Crucible

by Charles Emmerson

  Winter 1919

  The Gandhi quotation is taken from a pamphlet published in May 1919, reproduced in Mahatma Gandhi, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. 15, 1958, 268. The quotation from Trotsky is originally from the onboard newsletter of Trotsky’s train, entitled En Route, in its ninety-third edition of September 1919, reproduced in TMW II, 412–414.

  A ROAD OUTSIDE MOSCOW: ‘running around on all fours’: Arthur Ransome, Russia in 1919, 1919, 58. ‘first boatload of Czech troops’: Henry Baerlein, The March of the Seventy Thousand, 1926, 276. ‘on their way to visit Nadya’ to ‘car is recovered’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 493–495; and Gil, 28–34. • PARIS: for the peace conference as a whole see Margaret MacMillan, Peacemakers: Six Months that Changed the World, 2001. ‘cold as Greenland’: James T. Shotwell, At the Paris Peace Conference, 1937, 95. ‘prematurely pronounce’: Barry, 381. ‘Two black American soldiers’: Sammons and Morrow, 397. ‘trap-door’: Grose, 43. • HÄSSLEHOLM: ‘lips quiver’: Margarethe Ludendorff, 244. ‘stabbed him in the back’: Roger Chickering, ‘Sore Loser: Ludendorff’s Total War’, in Roger Chickering and Stig Förster (eds.), The Shadows of Total War: Europe, East Asia and the United States, 1919–1939, 2003, 151–178, 154. ‘Wild rumours circulate’: Nebelin, 507. ‘Swedish socialists threaten’: Margarethe Ludendorff, 245. • BERLIN: for the course of events see Jones, Founding Weimar, 172–192; and Lutz, 88–98. For description see Harry Kessler’s diaries for early January in the German original or translated and abridged in Harry Kessler, The Diaries of a Cosmopolitan, 1918–1937, 2000 (trans. Charles Kessler). For an account from the Spartacist perspective see Fröhlich, 288–297. ‘awakened from our dreams’ to ‘school of action’: ‘Rede zum Programm’, Politische Reden, Vol. 3, 142–175. ‘reminded of a religious prophet’: diary entry 5 January 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 6, 77–78. ‘further loss of blood’: Robert Leinert, a Social Democrat from Hanover, quoted in Jones, Founding Weimar, 186. ‘books a room’ to ‘Not since the great days’: diary entry 6 January 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 6, 79–81. ‘Over a thousand’: Jones, Founding Weimar, 61. • MILAN: ‘great Republic of the stars’: ‘Viva Wilson!’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 3 January 1919, OO XII, 107–109, 108. ‘heart of America has gone out’: diary of Edith Benham, 5 January 1919, WW LIII, 619. ‘Benito is back’: Arno J. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counter-Revolution at Versailles, 1918–1919, 1967, 219–221. ‘reached its climax’: quotes from Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, ‘I redentoria della vittoria: On Fiume’s Place in the Genealogy of Fascism’, Journal of Contemporary History, 31/2, 1996, 253–272, 261. The original ‘Letter to the Dalmatians’ from 15 January 1919 available in Prose di Ricerca, Vol. 1, 803–820. ‘confront the new conspiracy’: ‘D’Annunzio Counsels Bombs for Bissolati’, New York Times, 15 January 1919. • PARIS: ‘found dead in a hotel room’: Polizzotti, 85–89. ‘I rely on you’: Jacques Vaché, Lettres de Guerre, 1919, 25–27. ‘sits alone on a bench’: André Breton and André Parinaud, Entretiens, 1913–1952, 1952, 57. ‘What I loved most’: Polizzotti, 91. • BUDAPEST: Borsányi, 103–104. • BERLIN: for descriptions of the general situation in Berlin see diary entries 7–17 January 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 7, 82–101. For a Spartacist perspective see Fröhlich, 288–305. For the collapse of the Spartacist rising see Jones, Founding Weimar, 193–220. ‘cafés on Potsdamer Platz’ to ‘cigarettes’: diary entry 8 January 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 7, 84–86. ‘fiery atmosphere of the revolution’ to ‘Act quickly!’: ‘Was machen die Führer?’, Die Rote Fahne, 7 January 1919. ‘sick body of the German people’: Germania, 9 January 1919, in Jones, Founding Weimar, 196. ‘Rosa Luxemburg herself’: ibid., 212. ‘Seven Spartacists’: ibid., 213. ‘psychosis of the days of August 1914’: ibid.,221. ‘I wish I were back in jail’ to ‘fairy