Upheaval: Turning Points for Nations in Crisis

by Jared Diamond

  PLATE 5.7. The slums of modern Jakarta, Indonesia’s capital.

  PLATE 6.1. German civilians and Allied soldiers in the rubble of a German city.

  PLATE 6.2. Allied aircraft bombing Cologne. The city was destroyed by bombing along with most other major German cities. Visible are a destroyed bridge over the Rhine River, and Cologne Cathedral, miraculously still standing.

  PLATE 6.3. The notorious wall erected by the East German government between East and West Berlin, supposedly to protect East Berlin from West German infiltrators, and actually to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West.

  PLATE 6.4. The German student protest of 1968, West Germany’s year of generational change.

  PLATE 6.5. A key moment in modern German history: West Germany’s Chancellor Willy Brandt spontaneously falling on his knees during a visit to Poland’s Warsaw Ghetto, acknowledging Nazi war crimes and their millions of victims, and asking Poles for forgiveness.

  PLATE 6.6. The flat North European Plain, without geographic obstructions, across which German armies (shown here) invaded Poland in 1939, and across which non-German armies throughout history have invaded what is now Germany.

  PLATE 7.1. Australia’s overwhelmingly white population in the mid-1900’s.

  PLATE 7.2. Australia’s landscape of desert and kangaroos, very unlike a European landscape.

  PLATE 7.3. Australia’s mixed racial population today.

  PLATE 7.4.1 and 7.4.2 Australia’s flag (above) consists of the British flag (the Union Jack, below) framed by the constellation of the Southern Cross.

  PLATE 7.5. ANZAC (Australia and New Zealand Army Corps) troops fighting in defense of their British motherland, by charging Turkish lines half-way around the world at Gallipoli in 1915. The anniversary of the Gallipoli landings, April 25, is a major Australian national holiday.

  PLATE 7.6. The British battleship Prince of Wales, sinking after being bombed by Japanese planes on December 10, 1941, during Britain’s vain attempt to defend its naval base at Singapore.

  PLATE 7.7. Surrender of British troops on February 15, 1942 at Britain’s large naval base of Singapore, leaving Australia exposed to Japanese attacks.

  PLATE 7.8. Fires and smoke from the Japanese bombing of the Australian city of Darwin on February 19, 1942.

  PLATE 7.9. Millions of Australians lined Australian streets to welcome the visit of Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom in 1954.

  PLATE 7.10. Sydney Opera House, Australia’s most famous building, and one of the most famous new buildings of the modern world, designed by a Danish architect and opened in 1973.

  PLATE 9.1. American aircraft carriers, a type of military ship of which the U.S. has more than all other countries combined.

  PLATE 9.2. The large flat expanse of the U.S.’s Great Plains, the world’s most productive expanse of farmland.

  PLATE 9.3. The port of Los Angeles, one of many sheltered deep-water ports on the coast of the U.S.

  PLATE 9.4. Ship traffic on the Mississippi River, the largest of the U.S.’s many interior waterways that provide inexpensive water transport.

  PLATE 9.5. Protests against the U.S. government’s policy of making war in Vietnam—eventually recognized to be a bad policy and abandoned, but such anti-government protests are possible only in a democracy.

  PLATE 9.6. An advantage of the U.S. federal system. Individual states can adopt laws that initially seem crazy to other states, but that eventually prove sensible and become adopted by all of the states—such as California’s becoming the first state to permit right turns on a red light after a full stop.

  PLATE 9.7. Thomas Edison, the best known of the U.S.’s inventors and innovators.

  PLATE 9.8. Members of a Harvard College graduating class, many of them recent immigrants.

  PLATE 9.9. When political compromise still functioned in the U.S.: Republican President Ronald Reagan and Democratic Speaker of the House Tip O’Neill (1981–1986), who often disagreed but nevertheless compromised and collaborated productively to pass much major legislation.

  PLATE 9.10. U.S. Senator J. Strom Thurmond, who set a record for length of a filibuster speech used by a political minority to force a political majority to compromise.

  PLATE 9.11. Gerrymandered congressional districts in U.S. states, re-drawn by the party in power solely so as to ensure an exaggerated number of elected representatives. The name is derived from the resemblance of one such district’s shape to the shape of a salamander.

