Autumn 1918
CHICAGO: ‘For a few seconds’: Meyers, Hemingway, 38. ‘influenza closes everything’: see www.influenzaarchive.org project. For one particularly striking example of the explosion of influenza see Carol S. Byerly, ‘The U.S. Military and the Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919’, Public Health Reports, 125, Supplement 3, 2010, 82–91. • SPA: principally drawn from diary entry 1 October 1918, Thaer, 234–237. ‘worries about the widows’: Nebelin, 682, footnote 25. ‘will be hanged some day’: ibid., 468. • GORKI: ‘fires off a note’: CW XXXV, Note to Sverdlov and Trotsky, 1 October 1918, 364–365. ‘finds time to be infuriated’: ‘The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky’, 10 October, 1918, CW XXVIII, 104–112. • WASHINGTON: for the sequence of events see Stevenson, Cataclysm, 384–391. For an alternative reading of Wilson’s purposes see Tooze, 222–232. For the documents themselves see Documents and Statements Relating to Peace Proposals and War Aims, December 1916–November 1918, 1919 (ed. G. Lowe Dickinson). For a highly readable account of the last months of the war incorporating diplomatic and military perspectives see Gordon Brook-Shepherd, November 1918: The Last Act of the Great War, 1981. ‘in order to prevent further bloodshed’: Urkunden der Obersten Heeresleitung über ihre Tätigkeit 1916/8, 1920 (ed. Erich Ludendorff), 535. The armistice request is not included in Lowe Dickinson. • THE WESTERN FRONT: ‘German army retreats’: Lloyd, Hundred Days, 208–210. ‘Wervik’: Weber, Hitler’s First War, 220–221; and Hitler, 264. • MOSCOW: ‘noisy gestures’ to ‘no lover of noise’: Kotkin, 308. ‘insist on Stalin’s recall’: to Lenin, 4 October 1918, TP I, 134–137. ‘lighten the load’: Trotsky’s explanation, 13 October 1918, TP I, 148–151. • VIENNA: for the beginnings of the break-up of the Habsburg Empire see Rauchensteiner, 979–998. ‘bankruptcy of the old state’: ‘Die Friedensfrage in Parlament’, Neues Wiener Tagblatt, 4 October 1918, DÖZ, 15. ‘magnificent Duce’: Bosworth, 100. ‘crew for a sinking ship’: Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 188. • BERLIN: ‘Woodrow’s latest diplomatic note’: Wilson’s reply to the German note of 12 October, 14 October 1918, Documents and Statements Relating to Peace Proposals, 250–252. ‘Ludendorff is evasive’ and following quotations: Michael Geyer, ‘Insurrectionary Warfare: The German Debate about a Levée en Masse in October 1918’, Journal of Modern History, 73/3, 2001, 459–527, particularly 503–507. ‘dug up and sent home’: Wilhelm Breucker, Die Tragik Ludendorffs. Eine kritische Studie auf Grund persönlicher Erinnerungen an den General und seine Zeit, 1953, 35. • VENICE: Alatri, 199. • MOSCOW: speech at a joint session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 22 October 1918, CW XXVIII, 113–126. • VIENNA: see Rauchensteiner, 992–998. ‘Fiume’: ibid., 997. ‘Prague’: Victor S. Mamatey, ‘The Establishment of the Republic’, in Victor S. Mamatey and Radomír Luža (eds.), A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, 1918–1948, 1973, 3–38, particularly 23–38. ‘Budapest’: Rauchensteiner, 1004. ‘prevent further bloodshed’: ibid., 998. ‘terribly thrilling’, to Eitingon, 25 November 1918, FR/EIT I, 139–140. ‘Withdraw your libido’: to Ferenczi, 27 October 1918, FR/FER II, 304–305. • PASEWALK: on Hitler’s time in Pasewalk there is little evidence and much conjecture. See Kershaw, 101–105; and Ullrich, 69–72. For an entirely sceptical approach see J. Armbruster, ‘Die Behandlung Adolf Hitlers im Lazarett Pasewalk 1918: Historische Mythenbildung durch einseitige bzw. Spekulative Pathographie’, Journal für Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie, 10/4, 2009, 18–22. For a speculative approach, Bernhard Horstmann, Hitler in Pasewalk: die Hypnose und ihre Folgen, 2004. Hitler’s own account is at Hitler, 264–269 • BERLIN: ‘seem to forget’: diary entry 28 October 1918, Thaer, 246–249. ‘Mark my words’: Bruecker, 61. ‘Chile and Argentina’: letter 26 October 1918, Thaer, 244–245. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘Much as I should enjoy’: Wilson to House, 28 October 1918, FRUS, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: I, 119 • SPA: Röhl, Concise Life, 176. • THE AUSTRO-ITALIAN FRONT LINE: Rauchensteiner, 1002–1005. • MOSCOW: ‘In Honour of the Austro-Hungarian Revolution’, Pravda, 5 November 1918, CW XXVIII, 130. • THE AUSTRO-ITALIAN FRONT LINE: ‘highest mountain’: Rauchensteiner, 1008. ‘macabre Lord’s Prayer’: Woodhouse, 312, original dated 1 November 1918, in Gabriele D’Annunzio, Prose di Ricerca, 3 volumes, 1962–1968 (ed. Egidio Bianchetti), Vol. 1, 648–649. ‘ministers gather’: Rauchensteiner, 1010. ‘trainload of Austrian soldiers’: ‘Plünderungen durch Soldaten’, Arbeiter-Zeitung, 3 November 1918, DÖZ, 34. • LONDON: ‘drizzle of empires’: Gilbert, World in Torment, 158. • KIEL: ‘no turning back’: Schleswig-Holsteinische Volkszeitung, 5 November 1918, in Die Entwicklung der deutschen Revolution und das Kriegsende in der Zeit vom 1. Oktober bis 30. November 1918, 1918 (ed. Kurt Ahnert), 156–157. ‘hussars are said to be on their way’: Mark Jones, Founding Weimar: Violence and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, 2016, 44. • SPA: ‘can sign up’: diary entry 5 November 1918, Thaer, 252. ‘not informed’: Cecil, 289. • THE GHENT ROAD: Gilbert, World in Torment, 156–158. • PETROGRAD: description of preparation and events in Petrograd: Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks in Power, 353–388. ‘Georgian bank-robber writes’: ‘The Role of the Most Distinguished Party Activists’, Pravda, 6 November 1918. ‘Shortly the revolution’ to ‘We are strong’: Rabinowitch, Bolsheviks in Power, 377–382. Newspaper description of events in Moscow: ‘The Festival of Great Renewal’, Pravda, 9 November 1918. Also: James von Geldern, Bolshevik Festivals, 1917–1920, 1993, 93–97. ‘Lenin unveils’: speech unveiling the plaque, 7 November 1918, CW XXVIII, 167–168. ‘special visit to Cheka headquarters’: speech to Cheka staff, 7 November 1918, CW XXVIII, 169–170. ‘carried out at night’: Volkogonov, Lenin, 239. • THE WESTERN FRONT: for a general description see Bullitt Lowry, Armistice 1918, 1996, 147–162. ‘Then we are lost’: ibid., 158. • SPA: for Kurt Eisner see Allan Mitchell, Revolution in Bavaria, 1918–1919: The Eisner Regime and the Soviet Republic, 1965. ‘dodges revolutionary roadblocks’: diary entries 7–8 November 1918, Harry Kessler, Das Tagebuch, 1880–1937, 9 volumes, 2004–2018 (eds. Roland S. Kamzelak und Ulrich Ott), Vol. 6, 612–622. ‘sidearm’: 9 November 1918, ibid., 622–627. • VIENNA: ‘So much is now going on’ to ‘Don Quixote’: to Ferenczi, 9 November 1918, FR/FER II, 310. ‘Thousands of Austrian refugees’: ‘Die Vorarlberger streben nach der Schweiz’, Arbeiter-Zeitung, 6 November 1918, DÖZ, 42. • SPA: for the situation in Spa see Sigurd von Ilsemann, Der Kaiser in Holland: Aufzeichnungen des letzten Flügeladjutanten Kaiser Wilhelms II., ed. Harald von Koenigswald, 2 volumes, Vol. 1, 1967, Amerongen und Doorn, 1918–1923, 38–43; and Alfred Niemann, Kaiser und Revolution: Die entscheidenden Ereignisse im Grossen Hauptquartier, 1928, 132–145. For an account of the fall of monarchs across Germany see Lothar Machtan, Die Abdankung: Wie Deutschlands gekrönte Häupter aus der Geschichte fielen, 2008. ‘medicated slumber’: Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 7 November 1918, 35. ‘Scheidemann’: see Philipp Scheidemann, Memoirs of a Social Democrat, 2 volumes, Vol. 2, 1929, 580–582. ‘disgraceful betrayal!’: Niemann, 142. • EIJSDEN: diary entry 10 November 1918, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 43–48. For the Dutch reception see Sally Marks, ‘“My name is Ozymandias”: The Kaiser in Exile’, Central European History, 16/2, 1983, 122–170. ‘no hope left for me’: Cecil, 294. ‘My conscience is clear’: diary entry 11 November 1918, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 53–54. ‘letter is read out in German’: ‘Aufzeichnungen über die Schlußsitzung der Waffenstillstandskommission am 11. November 1918, 2.15 nachts in Compiègne’, in Der Waffenstillstand, 1918–1919: Das Dokumenten-Material der Waffenstillstands-Verhandlungen von Compiègne, Spa, Trier und Brüssel, 3 volumes, 1928 (eds. Edmund Marhefka, Hans von Hammerstein and Otto von Stein), Vol. 1, 61–73. • THE WESTERN FRONT: ‘bows at the enemy’: Brook-Shepherd, November 1918, 392. PARIS: ‘Apollinaire’s funeral cortège’: Polizzotti, 84. ‘three hundred Parisians’: Pierre Darmon, ‘Une Tragédie dans la tragédie: la Grippe Espagnole en France (Avril 1918–Avril 1919)’, Annales de Démographie Historique, No. 2, 2000, 153–175, 158. ‘last diary entry’: Peter Read, Picasso and Apollinai
re: The Persistence of Memory, 2008, 136. • VIENNA: ‘sympathetic visitors’ to ‘chambermaid’: Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 212–216. ‘excuse me’: ‘Der Tod Dr. Viktor Adlers’, Kronen-Zeitung, 13 November 1918, DÖZ, 37–38. • EUROPE: ‘Finnish diplomat’: Nebelin, 507. ‘come back to power’: Margarethe Ludendorff, Als ich Ludendorffs Frau war, 1929, 209. ‘bad dream’: ibid., 212–213. ‘Emil Sebastyen’ to ‘loft apartment’: Borsányi, 77–86. • MILAN: ‘post-war must be ours’: Bosworth, 102. • BERLIN: for conditions in Germany after the war see Richard Bessel, Germany after the First World War, 1993. For the course of political events see Mark Jones, Founding Weimar: Violence and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, 2016; and Ralph Haswell Lutz, The German Revolution, 1918–1919, 1922. For the role and attitude of Friedrich Ebert see D. K. Buse, ‘Ebert and the German Crisis, 1917–1920’, Central European History, 5/3, 1972, 234–255. ‘drawn to a socialist rally’: Hitler, 731; and Weber, Becoming Hitler, 3–4. ‘has completed its revolution’: Lutz, 55. ‘chaos, hunger and misery’: circular 2 November 1918, in Bessel, 70. ‘over our ears’: to Adolf Warski, November/December 1918, LRL, 484–485. • ISTANBUL: for Istanbul’s final years as the Ottoman capital see Philip Mansel, Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire, 1453–1924, 2006, 380–414; Charles King, Midnight at the Pera Palace: The Birth of Modern Istanbul, 2014; and Nur Bilge Criss, Istanbul under Allied Occupation, 1918–1923, 1999. For a Turkish first-hand account see Halidé Edib, The Turkish Ordeal, 1928, 1–19. ‘Forty-two Allied ships’ to ‘Gallipoli’: ‘Allied Fleet at the Dardanelles’, Times, 13 November 1918. ‘Armenian bishop’: Rogan, 385–387. ‘Turkey Overrun by Brigands’: Times, 20 November 1918. ‘Kemal arrives at Haydarpaşa’: Mango, 171–172. • VIENNA: ‘tries to explain his son’s silence’: to Pfister, 2 January 1919, FR/PF, 64–65. ‘Limitations and deprivation’: to Ferenczi, 17 November 1918, FR/FER II, 311. ‘bar of soap’: Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 220. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘document has been circulating’: see ‘Materials on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion’, records kept by Leland Harrison, USNA, RG59, Box 1 Entry A1-349; and Robert Singerman, ‘The American Career of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion’, American Jewish History, 71/1, 1981, 48–78. ‘Supreme Court judge’: Singerman, 51. • SOUTHERN RUSSIA: ‘breathing space’: speech to Fifth All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 30 October 1918, TMW I, 512–514. ‘Trotsky’s train’: Trotsky, 411–422; and Volkogonov, Trotsky, 152–154 and 163–173. ‘at his present whereabouts’: telegrams to Trotsky, 12 December 1918, CW XLIV, 170. ‘Revolution, the daughter of war’ to ‘A formidable blow’: speech in Voronezh, 18 November 1918, TMW I, 515–545. ‘Denikin’: Engelstein, 378–382. ‘Yudenich’: ibid., 308–311. ‘Kolchak’: ibid., 417–444; and more generally Jonathan Smele, Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–1920, 1997. ‘history is now condensed’: speech in Voronezh, 18 November 1918, TMW I, 541. ‘finally finishes the pamphlet’: ‘The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky’, CW