tale by Tolstoy’: Jacob, 99–100. ‘victories will spring’ to ‘I was, I am, I shall be!’: ‘Die Ordnung herrscht in Berlin’, Die Rote Fahne, 14 January 1919. For a detailed account of the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht see Klaus Gietinger, Eine Leiche im Landwehrkanal: Die Ermordung der Rosa Luxemburg, 2009, 17–23. For another account, including the media and political reaction, see Jones, Founding Weimar, 233–243. For documentation around the murders, see Heinrich Hannover and Elisabeth Hannover-Drück, Der Mord an Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht: Dokumentations eines politischen Verbrechens, 1996. For the life and career of Waldemar Pabst, see Gietinger, Der Konterrevolutionär: Waldemar Pabst. Eine deutsche Karriere, 2009. ‘sanitised version of events’: the version of the Wolffsche news agency, based on official sources, reproduced in Hannover and Hannover-Drück, 36–38. ‘Pabst later claims’: Gietinger, 24–25. ‘victims of their own bloody terror’: Hannover and Hannover-Drück, 41–42. ‘elephant stabbed with a penknife’: diary entry 17 January 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 7, 98–101, 101. • PARIS: ‘trumpets and kettle-drums’: Shotwell, 126–128. ‘supreme conference’: protocol of the plenary session, 18 January 1919, WW LIII, 128–132. ‘must be in our hearts’: ibid., 131. • SOLOHEADBEG: for context and immediate consequences see Townshend, 73–83; Maurice Walsh, Bitter Freedom: Ireland in a Revolutionary World, 1918–1923, 2015, 70–86; and BMH, Witness Statement 1739, Dan Breen, 19–23. ‘meet together publicly for the first time’ to ‘in English’: full proceedings are available at https://www.oireachtas.ie. ‘luncheon at the Mansion House’: ‘Sinn Féin Congress’, Times, 22 January 1919. ‘final touches to an escape plan’: Piearas Béaslaí, Michael Collins and the Making of a New Ireland, 1926, 256. ‘nations of the world, greeting!’: see the record of the Dáil. ‘most drastic measures’: ‘Ruthless Warfare’, An tOglac, February 1919, in Townshend, 77. • MOSCOW: ‘Our enemy today’: speech at Communist Party conference, 18 January 1919, CW XXVIII, 405–406. ‘Death to the butchers!’: speech to a protest rally, 19 January 1919, CW XXVIII, 411. ‘Eleventh Army has ceased’: from Ordzhonikidze to Lenin, 24 January 1919, in Chamberlin, Vol. 2, 146. • BERLIN: ‘funeral procession’ to ‘scrawled’: Jones, Founding Weimar, 248–249. ‘hills of corpses’: speech given by Paul Levi, reproduced in Jacob, 123. ‘commercial shipping fleet’: Lutz, 115. ‘Eisner’s political authority’: Mitchell, 242–272. ‘friends abducted me’ to ‘hundreds of such places’: diary entry 9 February 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 7, 128–130, 130. ‘venereal disease’: Bessel, 237. • VIENNA: ‘accompanied by two baskets’: to Abraham, 5 February 1919, FR/AB, 391–392. ‘animal hooves’: ‘Die Lebensmittelmärkte’, Arbeiter Zeitung, 4 February 1919, DÖZ, 125. ‘In grateful acknowledgement’: Edward L. Bernays, Biography of an Idea: The Founding Principles of Public Relations, 1965, 179. • LINCOLN: see Coogan, De Valera, 124–127; and Declan Dunne. ‘broken a key’: Béaslaí, 267. • AMERONGEN: ‘Senator from Tennessee’ to ‘Belgian pilot’: Marks, ‘My Name is Ozymandias’, 133. ‘remained in the open air’: ‘Rumors of Attempts to Deport Ex-Kaiser’, New York Times, 7 January 1919. ‘Kaiser’s birthday’ to ‘red tulips’: diary entry of Countess Elisabeth Bentinck, 27 January 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 90. • PARIS: for an account of the workings of the peace conference see MacMillan 2001. ‘recitations of Homer’: Harold Nicholson quoted in Giles Milton, Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of Islam’s City of Tolerance, 2008, 126. ‘And so it goes’: letter to Edith Dulles, 9 April 1919, AWD, Box 19, Folder 6. ‘cannot be at peace’: notes of a conversation held at the Quai d’Orsay, 22 January 1919, FRUS, Russia, 1919, 30–31. ‘cordon sanitaire’: for an exploration of this term see Patrick Wright, Iron Curtain: From Stage to Cold War, 2007; for a general discussion of the issue of Russia at the peace conference see John M. Thompson, Russia, Bolshevism and the Versailles Peace, 1967; and MacMillan, 71–91. ‘British military assessment’: ‘Bolshevik Strength and Weakness’, 24 February 1919, NA, WO 32/5680. ‘Whites joke’: Chamberlin, Vol. 2, 162. ‘car windscreen’: MacMillan, 85. ‘Many terrible things’: address to the third plenary session, 14 February 1919, WW LV, 177. ‘smuggled in’: John Milton Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World: Woo
