Winter 1923
The Adolf Hitler quotation is from Brigitte Hamann, Winifred Wagner, oder Hitlers Bayreuth, 2002, 77.
DEARBORN: ‘Ford’s White House Bee Buzzing Far and Wide’, New York Times, 7 January 1923. • MOSCOW: ‘Stalin is too rude’: addition to the letters of 24/25 December 1922, made on 4 January 1923, PSS XLV, 343–348. • ROME: ‘picture is everywhere’: Stephen Gundle, ‘Mass Culture and the Cult of Personality’, in Stephen Gundle, Christopher Duggan and Giulana Pieri (eds.), The Cult of the Duce: Mussolini and the Italians, 2013, 72–92, 84–85. ‘Photographers follow him’: Falasca-Zamponi, 49. ‘restoring the spirit’: Mussolini to D’Annunzio, 7 January 1923, in OO XIX, 386. ‘Is it not the case’: D’Annunzio to Mussolini, 9 January 1923, AN/MUSS, 38–40, 38. • OUTSIDE MUNICH: Lüdecke, 101–108. • NEW ORLEANS: ‘I am positive’: ‘Negro Teacher is Shot in Back’, New Orleans Times-Picayune, 2 January 1923, MG V, 161–162. ‘Du Bois writes another piece’: ‘The UNIA’, The Crisis, January 1923. • CANNES: ‘front-page news in California’: ‘Mussolini Stripped of Pomp by Writer’, San Francisco Chronicle, 8 January 1923. ‘like digging up a cemetery’: exchange with Paul Maze quoted in Manchester, 746. • SMYRNA: Mango, 368–376. • MOSCOW: see journal of Lenin’s duty secretaries, CW XLII, 463–494. • ESSEN: for an account of the first few days of the invasion see either Conan Fischer, The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924, 2003, 39–48; or Jeannesson, 150–160. ‘French newspapers emphasise’: ‘Ce matin les troupes françaises on pénétré dans la Ruhr’, Le Figaro, 11 January 1923. ‘claiming an invasion is not an invasion’: ‘Der Einmarsch’, Vossische Zeitung, 11 January 1923. ‘as far reaching in its effects’: The Times, 6 January 1923, quoted in D. G. Williamson, ‘Great Britain and the Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924’, British Journal of International Studies, 3, 1977, 70–91. ‘when the two men meet’ and following: Jeannesson, 155. ‘few hundred nationalist youths in Essen’: ibid., 157. ‘quantity of barbed wire’: Fischer, Ruhr Crisis, 46. • MUNICH: ‘Germany was unconquered’ to ‘African colonies’: speech to NSDAP meeting, 11 January 1923, SA, 781–782. Hitler uses the word ‘Negerstaat’. ‘army of revenge’: reporting the speech above, Berliner Tageblatt, 12 January 1923, SA, 786. ‘heads will roll’: speech in the Zirkus Krone, 18 January 1923, SA, 794–795. • VIENNA: for Freud’s discovery see Jones, Freud, Vol. 2, 94. ‘position at Duisburg’: Sigmund to Sam, 9 February 1923, JRL, Freud Collection, GB133 SSF 1/2/34. • ACROSS IRELAND: for this last phase of the Irish Civil War see Townshend, 441–447; and Walsh, 396–406. • ESSEN: ‘call for passive resistance is being heeded’; Jeannesson, 160–166. ‘full-page appeals’: for example, New York Herald, 28 January 1923. ‘Copenhagen, Oslo and Stockholm’: Jeannesson, 174. ‘presence of African colonial troops in the French army’: Tina M. Campt, Other Germans: Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender and Memory in the Third Reich, 2004, 31–37. ‘cover of Simplicissimus’: edition of 5 February 1923. ‘He is the saviour!’: ‘An Adolf Hitler’, Simplicissimus, 5 February 1923. • SAN SEBASTIAN: ‘house is bought for her’ and other details of her new life: Brook-Shepherd, The Last Empress: The Life and Times of Zita of Austria–Hungary, 1892–1989, 1991, 220–221. ‘seventy thousand Swiss francs’: ‘Mémoire présenté au nom de S.M. L’Impératrice et Reine Zita’ by Oscar de Charmant. This report was partly submitted in November 1922, and then added to in January 1923. It was discussed by the Conference of Ambassadors in March 1923: NA, FO 893/20/10. • ROME: ‘only people who still wear bowler hats’: Smith, Mussolini, 123. • LAUSANNE: ‘like to see the United States’: Grew, Vol. 