  PLATE 10.1. The Rodney King riots of 1992 in my city of Los Angeles: a result ultimately of economic inequality and feelings of hopelessness within American society.

  PLATE 10.2. The response of some rich, powerful Americans to broad problems of American society: not to try to solve those problems, but instead to try to escape them by converting abandoned underground missile silos at great expense into luxurious defended bunkers for themselves.

  PLATE 11.1. One of the major problems facing the world today: the risk that nuclear weapons will be used.

  Acknowledgments

  I acknowledge, with pleasure and gratitude, the many friends and colleagues whose contributions made this book possible. They earned badges of heroism for their devoted efforts.

  I owe the idea for the book to my wife Marie Cohen.

  My editor Tracy Behar, and my agent John Brockman, shaped and shepherded my text from its conception to its completion. Eileen Chetti polished it as copy-editor, Betsy Uhrig as production editor.

  Lynda and Stewart Resnick, Peter Kaufman, Sue and Keith Tibbles, Frank Caufield, Skip and Heather Brittenham, and Conservation International made this six-year project possible by their support.

  My research assistants Michelle Fisher, Yuki Shimura, and Boratha Yeang tracked down information and references. Michelle typed and re-typed the manuscript, again and again. Yuki shared her understanding of Japan. Ruth Mandel tracked down all of the photographs. My cousin Evelyn Hirata found the cover art. Matt Zebrowski prepared all of the maps.

  Several hundred UCLA undergraduate students who took my courses for the last six years, and my teaching assistants Katja Antoine, Katie Hale, and Ali Hamdan, helped me to explain and understand crises.

  Eight friends heroically read all or most of my draft manuscript, and helped me to improve its ideas and its presentation. They are Marie Cohen, Paul Ehrlich, Alan Grinnell, Rebecca Kantar, Kai Michel, Ian Morris, Michael Shermer, and Sue Tibbles.

  Dozens of other friends and colleagues commented on drafts of individual chapters, shared with me their experience, sent me articles or references, or did several or all of those things. They include: Eldon Ball, Barbara Barrett, Scott Barrett, Nicolas Berggruen, K. David Bishop, Heidi Borhau, Daniel Botsman, David Brown, Frank Caufield, Kamala Chandrakirana, Alejandra Cox, Sebastian Edwards, Ernst Peter Fischer, Kevin Fogg, Mikael Fortelius, Zephyr Frank, Howard Friedman, Eberhard Frömter, Nathan Gardels, Al Gore, James Green, Verity Grinnell, Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Jeffrey Hadler, Yasu Hibi, Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, Antero Holmila, David Howell, Dian Irawati, Ivan Jaksic, Martin Jay, Benjamin Jones, Peter Kaufman, Joseph Kellner, Hiroshi Kito, Jennifer Klein, Matti Klinge, Sho Konishi, Markku Kuisma, Robert Lemelson, Hartmut Leppin, Tom Lovejoy, Harriet Mercer, Robin Miller, Norman Naimark, Monika Nalepa, Olivia Narins, Peter Narins, Tom Narins, Nathan Nunn, Benjamin Olken, Kaija Pehu-Lehtonen, William Perry, Louis Putterman, Johanna Rainio-Niemi, Geoffrey Robinson, Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Charly Salonius-Pasternak, Ken Scheve, Yuki Shimura, Chantal Signorio, Nina Sillem, Kerry Smith, Laurence Smith, Susan Stokes, Greg Stone, Mark Suster, Mak Takano, Jurist Tan, Spencer Thompson, Sirpa Tuomainen, Julio Vergara, Gary Waissi, D. A. Wallach, Stuart Ward, Tim Wirth, and Yoshinori Yasuda.

  To all of these people, I express my heartfelt thanks.