drow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations, 2001, 10. • WASHINGTON DC: for an account of the unrest in the United States in 1919, see Ann Hagedorn, Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919, 2007. ‘Senate inquiry’: Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, 1919. ‘very radical looking’: 11 February 1919, ibid., 9. ‘as many wives as they want?’: ibid., 35. ‘whole day in mid-February’: for Reverend Simons’s full testimony, 12 February 1919, ibid., 141–162. ‘looks so Yiddish’: ibid., 116. ‘we ought to know’: ibid., 136. ‘stiff letter of complaint’: ibid., 378–379. ‘slipperiest witnesses’: for Bryant’s testimony, 20–21 February 1919, ibid., 465–561, and for Reed, 21 February 1919, 561–601. ‘believe in God’ to ‘witchcraft’: ibid., 465. ‘No more than I see’: ibid., 496. ‘professional gambler’: ibid., 491. ‘self-determination’: ibid., 499. ‘present time’: ibid., 503. ‘real butcher’: ibid., 557. ‘even more belligerent’: ibid., 540. ‘club-house bill’: Russian scrapbook, JRP, Series VI, Biographical Material, Item 1371. ‘infamous and anti-constitutional’: ‘Reed Condemns Peace League as Infamous’, New York Times, 23 February 1919. • NEW YORK: ‘triumphal epoch’: Sammons and Morrow, 385. ‘Sixteen abreast’: description drawn from Sammons and Morrow, 386–389. ‘impostor’: ibid., 452. ‘Garvey is moved’: Grant, 112. ‘black soldier saved civilization’: Du Bois, ‘The Black Man in the Revolution of 1914–1918’, The Crisis, March 1919. ‘wherever persons of African descent’: Du Bois, ‘The Pan African Congress’, The Crisis, April 1919. ‘world-fight for black rights’: Du Bois, ‘My Mission’, The Crisis, May 1919. • LIBAU: for context see Robert Gerwarth, The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917–1923, 2016, 69–76. ‘full Latvian citizenship’: Waite, 104. ‘excellent colonisation opportunities’: recruitment advertisement quoted at footnote 33 in Waite, 105. ‘obscenity of Auschwitz’: after the Second World War, Rudolf Höss, camp commandant at Auschwitz, wrote in his memoirs of his experiences in Latvia as a Freikorps volunteer, including burning down houses with people trapped inside. For another example of the genre from the 1930s see Erich Balla, Landsknechte wurden wir… Abenteuer aus dem Baltikum, 1932. The British Library copy of this book, acquired from a library in Hamburg, clearly shows the book’s popularity. It was borrowed twenty-one times in 1935 alone. ‘sprinkling it with the urine’: David Clay Large, Where Ghosts Walked: Munich’s Road to the Third Reich, 1997, 103. ‘dead are rising up again’: ‘Arbeiter, Proletarier!’, Die Rote Fahne, 3 March 1919. ‘During the past week’: Laird M. Easton, The Red Count: The Life and Times of Harry Kessler, 2002, 293; original from 13 March 1919, Kessler, Tagebuch, Vol. 7, 184–185. • PARIS: Polizzotti, 94–95. • MUNICH: ‘his Wittelsbach best’: Clay Large, 104. ‘caught in a snapshot’: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 38–40. ‘beer hall meetings’: Hitler, 820–821. ‘old army gas masks’: Ernst Schmidt quoted in Anton Joachimsthaler, Hitlers Weg begann in München, 1913–1923, 2000, 192. • VENICE: ‘message arrives at the Hotel Danieli’: the Lisle-Strutt episode is described in some detail in Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 229–247. Here, the quotes are from the original diary consulted in the Royal Library at Windsor. • DUBLIN: ‘photograph is circulated’ to ‘unsubstantiated rumour’: documents and press cuttings kept by the British secret service in their file on de Valera, NA, KV2/515. ‘night in a whiskey factory’: Coogan, De Valera, 127. • WASHINGTON DC: for the political complexities of the League fight see Cooper, Breaking the Heart. ‘gala dinner in New York’: ‘League of Nations Fight Opened Here’, New York Times, 7 March 1919.