1, 539. ‘Americans work on İsmet’: ibid., 551–553. • MUNICH: for this episode see Harold J. Gordon Jr., Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch, 1972, 185–190. ‘last-minute meeting’: report of an interview with the chief of police, 26 January 1923, SA, 803–804. ‘Mexican passport’: Lüdecke, 115–116. • JERUSALEM: ‘when Wilhelm visited the place’: for an account of the Kaiser’s voyage to Palestine see John C. G. Röhl, Wilhelm II: The Kaiser’s Personal Monarchy, 1888–1900, 2004 (trans. Sheila de Bellaigue), 944–954. For Einstein’s impressions of Palestine including material quoted here see travel diary, CPAE XIII, 558–561. • CHAMBY: ‘stops shaving’: to Ezra Pound, 23 January 1923, LEH II, 5–8. ‘act of God’: Ezra Pound to Hemingway, 27 January 1923, LEH II, 11. ‘Ernest feels trapped’: Gertrude Stein, quoted in Meyers, Hemingway, 120–121. • NEW YORK: ‘unfortunate mulatto’: editorial letter by Marcus Garvey, 13 February 1923, MG V, 232–242, 232. ‘little fat black man’ and following: ‘Back to Africa’, Century, February 1923. A digitised version of Du Bois’s copy of this article can be found at WEB, Series 3. ‘never was a chance’: Moore v. Dempsey, 261 U.S. 86 (1923). • MUNICH: ‘History of Erotic Art’: Hanfstaengl, 48. ‘likes his blue eyes’: Toland, 135–136. Toland interviewed both Ernst and Helene in the early 1970s. ‘naughty wooden beast’: Hanfstaengl, 39. ‘Uncle Dolf’: Toland, 136. ‘skyscrapers’: Hanfstaengl, 41. ‘wanted to be a preacher’: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 257–258. ‘a neuter’: Hanfstaengl, 52. ‘Gewürztraminer’: Hanfstaengl, 40. ‘artichoke’: Lüdecke, 96. ‘patent-leather shoes’: Hanfstaengl, 43. ‘Benedictine abbot’: Müller, 129. For the growing proximity between the Nazi Party and the Church in Munich in 1923 see Derek Hastings, Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism: Religious Identity and National Socialism, 2010, 117–140. ‘This is it, Hanfstaengl’: Hanfstaengl, 51. • MOSCOW: for Lenin’s reaction and Stalin’s reply see Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 307. • ST. LOUIS: ‘four-line entry’: ‘Negro News’, St. Louis Star, 1 April 1923. ‘takes a taxi to her old home’ and following: Haney, 39–40. ‘All you can see’: Baker and Bouillon, 31. In this book, Baker’s return–with the taxi and the whiskey, and a trip to see Josephine’s new play–are described as taking place around Christmas 1922. Newspaper reports suggest this is incorrect. Shuffle Along arrived in St. Louis on Sunday, 18 March 1923. • MUNICH: ‘wish I could send’: ‘Heinrich Ford Idol of Bavarian Fascisti Chief’, Chicago Tribune, 8 March 1923. ‘American diplomat sent to investigate’: report from the US Vice Consul, 17 March 1923, SA, 845–846. • MONAVULLAGH MOUNTAINS: ‘leg in a boghole’: Coogan, De Valera, 352. • ESSEN: ‘conflicting stories’: for two accounts of the same incident, as reported in French and German sources see Fischer, Ruhr Crisis, 95; and Jeannesson, 202. ‘Recklinghausen’: Fischer, Ruhr Crisis, 96. ‘raped a young girl’: ibid., 144. ‘like the ancient city of Carthage’: speech to the SA in the Bürgerbräukeller, 15 March 1923, SA, 848. ‘perfectly clear what the French are planning’ and following: speech to NSDAP members at the Gasthaus Prinz Alfons, Munich, 20 March 1923, SA, 846–847. ‘horsewhips’: Fischer, Ruhr Crisis, 139–140. • PARIS: ‘tries to stab Ezra Pound’: Matthew Josephson, Life Among the Surrealists: A Memoir by Matthew Josephson, 1962, 222. ‘Breton decides to call a halt’: Polizzotti, 187–188. ‘only spontaneous forces’: interview in Le Journal du Peuple quoted in Sanouillet, 275–276. • LONDON: Bosworth, 151. • MOSCOW: ‘recalls the time’: Maria Ulyanova, O V. I. Lenine I se’’ye U’’yanovykh, 1989, 110–112. ‘Swedish specialist’: Volkogonov, Lenin, 424–429.
