by Vaclav Smil
Birkeland, Kristian, 253
Black, Joseph, 13
Bléthy, Ottoé, 71
Bleériot, Louis, 148, 305
Blickensfelder, George, 209
Bohr, Niels, 23
Bolton, Werner von, 46
Borlaug, Norman, 196
Bosch,
Carl, 18, 188–189, 192
Robert, 120, 125, 192, 274, 299, 301
Bouly, Léeon, 222
Boyle, Robert, 33
Bradham, Caleb, 278
Bradley, Charles S., 86
Branly, Edouard, 245–247
Braun, Karl F., 251
Brearley, Harry, 167
Brooks, Byron A., 207
Brown, Harold, 84
Brownell, Frank, 297
Brunel, Isambard K., 75
Brush, Charles, 51
Buick, David D., 137
Bunsen, Robert, 173, 189
Bunte, Hans, 189
Burgess, Hugh, 210
Burton, William, 128
Burroughs, William S., 262–263
Butler, Edward, 124
Buz, Heinrich, 118
Byrn, Edward, 303, 307–309
Candler, Asa B., 278
Carnegie, Andrew, 311–312
Carnot, Sadi, 14
Caro, Heinrich, 17
Carrier, Willis H., 91–92
Caruso, Enrico, 210
Castner, Hamilton Y., 174
Chanute, Octave, 146
Chrysler, Walter, 137
Clarke, Charles, 53
Claude, Georges, 48
Clausius, Rudolf, 16
Clerk, Dugald, 140
Coffin, Charles L., 95
Coignet, François, 171
Coolidge, William D., 47
Crookes, William, 187–189, 246, 267
Cross, Charles, 238
Crowell, Luther C., 211
Curtis, Charles G., 65
Curtiss, Glenn H., 150, 280, 305
Dahl, Carl F., 211
Daimler, Gottlieb, 101, 105, 111–112, 114, 121, 128, 270
patents, 105–107
Dalton, John, 17
Darby, Abraham, 154
D’Arcy, William K., 301
Davenport, Thomas, 74
Davies, Langdon, 82
Davy, Humphry, 37–38
Debussy, Claude, 8
Deere, John, 142
Deleuil, Joseph, 37
Deprez, Marcel, 76
Déri, Miksa, 71
Deville, Henri S., 173
Dewar, James, 185
Dickson, William K. L., 220–221
Diesel, Rudolf, 101, 116–121, 269, 282
engines, 116–121
patents, 118–119
Dochring, Carl, 172
Dodge, Philip T., 206
Dolivo-Dobrowolsky, Mikhail O., 78
Donkin, Bryan, 210
Doyle, Arthur C., 267
Dunlop, John B., 127
Dunsmore, James, 207
Durant, William, 137
Duryea,
brothers, 123, 137
Dvorak, August, 209
Dyer, Frank L., 52
Eastman, George, 201, 216–218, 221, 279
Ebert, Karl J., 294
Edison, Thomas A., 11–12, 18, 28–30, 37, 39–46, 49, 171, 221–224, 227, 231– 233, 236–237, 242–243, 266–269, 274, 282, 284, 307, 311
alternating current, 71, 77, 84–85, 268
central electricity systems, 53–60
direct current, 75, 77, 84–85, 223
effect, 242–243, 255
electric cars, 30, 123–124, 268–269
electric lights, 37, 39–45, 274, 307
electric systems, 32–33, 49–60
electricity-generating plants, 32–33, 53, 55–58, 60, 62, 271–272
importance as an inventor, 58–60
light bulbs, 18, 39–46
movies, 220–223
phonograph, 221, 236–237
patents, 43, 45, 54, 57–58, 221–222, 231– 232, 242, 266
personal habits, 271–272
telephone, 231–233
Eickemeyer, Rudolf, 76, 88
Einstein, Albert, 10, 24
Einthoven, Willem, 93
Ekman, Carl D., 211
Elsener, Karl, 277
Ely, Eugene, 150, 280–281
Evans, Oliver, 268
Everitt, Percival, 279