  Spring 1919

  MOSCOW: Miklós Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait, 2003, 256. The story is originally from Trotsky. • OAK PARK: ‘It’s hell’: to William D. Horne, 3 February 1919, LEH I, 167–168. ‘talk at his high school’: the original article describing the event from the Oak Park High School Trapeze, 21 March 1919, reprinted in Conversations with Ernest Hemingway, 1986 (ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli), 3–5. ‘allowed a reporter’: original article is ‘227 Wounds, but is Looking for Job’, New York Sun, 22 January 1919, reprinted in Bruccoli (ed.), Conversations, 1–2. ‘resembles closely’: ‘From Italian Front’, Oak Leaves, 14 March 1919, EHC, Series 5, Box NC01, EHPP-NC01-005–016. ‘if he himself were white’: Sammons and Morrow, 457. ‘She doesn’t love me Bill’: to William D. Horne, 30 March 1919, LEH I, 176–178. • MOSCOW: ‘invitation is issued’: invitation to first congress of Communist International, 24 January 1919, CI I, 1–5. ‘room is painted red’: Ransome, 214. ‘Vladimir opens proceedings’: opening speech, 2 March 1919, CW XXVIII, 455–457. ‘leather coat and military breeches’ to ‘Spring is coming’: Ransome, 217–218. ‘historical imperative’: Resolution Constituting the Communist International, 4 March 1919, CI I, 16–17. ‘Internationale sung in a dozen’: Ransome, 217. ‘genuine order, communist order’: Platform of the Communist International, 4 March 1919, CI I, 17–24, 18. ‘cloak of the League of Nations’: ibid., 19. ‘white cannibals’: ibid., 23. ‘debris and smoking ruins’: Manifesto of the Communist International, 6 March 1919, CI I, 38–48, 39. ‘Alexandra Kollontai puts forward’: CI.Th., Resolution on the Role of Working Women, 6 March 1919, 46. ‘anyone wish to discuss this?’: The Organisation of the Communist International, 6 March 1919, Theses, Resolutions and Manifestos of the First Four Congresses of the Third International, 1980 (ed. Alan Adler; trans. Alix Holt and Barbara Holland), 50. ‘victory of the proletarian revolution’: closing speech, 6 March 1919, CW XVIII, 476–477. ‘Dictatorship of the Photographer’: Ransome, 220. ‘greatest events in world history’: Kotkin, 318. ‘Pitiable, pitiable’: Ransome, 227. ‘If Russia today’ to ‘microbe is already there’: Ransome, 225–226. • ECKARTSAU: ‘plays bridge with them’: apart from the Lisle-Strutt diaries in the Royal Library at Windsor see British diplomatic correspondence for further elements of this story, NA, FO 608/18/27. ‘confiscating food’ to ‘repatriation’: ‘Report on Situation in Vienna and Budapest’, 8 March 1919, NA, FO 608/11/13, and reports from Vienna dated 19 March, 24 March and 31 March 1919, FO 608/27/7. ‘I am still Emperor’: entry for 3 March 1919, Lisle-Strutt diary. • BOSTON: Badger, Life in Ragtime, 206–211. • VIENNA: translation is from Gay, Freud, 380. A translation of the whole letter in, to Ferenczi, 17 March 1919, FR/FER II, 334–335. • MOSCOW: see Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 75–87. ‘childish’: report of the Central Committee, 18 March, 1919, CW XXIX, 146–164, 156. ‘notes the persistent misspelling’: Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 83. • PARIS: ‘gold taps’: Cooper, Wilson, 484. ‘a broom’ to ‘causes are’: Thompson, 240. • MILAN: ‘no preconceptions’: Giovanna Prosacci, ‘Italy: From Interventionism to Fascism, 1917–1919’, Journal of Contemporary History, 3/4, 1968, 153–176, 171. ‘assembles his fellow discontents’: for an account of the San Sepolcro meeting, Bosworth, 108–110; for Mussolini’s interventions see OO XII, 317–327. For the origins of Italian fascism see Emilio Gentile, Le origini dell’ideologia fascista, 1918–1925, 1975; and Roberto Vivarelli, Storia delle origini del fascismo, 2 volumes, 1991. For the history of fascism in general see Robert