Spring 1923
PARIS: ‘between articles’: ‘La Maladie de Lénine’ and ‘Gabriele d’Annunzio achète la villa de l’ex-Kaiser’, Le Figaro, 16 March 1923. ‘new-found love’: ‘Savoir dire non’, Le Figaro, 19 March 1923. ‘forbid the offloading’: Fischer, Ruhr Crisis, 110–111. ‘two hundred thousand children’: ibid., 117–135. ‘Berlin sends in money’: ibid., 208–211. ‘local citizens are taken hostage’: Jeannesson, 202–204. ‘French general declares’: Fischer, Ruhr Crisis, 172. ‘Leo Schlageter’: Jay W. Baird, To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon, 1992, 15–22. • MOSCOW: for politics: Service, A Political Life, Vol. 3, 311–314. For Lenin’s declining physical and mental condition see Volkogonov, Lenin, 424–430. For the Lenin Institute and the beginnings of the Lenin cult before he was dead, see Tumarkin, Lenin Lives!, 123–126. • LONDON: ‘must confess myself more interested’: letter to the Duke of
Marlborough, 7 April 1923, quoted in Martin Gilbert, Prophet of Truth: Winston S. Churchill, 1922–1939, 1976, 6. ‘Remarkably egotistical’: review in the New Statesman quoted in Gilbert, Prophet of Truth, 7. • AMERICA: ‘have some fun’: ‘The Reminiscences of Mr. E. G. Liebold’, HFA, Owen W. Bombard Interview Series, Accession 65, 508. ‘enough and more than enough’: Louise Clancy and Florence Davies, The Believer: The Life of Mrs. Henry Ford, 1960, 159. ‘You got him into it’ and following: ‘Reminiscences of Mr. E. G. Liebold’, 511 and following. • DELITZSCH: ‘smeared with oil’: Hitler’s press officer Otto Dietrich quoted in Friedrich, 35. ‘my valet’: Hanfstaengl, 56–57. ‘takes Putzi round’: ibid., 58–59. ‘tries to smash the camera’: the photographer Georg Pahl quoted in Friedrich, 37–38. • VIENNA: for this phase of Freud’s illness see Max Schur, Freud: Living and Dying, 1972, 347–385; and Jones, Freud, Vol. 2, 94–106. • BERLIN: ‘Einstein resigns’: there are several letters on this in CPAE. Einstein also wrote an article: ‘On My Resignation from the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations’, written on 23 April 1923 and published in Die Friedens-Warte in June, reproduced in CPAE XIV, 43–45. ‘may God forgive him’: Canales, 1175. ‘knee-jerk reaction’ and following: Fischer, Ruhr Crisis, 168–169. ‘gives an interview to Spain’s leading newspaper’: interview with Antonio Aspeitua for ABC, 6 April 1923, SA, 863. ‘path of the golden mean’ and following: speech to an NSDAP meeting in the Zirkus Krone, 10 April 1923, SA, 873–876, 873. ‘mentor, Dietrich Eckart’: Margarete Plewnia, Auf dem Weg zu Hitler: Der ‘völkische’ Publizist Dietrich Eckart, 1970, 89–91. ‘Eckart contributes a poem’: this is quite a free translation. Völkischer Beobachter, 20 April 1923. ‘waits for Putzi’: Hanfstaengl, 48. • WASHINGTON DC: ‘Speaking quite frankly’: George Creel to Edith Wilson, 19 April 1923, WW LXVIII, 342. ‘done all I can’ and following: Edith Wilson to George Creel, 24 April 1923, WW LXVIII, 347–349. • THE OCCUPIED RUHR: ‘crowds gather in the streets of Essen’: ‘Les obsèques des victimes d’Essen’, Le Figaro, 11 April 1923. ‘Flags with patriotic emblems’: the Pathé film of the funeral march is available at https://www.britishpathe.com/video/funeral-of-workmen-killed-in-demonstration-at-krup. ‘Communist agitator’: ‘Selbst die Franzosen bewundern–nur die Kommunisten stören’, Vossische Zeitung, 11 April 1923. ‘at least fifteen different accounts’: ‘Hate in Occupied Zone a Real, Concrete Thing’, Daily Star, 12 May 1923. ‘France refused in 1917’: ‘A Victory Without Peace Forced French to Undertake the Occupation of the Ruhr’, Daily Star, 13 April 1923. ‘few years earlier’: letter dated 22 April 1923, Albert Leo Schlageter: Seine Verurteilung und Erschießung durch die Franzosen in Düsseldorf am 26. Mai 1923, 1938, 96. • DOORN: ‘Wilhelm sees a pig’: diary entry 7 May 1923, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 275. ‘wonder about the possibility’: Gutsche, 65. ‘What thanks do I get?’: diary