XXVIII, 227–325. ‘blind puppy’: ibid., 235. ‘particularly ridiculous’: ibid., 262. ‘sheer mockery’: ibid., 244. ‘lynching’: ibid., 245. ‘unrestricted by any laws’: ibid., 236. ‘a million times’: ibid., 248. • BLODELSHEIM: ‘tired of the army life’: letter dated 21 November 1918, Badger, Life in Ragtime, 197–198. ‘cover of The Crisis’: The Crisis, November 1918. ‘The nightmare is over’: ‘Peace’, The Crisis, December 1918. • LINCOLN: see Coogan, De Valera, 124–127; and Declan Dunne, Peter’s Key: Peter Deloughry and the Fight for Irish Independence, 2012. • THE ATLANTIC: ‘set of invitation cards’: diary of Edith Benham, 5 December 1918, WW LIII, 319. ‘sweetheart’: diary of Raymond Blaine Fosdick, 11 December 1918, WW LIII, 366. ‘ice cream’: 8 December 1918, 341. ‘Victrola’: ‘Victrola and Records Bought for President’s Ship’, Talking Machine World, 15 February 1919. ‘off-colour jokes’: diary of Edith Benham, 10 December 1918, WW LIII, 358. ‘have her sandwich’: 9 December 1918, 344. ‘what sort of a fellow’: diary of Dr Grayson, 8 December 1918, WW LIII, 337. ‘Château Thierry’: diary of William Christian Bullitt, 9/10 December 1918, WW LIII, 352. ‘lucky number’: diary of Dr Grayson, 13 December 1918, WW LIII, 378. • AMERONGEN: ‘two dozen’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1190. ‘who carries the blame’ to ‘I would like to give you a kiss’: diary entry 19 November 1918, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 58–60. For various escape plans, see diary entries for December–‘damn arm?’ and ‘sanatorium’, 11 and 13 December 1918 respectively, ibid., 72–78. • BERLIN: see Jones, Founding Weimar, 104–135. ‘Ebert worries’: Bessel, 84–85. ‘welcome back to your homeland’ to ‘Germany’s unity’: ‘Ansprache an die heimkehrenden Truppen’, 10 December 1918, Politische Reden, 4 volumes, 1994 (eds. Peter Wende and Marie Luise Recker), Vol. 3, 94–96. ‘current of separatism’: see Klaus Epstein, ‘Adenauer and Rhenish Separatism’, Review of Politics, 29/4, 1967, 536–545; and Ralph Schattkowsky, ‘Separatism in the Eastern Provinces of the German Reich at the End of the First World War’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 29, 1994, 305–324. ‘one enemy above all ’: Buse, 246. ‘Freikorps’: see Nigel H. Jones, Hitler’s Heralds: The Story of the Freikorps, 1918–1923, 1987; and Robert G. L. Waite, Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Postwar Germany, 1918–1923, 1952. • MOSCOW: for Lenin and the problem of bureaucracy see Read, Lenin, 270–276. For the functioning of the early Soviet state see Lara Douds, Inside Lenin’s Government: Ideology, Power and Practice in the Early Soviet State, 2018. ‘Any worker will master any ministry’: Smith, Russia in Revolution, 216. ‘deliberately maintained’ to ‘register is kept’: Fischer, Lenin, 463–465. ‘outskirts of Moscow’ to ‘enquiry offices’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 517–519. ‘sends more immediate complaints’: to Lenin, 26 December 1918, TP I, 210–213. • TRAUNSTEIN-IM-CHIEMGAU: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 14–18. • ZURICH: for the Dada manifesto see Dada 3, December 1918, available online at https://monoskop.org. For the Berlin manifesto see Hans Richter, Dada: Art and Anti-Art, 1965 (trans. David Britt), 107. • BERLIN: for the build-up to the Spartacist coup see Fröhlich, 259–287; and Jones, Founding Weimar, 136–172. ‘on the edge of the abyss’: Vossische Zeitung, 25 December 1918, in Jones, Founding Weimar, 141. ‘constantly live like this?’: Mathilde Jacob, Rosa Luxemburg: An Intimate Portrait, 2000 (trans. Hans Ferbach), 97. • VIENNA: ‘Just before the end of the year’: to Ferenczi, 1 January 1919, FR/FER II, 320–322. ‘few weeks later’: to Ferenczi, 24 January 1919, FR/FER II, 328–329. • DOUAI: the artist was Henri Duhem, ‘L’exhumation de l’Eve de Rodin’, L’Illustration, 28 December 1918. • MOSCOW: to Lenin, 20 December 1918, LRL, 486.
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