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  Illustration Credits

  Plate 0.1: AP
Photo

  Plate 2.1: Courtesy of Alexander Stielau

  Plate 2.2: History Photo Collection, National Board of Antiquities Collections, Helsinki

  Plate 2.3: E. J. Reinikainen, National Board of Antiquities Collections, Helsinki

  Plate 2.4: Courtesy of St. Petersburg Travel Guide, www.guidetopetersburg.com

  Plate 2.5: History Photo Collection, National Board of Antiquities Collections, Helsinki

  Plate 2.6: Library of Congress LC-DIG-ppmsca-18369

  Plate 2.7: History Photo Collection, National Board of Antiquities Collections, Helsinki

  Plate 3.1: Wikimedia

  Plate 3.2: Library of Congress LC-USZ62-110249

  Plate 3.3: Takeo City Library and Historical Museum

  Plate 3.4: Courtesy of Getty’s Open Content Program

  Plate 3.5: Waseda University Archive

  Plate 3.6: Bain News Service, Library of Congress LC-DIG-ggbain-38442

  Plate 3.7: Photo by Underwood & Underwood, Library of Congress LC-USZC2-6353

  Plate 3.8: Courtesy of the Print Department of the National Library of Russia

  Plate 3.9: ©SZ Photo / Scherl / The Image Works

  Plate 4.1: Estate of Naúl Ojeda

  Plate 4.2: Naval History & Heritage Command: Photographic Section, Naval Subjects Collection, L-53-41-1

  Plate 4.3: © Chas Gerretsen, Nederlands Fotomuseum, Rotterdam

  Plate 4.4: © Chas Gerretsen, Nederlands Fotomuseum, Rotterdam

  Plate 4.5: Antonio Larrea / Fundacion Victor Jara

  Plate 4.6: © Julio Etchart

  Plate 4.7: © Rickey Rogers / Reuters Pictures

  Plate 5.1: Historic Images, Inc. Press handout

  Plate 5.2: Historic Images, Inc. Source unknown

  Plate 5.3: State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia

  Plate 5.4: Bettmann / Getty Images

  Plate 5.5: © Hans Tanawi

  Plate 5.6: Gunawan Kartapranata, CC Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License

  Plate 5.7: Courtesy of Muhamad Taufiq Hidayat

  Plate 6.1: U.S. Army Center for Military History

  Plate 6.2: Courtesy of www.b24.net

  Plate 6.3: U.S. Information Agency / National Archives & Records Administration (NARA)

  Plate 6.4: © Barbara Klemm

  Plate 6.5: © 51/1970 Der Spiegel

  Plate 6.6: National Digital Archives of Poland (NAC)

  Plate 7.1: From the collection of the National Archives of Australia

  Plate 7.2: © Johncarnemolla / Dreamstime

  Plate 7.3: Leonard Zhukovsky / Shutterstock.com

  Plate 7.4.1: Lachlan Fearnley, Wikimedia CC Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license

  Plate 7.4.2: Edward Orde, Wikimedia CC Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license

  Plate 7.5: National Archives and Records Administration, NAID 533108

  Plate 7.6: Australian War Memorial

  Plate 7.7: Source unknown

  Plate 7.8: Australian War Memorial

  Plate 7.9: From the collection of the National Archives of Australia

  Plate 7.10: Knödelbaum, Wikipedia. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license

  Plate 9.1: U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Ernest R. Scott / Released

  Plate 9.2: © Tyler Olson / Shutterstock.com

  Plate 9.3: Courtesy of the Port of Los Angeles

  Plate 9.4: Bob Nichols / United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

  Plate 9.5: Lyndon Baines Johnson Library photo by Frank Wolfe / NARA

  Plate 9.6: Courtesy of Alan Chevat

  Plate 9.7: Thomas Edison National Historical Park

  Plate 9.8: © Jim Harrison

  Plate 9.9: Courtesy Ronald Reagan Library / NARA

  Plate 9.10: Strom Thurmond Collection, Special Collections & Archives, Clemson University

  Plate 9.11: Republished with permission of National Journal Group, Inc., from National Journal, March 30: 2012; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.

  Plate 10.1: AP Photo / Paul Sakuma

  Plate 10.2: Courtesy of Larry Hall

  Plate 11.1: U.S. Department of Defense

  Fig. 1: Matt Zebrowski

  Fig. 2: Matt Zebrowski

  Fig. 3: Matt Zebrowski

  Fig. 4: Matt Zebrowski

  Fig. 5: Matt Zebrowski

  Fig. 6: Matt Zebrowski

  Fig. 7: Matt Zebrowski

  Fig. 8: Matt Zebrowski

  Fig. 9: Matt Zebrowski

  Further Readings

  CHAPTER 1: PERSONAL CRISES

  This chapter’s references consist of recent books to illustrate the current status of the field of crisis therapy, plus older books, chapters, and journal articles to illustrate the field’s development.