entry 9 April 1923, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 275. • MUNICH: ‘briefly entertains the idea’: Wolfgang Zdral, Die Hitlers: Die Unbekannte Familie, 2005, 207. ‘asks a party member’: Weber, Becoming Hitler, 262. ‘six-foot-tall blonde’: the recollection of Hitler’s fondness for Elisabeth Büchner is from a subsequent visit to Berchtesgaden that Hitler took in the early summer of 1923, as described in Hanfstaengl, 82–83. ‘wolf is here’: monologue in the night of 16/17 January 1942, Adolf Hitler: Monologe im Führer-Hauptquartier, 1941–1944, 1980 (ed. Werner Jochmann), 203–204. • MOSCOW: ‘I’m kept alive’: Volkogonov, Lenin, 434. • MUNICH: for the May Day event see Gordon, 195–208. ‘dictatorship of national will’ and following: speech at an NSDAP meeting in the Zirkus Krone, 4 May 1923, SA, 921–924. • VIENNA: ‘Nothing but visitors’: Freud to Salomé, 10 May 1923, FR/SAL, 124. ‘ever experienced such grief’: letter to Katja Levy on 11 June 1923, in Schur, 358. • DUBLIN: ‘legion of the rearguard’: Coogan, De Valera, 344–355. • GOLZHEIMER HEATH: for an account of Schlageter’s execution see Baird, 25. ‘lark singing’: prison chaplain Fassbender’s account of the execution is in Albert Leo Schlageter: Seine Verurteilung und Erschießung, 58–86, 75. ‘accuracy of the French riflemen’: ‘Schlageter a expié’, Le Figaro, 27 May 1923. ‘German accounts’ and ‘birch cross’: Baird, 25. • LAKE GARDA: ‘nearby hill should be flattened’: D’Annunzio to Mussolini, 7 May 1923, AN/MUSS, 54. ‘not so proud’ to ‘within my fist’: speech to a women’s congress in Venice, 31 May 1923, OO XIX, 226–228.
Summer 1923
ACROSS EUROPE: ‘New York has so many Russian nobles’: ‘Inrush of the Russians’, New York Times Magazine, 10 June 1923. • MUNICH: ‘Wie sieht Hitler aus?’, Simplicissimus, 28 May 1923. • PARIS: Polizzotti, 189–192, and Sanouillet, 278–282. • NEW YORK: ‘million other Garveys’: speech on 20 May 1923, MG V, 308–311. ‘Letter from W. E. B. Du Bois to Thomas E. Will’, 3 July 1923, WEB, Series 1a. • ESSEN: ‘the name of Schlageter will be’: Baird, 27. ‘Hitler claims that Schlageter’s death’: speech to nationalist groups in the Königplatz, 10 June 1923, SA, 934–935. ‘Christ-like composure’: for the interaction between Schlageter’s Catholicism and his role as a Nazi martyr see Hastings, 127–131. ‘movement is a restless force’: speech to an NSDAP meeting in Passau, 17 June 1923, SA, 937–938. • PARIS: for a full account of the event see James M. Harding, The Ghosts of the Avant-Garde(s): Exorcising Experimental Theater and Performance, 2013, 56–58. • ESSEN: ‘using their gardens’: Fischer, Ruhr Crisis, 172. ‘Dortmund’: ibid., 188. ‘German government will never recognise’: Carl Bergmann, The History of Reparations, 1927, 200. ‘German officials be kept within the blast zone’ and following: Fischer, Ruhr Crisis, 175–176. • GOTHENBURG: ‘nearly goes mad’: to Max Born, 23 July 1923, CPAE XIV, 153–154. ‘you’re always frustrating and upsetting Mama’: from Hans Albert Einstein, 9–20 June 1923, CPAE XIV, 103–104. ‘safety cannot be guaranteed’: see footnotes to letter to Paul Langevin, 22 July 1923, CPAE XIV, 154. • LAKE GARDA: for D’Annunzio see Hughes-Hallett. For Mussolini’s politicking up to the Acerbo Law and beyond see Bosworth, 155–158. • BERLIN: the best account of the extraordinary distorting effects of the German inflation is Adam Fergusson, When Money Dies: The Nightmare of the Weimar Hyperinflation, 1975, from which this section is principally drawn. ‘porter in Baden railway station’: ‘Quite Easy to Spend a Million, if in Marks’, Daily Star, 5 May 1923. ‘Koblenz’ to ‘We are free citizens’: J. A. Dorten, La Tragédie Rhénane, 1945, 149–150. ‘Los von Berlin’: ‘Un important discours du Docteur Dorten’, Le Figaro, 30 July 1923. ‘Chancellor makes a speech’: 378th Session of the Reichstag, 8 August 1923, Verhandlungen des Reichstages, Vol. 378, 11749–11755, available at http://www.reichstagsprotokolle.de/Blatt2_w1_bsb00000045_00014.html. • SAN