRAD: see Service, Lenin, 324–337, and The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State, 1917–1921, 1975 (ed. Martin McCauley)–afterwards RSS. ‘highly skilled accountants’: telegram to V. V. Vorovsky, 8 December 1917, CW XLIV, 50. ‘dirty collar’: Trotsky, 337. ‘I felt very hungry’: Nadezhda Krupskaya, Reminiscences of Lenin, 1959, 413. �
�first official automobile’: Stepan Gil, Shest’ let s V. I. Leninym. Vospominaniya lichnogo shofera Vladimira Il’ina Lenina. Izdaniye vtoroye, pererabotannoye i dopolnennoye, 1957, 10–13. ‘That’s Kollontai!’: Simon Sebag Montefiore, Young Stalin, 2007, 305, originally from Trotsky. ‘bicycle for the journey’ and ‘shut up shop’: Trotsky, 341. ‘John Reed joins’: Homberger, 158. ‘As soon as’: Decree on the Press, 9 November 1917, RSS, 190–191. ‘Socialism cannot be decreed’: meeting of the Central Executive Committee, 4 November 1917, CW XXVI, 285–293. ‘thin and gloomy Pole’: RSS, 188. ‘bourgeoisie are prepared to commit’: note to F. E. Dzerzhinsky, CW XXVI, 374–376. ‘The following changes’: ‘The Tasks of the Public Library’, November 1917, CW XXVIII, 351. • KANSAS CITY: ‘All cops love me’: to Marcelline Hemingway, 26 October 1917, LEH I, 56. ‘enlist in the Canadian Army’: to Marcelline Hemingway, 30 October and 6 November 1917, LEH I, 58–60. ‘marched and skirmished’: to Clarence and Grace Hemingway, 15 November 1917, EHC, Series 2, Box OC01, EHPP-OC01-008–002. ‘unusual sight’: to Clarence and Grace Hemingway, 17 December 1917, LEH I, 70. • JERUSALEM: for context see Eugene Rogan, The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East, 2015; James Barr, A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle that Shaped the Middle East, 2011; Sean McMeekin, The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923, 2015; and David Fromkin, A Peace to End all Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East, 1914–1922, 1989. For the life of Mustafa Kemal see Andrew Mango, Atatürk, 1999; and Klaus Kreiser, Atatürk: Eine Biographie, 2011. ‘Christmas present’: Rogan, 350–352. ‘Jews Here Jubilant’: ‘Jerusalem Falls to the British Army, Jews Here Jubilant’, New York Times, 10 December 1917. ‘gives me any pleasure’: to Ferenczi, 10 December 1917, FR/FER II, 363–364. ‘got so heated’: Mango, 171–172, though Mango rather doubts the story. ‘stationary train’ to ‘get a better view’: Kreiser, 117–121. • BREST-LITOVSK: for an analysis see Borislav Chernev, Twilight of Empire: The Brest-Litovsk Conference and the Remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917–1918, 2017; and John Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace, March 1918, 1963. For a word-by-word account see Proceedings of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference: The Peace Negotiations between Russia and the Central Powers, 21 November 1917–3 March 1918, 1918–afterwards PBL. For an insider’s perspective, other than the main figures who are cited elsewhere here–Czernin, Hoffmann, Trotsky–see Ivan Fokke, ‘Na stsene i za kulisami brestkoi tragikomedii: Memuary uchastnika Brest-Litovskih mirnykh peregovorov’, Arkhiv Russkoi Revolutsii, 1930. • INGOLSTADT: ‘My heartache’: to Jeanne de Gaulle, 19 December 1917, CDG I, 337–338. • BRESLAU: to Sophie Liebknecht, 24 December 1917, LRL, 457. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘class war’: memorandum by Lincoln Steffens, 28 December 1917, WW XLV, 381–384. ‘poem by Wordsworth’: Cooper, Wilson, 421.
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