  Donna C. Aguilera and Janice M. Messick. Crisis Intervention: Theory and Methodology, 3rd ed. (Mosby, St. Louis, MO, 1978).

  Robert Calsyn, Joseph Pribyl, and Helen Sunukjian. Correlates of successful outcome in crisis intervention therapy. American Journal of Community Psychology 5: 111–119 (1977).

  Gerald Caplan. Principles of Preventive Psychiatry. (Basic Books, New York, 1964).

  Gerald Caplan. Recent developments in crisis intervention and the promotion of support service. Journal of Primary Prevention 10: 3–25 (1985).

  Priscilla Dass-Brailsford. A Practical Approach to Trauma. (Sage Publications, Los Angeles, CA, 2007).

  James L. Greenstone and Sharon C. Leviton. Elements of Crisis Intervention: Crises and How to Respond to Them, 3rd ed. (Brooks-Cole, Belmont, CA, 2011).

  Charles Holahan and Rudolf Moos. Life stressors, resistance factors, and improved psychological functions: An extension of the stress resistance paradigm. Journal of Personality and Sociopsychology 58: 909–917 (1990).

  Gerald Jacobson. Programs and techniques of crisis intervention. Pp. 810–825, in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Socioculture and Community Psychiatry, ed. G. Caplan. (Basic Books, New York, 1974).

  Gerald Jacobson. Crisis-oriented therapy. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2, no. 1: 39–54 (1979).

  Gerald Jacobson, Martin Strickler, and Wilbur Morley. Generic and individual approaches to crisis intervention. American Journal of Public Health 58: 338–343 (1968).

  Richard James and Burt Gilliland. Crisis Intervention Strategies, 8th ed. (Cengage, Boston, 2016).

  Erich Lindemann. Beyond Grief: Studies in Crisis Intervention. (Jason Aronson, New York, 1979).

  Rick A. Myer. Assessment for Crisis Intervention: A Triage Assessment Model. (Brooks Cole, Belmont, CA, 2001).

  Howard J. Parad, ed. Crisis Intervention: Selective Readings. (Family Service Association of America, New York, 1965).

  Kenneth Yeager and Albert Roberts, eds. Crisis Intervention Handbook: Assessment, Treatment, and Research, 4th ed. (Oxford University Press, New York, 2015).

  Papers in the journal Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention. (Volumes 1–38, 1980–2017).

  CHAPTER 2: FINLAND’S WAR WITH THE SOVIET UNION

  It’s common practice in scholarly books to devote dozens of concluding pages to footnotes. Those footnotes guide readers to specialty journal articles and other sources available in research libraries, and providing the basis for detailed statements in the book’s text. That practice seemed appropriate for my earlier books (The Third Chimpanzee; Guns, Germs, and Steel; Why Is Sex Fun?; Collapse; and Natural Experiments of History), which made much use of articles on highly technical subjects for which most readers would have difficulty discovering sources—subjects such as the Neolithic distribution of large-seeded wild cereals, or the frequency of fish bones in medieval Greenland Viking garbage deposits. But the resulting proliferation of references increased considerably the length, weight, and cost of my books. One friend complained to me, “Jared, I liked your book, but it hurt my neck and arms to hold its weight over my head while reading it in bed at night. Please make your next book less heavy.�
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  My most recent book (The World Until Yesterday) did save length, weight, and cost by relegating footnotes and references to an on-line website, rather than printing them at the back of the book. I thereby discovered how many readers actually consulted my footnotes and references: only one or two readers around the world each year.

  This present book therefore tries something different: to provide references that readers may actually find useful and accessible. Most of my references now consist of books available in large general libraries, rather than articles in scholarly journals. Readers wanting to learn more about a country that I discuss will discover that many of those books are interesting and comprehensible. To guide me in deciding which type of references to provide for my next book, I shall be grateful to readers willing to write me about their own preference.

  Seppo Hentilä, Markku Kuisma, Pertti Haapala, and Ohto Manninen. Finlandization for better and for worse. Historical Journal/Historiallinen Aikakauskirja. No. 2: 129–160 (1998).

  Max Jakobson. Finland Survived: An Account of the Finnish-Soviet Winter War 1939–1940, 2nd ed. (Otava, Helsinki, 1984).