FRANCISCO: ‘After one play’: see news report dated 11 August 1923 reproduced in WW LXVIII, 494. • LAUSANNE: for the text of the treaty see The American Journal of International Law, 18/1, 1924, 1–53. • DEARBORN: ‘If I Were President’, Collier’s, 4 August 1923. The final quote here is slightly abbreviated. • BERLIN: see Fergusson. • PAMPLONA: ‘struggle of life and death’: ‘Bullfighting a Tragedy’, Toronto Star Weekly, 20 October 1923. ‘ringside seat at the war’: to William Horne, 17–18 July 1923, LEH II, 32–38. ‘thick as those of a fortress’: ‘Pamplona in July’, Toronto Star Weekly, 27 October 1923. ‘different kinds of exotic food’: Baker, Hemingway, 113. ‘too goddam thin’: to Robert McAlmon, 5 August 1923, LEH II, 39–41. • BOUILLON: ‘really be part of France’: letter to Henri de Gaulle, 30 August 1923, CDG I, 598. ‘Peace is the dream of the wise’: notebook entry August 1923, CDG I, 598. • DRESDEN: Heinrich Mann, ‘Rede zur Feier des Verfassung’, in Politische Reden, Vol. 3, 391–400. • ENNIS: see Coogan, De Valera. • GORKI: see Nadya Krupskaya, ‘Poslednie polgoda Vliadmira Il’icha’, Izvestiya TSK KPSS, 4, 1989. • LONDON: Sheridan, Many Places, 268. • MUNICH: report in The World, 20 August 1923, SA, 974–975; and report in the Bayerische Vaterland, 22 August 1923, SA, 975–976. • THE ALBANIAN–GREEK BORDER: for an account of the ambush, see James Barros, The Corfu Incident of 1923: Mussolini and the League of Nations, 1965,
20–32. For the terms of the Italian ultimatum, see Barros, 40. For the process of occupation see Barros, 74–80. • WESTERHAM: ‘Kaiser and Mussolini seem quite benevolent’: Clementine Churchill to Winston Churchill, 4 September 1923, CH/CH, 274. ‘League of Nations is on trial’: Clementine to Winston, 3 September 1923, 274. ‘Poor devil’: Winston to Clementine, 5 September 1923, 275. • ROME: ‘talkative group of Americans’: ‘Notes by Anna on return from Rome’, FR/FR, Appendix 2, 423–424. ‘packed with sightseeing’: for everything that Freud dragged his daughter to see, ‘Travel Diary, Rome 1923’, FR/FR, Appendix 1, 411–422. ‘brief letter to his nephew Edward’: letter dated 14 September 1923, LOC, Sigmund Freud Collection, Family Papers, 1851–1978, mss 39990. • MUNICH: ‘Ludendorff has fallen in love again’: for the relationship with Mathilde see Chickering, 165–167. ‘fate of Turkey’ to ‘one way or another’: Heimatland, 1 September 1923, in Ihrig, 81. For description of Nuremberg events see ‘Thousands Hoch der Kaiser in Bavarian Mass’, Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 September 1923. For the joint manifesto agreed on 2 September 1923, 990–992. • MONZA: see Lüdecke, 140–141. Lüdecke suggests the trip took place in August. But the mention of Monza (and Mussolini’s travel itinerary) suggests that it actually took place in early September, during the Corfu crisis. This is the dating in Alan Cassels, ‘Mussolini and German Nationalism, 1922–1925’, Journal of Modern History, 35/2, 1963, 137–157. Lüdecke’s name first appears in Italian diplomatic correspondence in October. Whether Lüdecke actually met Mussolini on this trip is uncertain. What is relatively clear is that his reception was considerably less warm than before. Lüdecke was not the only envoy between German nationalists and Italian nationalists, and the Nazi Party was not the only game in town on the German side. ‘left a void in the German mind’ to ‘new German generation’: preface to La Germania Repubblicana by Roberto Suster, September 1923, OO XX, 29–31. • MADRID: ‘Please convey to His Majesty’: Shlomo Ben-Ami, Fascism from Above: The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in Spain, 1923–1930, 1983, 71. ‘Secondo de Rivera’: Sheridan, Naked Truth, 359. ‘mon petit Mussolini’: Bosworth, 155. ‘Hermine is less sure’: diary entry 1 June 1923, Ilsemann, Vol. 1, 282. • MUNICH: ‘What you have witnessed in Turkey’: Ihrig, 88.
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