O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism, 2005. • BUDAPEST: for the treatment of Hungarian issues at the peace conference see MacMillan, 265–278. ‘French colony’: ibid., 270. ‘personal influence’: Borsányi, 144. ‘first flash of lightning’: Manifesto of the ECCI, 28 March 1919, CI I, 48–50. • ECKARTSAU: description drawn from Lisle-Strutt’s diary entries for 23 and 24 March 1919. Most, but not all, of those are reproduced in Brook-Shepherd, Last Habsburg, 243–247. • MOSCOW: ‘series of recordings’: speeches on gramophone records, late March 1919, CW XXIX, 239–253. ‘no fewer than nine passports’: Kotkin, 322. ‘sell seedlings’: Krupskaya, Reminiscences, 508. • AMRITSAR: for two strongly opposed accounts see Nick Lloyd’s apologia, The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day, 2011, and Kim Wagner’s more recent Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre, 2019. • PARIS: ‘confined to bed’: diary of Dr Grayson,
6 April 1919, WW LVII, 50. ‘falls ill at the same time’: Barry, 383. ‘Influenzal psychoses’: Policlinico, 8 February 1919, cited in Barry, 378. ‘Woodrow to Jesus’: Cooper, Wilson, 491. ‘universal contempt’: ibid., 487. ‘ocean of talk’: diary of Dr Grayson, 17 April 1919, WW LVII, 428. • AMERONGEN: ‘Every thousandth log’ to ‘move into a hotel’: diary entry 17 April 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 94–97. ‘writes to Ludendorff’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1225. • VIENNA: Paul Federn, Zur Psychologie der Revolution: Die Vaterlose Gesellschaft, 1919. For more about Paul Federn and how his work relates to Sigmund Freud’s thinking, see F. Houssier, A. Blanc, D. Bonnichon and X. Vlachopoulou, ‘Between Sigmund Freud and Paul Federn: Culture as a Shared Path of Sublimation’, Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, 39/1, 2016, 61–69; and van Ginneken. ‘Volksführer’: Federn, 28. • MUNICH: ‘elected as the Vertrauensmann’: Thomas Weber notes the overwhelmingly left-wing political orientation of the battalion and the likelihood that Adolf Hitler would hardly have been voted into this position unless he was, at the very least, viewed as being broadly in line with the battalion’s general political alignment: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 41–43. For the propaganda role of the Vertrauensmann position see Joachimsthaler, 201–202. ‘Soviet Republic’: Mitchell, 305–317. ‘shaking feverishly’: Sterling Fishman, ‘The Rise of Hitler as a Beer Hall Orator’, Review of Politics, 26/2, 1964, 244–256, 249. ‘barracks is renamed’: Ernst Toller, I Was a German: The Autobiography of Ernst Toller, 1934, 160; Joachimsthaler, 207. The Karl Liebknecht barracks were subsequently renamed the Adolf Hitler barracks. ‘marry an Eskimo girl’: Toller, 171. ‘nineteen votes’: Joachimsthaler, 210. • MILAN: ‘absolutely spontaneous’: ‘Dopo i Fatti del 15 Aprile 1919’, Il Giornale d’Italia, 17 April 1919, OO XIII, 61–63. • THE URAL MOUNTAINS: for the rise and fall of Kolchak see Engelstein, 417–444. ‘Lenin calls for total mobilisation’: On the Situation on the Eastern Front, 1 April 1919, CW XXIX, 276–279. ‘for every man conscripted’: Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 59. ‘military gamester’: Norman Rose, Churchill: An Unruly Life, 1994, 149. ‘nurses’ uniforms’: Chamberlin, Vol. 2, 263–264. ‘provide security for those’: parliamentary report, Times, 17 April 1919. ‘foe of tyranny in every form’ to ‘worst tyranny in history’: ‘Bolshevist Atrocities’, 11 April 1919, in Winston S. Churchill (ed.), Winston Churchill’s Speeches: Never Give In!, 2003, 77–78. ‘baboons’: H. A. L. Fisher to his wife, 8 April 1919, WSC VIII, 609. • VIENNA: to Eitingon, 9 May 1919, FR/EIT, 152–155. • BUDAPEST: ‘hills around Budapest’: ‘The Communist Revolution in Hungary’, 31 May 1919, NA, CAB 24/80/86. ‘Lenin Boys’: Gerwarth, 134. ‘Your example shows’ to ‘don’t need instructions’: Borsányi, 151–156. • PARIS: for the Italian departure see MacMillan, 288–314. ‘breaks down in tears’: ibid., 288. ‘fattest and most bourgeois’: Bosworth, 111. ‘tragic gargoyle’: Walter Starkie quoted in Woodhouse, 318. ‘Croatified Quaker’ and ‘teeth’: speech in Rome, 4 May 1919, Prose di Ricerca, Vol. 1, 860–877, particularly 870–871 (see also Woodhouse, 318–319). • SEATTLE: ‘postal clerk recalls’: Hagedorn, 184. ‘malicious rumour’: Grant, 151. ‘purposeful enterprise’: Grant, 189–191. • MUNICH: ‘bourgeois executioners?’: message of greetings to the Bavarian Socialist Republic, 27 April 1919, CW XXIX, 325–326. ‘sabotage’: Mitchell, 323. ‘wear a pretty hat’: Toller, 175. ‘magic lustre’: Mitchell, 326. ‘freshly slaughtered pigs’: Toller, 200. ‘peroxiding his hair’: Richard Dove, He Was a German: A Biography of Ernst Toller, 1990, 86. ‘fair share’: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 62. ‘mass murder at home’: Borsányi, 162. • BOSTON: ‘Jim Europe is stabbed’: Badger, Life in Ragtime, 215–221. ‘Won Fame by “Jazz” Music’: New York Times, 10 May 1919. ‘jazzing away the barriers’: Chicago Defender, 10 May 1919, in Hagedorn, 200. ‘Roosevelt of Negro musicians’: ‘Lieutenant James Reese Europe Buried with Honors’, New York Age, 17 May 1919, in Badger, Life in Ragtime, 221. ‘We return’: ‘Returning Soldiers’, The Crisis, May 1919. • PARIS: ‘horse races’: diary of Dr Grayson, WW LVII, 8 May 1919, 535. ‘Germans will make no mistake’: MacMillan, 469. • WEIMAR: ‘verzichtet–verzichtet’: Scheidemann’s speech against the Versailles Treaty, 12 May 1919, Politische Reden, Vol. 3, 254–262. ‘music on a gramophone’: MacMillan, 473. • SMYRNA: for a description of the entry of Greek troops into Smyrna see Milton, 135–148. ‘Turkish Freikorps’: Ryan Gingeras, Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 2016, 265. ‘French general’: Mansel, 381. ‘should be permanently ejected’: ‘Memorandum on the Future of Constantinople’, 2 January 1919, records of the India Office, BL, IOR/L/PS/10/623. ‘their own passports’: Mansel, 385. ‘only once he has a fetva’: Mango, 207. ‘funeral turns into a nationalist protest’ to ‘crush their heads’: ‘Execution of Kemal Bey (Mutessarrif of Bogazian), for responsibility for Armenian massacres, and Demonstrations at funeral’, 17 May 1919, NA, FO 608/113/3. ‘The fools’: Mango, 219. ‘Swedish marching song’: Mango, 224. • BERLIN: for the trial and escape see Gietinger, 31–41. ‘Mathilde Jacob thinks’: Jacob, 112. ‘she was, she is, she will be again’: Anthony Read, The World on Fire: 1919 and the Battle with Bolshevism, 2008, 203. • BELÉM: Crommelin’s account of the trip was published as ‘The Eclipse Expedition to Sobral’, The Observatory, No. 544, October 1919, 368–371. ‘local newpaper publishes’: in Marcelo C. de Lima and Luís C. B. Crispino, ‘Crommelin’s and Davidson’s Visit to Amazonia and the 1919 Total Solar Eclipse’, International Journal of Modern Physics, 25/9, 2016, 1641002-1–1641002-5. ‘team on Principe are similarly worried’: A. Vibert Douglas, The Life of Arthur Stanley Eddington, 1956, 40. • MUNICH: ‘always advocated’: Joachimsthaler, 212. • MILAN: ‘Universale Illusione’, Il Popolo d’Italia, 14 May 1919, OO XIII, 120–123. • DUBLIN: ‘willed into more elaborate form’: for the struggle to assert statehood see Townshend, 52–99, and Walsh, 127–144. ‘I trust you will not allow yourself’: Coogan, De Valera, 135. For an account of de Valera’s voyage, ibid., 136–137. • AMERONGEN: ‘doing something useful’: diary entry 26 June 1919, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 106–109, 108. ‘suggest the Kaiser might’: Röhl, Into the Abyss, 1196.