Eyde, Samuel, 253
Faraday, Michael, 34, 69–70
Farmer, Moses, 40
Fauchon, Auguste, 294
Félix, Charles, 75
Felt, Dorr E., 262
Ferranti, Sebastian Z. de, 72, 85–87
Ferraris, Galileo, 76
Ferris, George W., 297–298
Fessenden, Reginald A., 10, 28, 253–255, 266–267, 271
first radio broadcasts, 254–255
Feuerlein, Otto, 46
Fleming, John A., 247, 255–256
Ford, Henry, 11–12, 123, 129–130, 138, 142, 268, 296
Forest,
Lee De, 255, 267
Robert, 308
William, 308
Fontaine, Hippolyte, 44
Foucault, Léeon, 37
Fourdrinier, Henry, 210
Fourneyron, Benoit, 62, 90
Fowler, John, 165
Francis, James B., 90
Franklin, Benjamin, 33–34
Fressinet, Eugene, 172
Froehlich, John, 145
Galvani, Luigi, 34
Gaulard, Lucien H., 70–71
Gibbs, John D., 70–71
Gilbert, Cass, 68
Gilchrist, Perry C., 160
Gillette, King, 276–277
Glidden,
Carlos, 207
Joseph, 276
Goddard, Robert, 23
Gould, Charles H., 276
Grahame, Kenneth, 139
Gramme, Zénobe T., 50–51, 82
Gray, Elisha, 18, 227–230, 233, 269
Grey, Harry, 168
Haber, Fritz, 18, 155, 186, 188–189, 244
ammonia synthesis, 189–192
patents, 190, 192
Hadfield, Robert A., 73, 166–167
Hall, Charles M., 174–176
Hammer, William J., 39
Hammond, James, 209
Hanaman, Franz, 46
Hancock, Walter, 101
Harmsworth, Alfred, 304
Helmholtz, Hermann von, 243
Henley, William F., 139
Hennebique, François, 171
Henning, Hans, 186
Henry, Jospeh, 34
Héroult, Paul L. T., 163, 174–175
patents, 175–176
Hershey, Milton, 278
Hertz, Heinrich R., 10, 200–201, 243–246, 269–270, 282, 284
experiments, 200–201, 244–245
Hewitt, Peter C., 48
Hiram, Maxim, 40, 52
Hollerith, Herman, 262–263, 265
Honold, Gottlieb, 125
Hooker, William, 276
Hoover, William, 93
Hopkinson, John, 85, 94
Howd, Samuel B., 90
Howe, Elias, 21
Hughes, David E., 231, 241–242, 245–246
Hunt, Alfred E., 176
Huntsman, Benjamin, 158
Ives, Frederick E., 220
Jacobi, M. H., 74
Jacquard, Joseph-Marie, 263
Jeffrey, Thomas B., 296
Jellinek, Emil, 114
Jenatzy, Camille, 123, 127
Jenkins, Francis, 222
Jenne, William, 207
Jenney, William Le B., 168, 279
Jewett, Frank F., 175
Johnson, Edward H., 45
Joule, James P., 15
Judson, Whitcomb L., 21
Just, Alexander, 46
Kaplan, Viktor, 90
Kastenbein, Charles, 203
Kekule, Friedrich A., 17
Kellner, Carl, 211, 267
Kellogg,
William K., 278
Kelly, William, 158
Kettering, Charles, 126–127, 266
Lanchester, Frederick W., 127, 266
Lane-Fox, St. George, 40
Langen, Eugen, 101, 105
Langley, Samuel P., 147–148
Langmuir, Irwing, 23–24, 47–48
La Rue, William de, 38
Latham, Woodville, 211
Laval, Carl G. P. de, 62–63
Lavoisier, Antoine, 28
Lawes, John B., 187
Lenoir, Jean E., 104–105, 110
Le Prince, Louis A. A., 222, 269
Levassor, Emile, 101, 114, 124, 135
Liebig, Justus von, 17
Lilienthal, Otto, 145–146
Linde, Carl, 117
Lodge, Oliver J., 245–246, 267
Loud, John, 279
Lowrey, Grosvenor P., 40, 52
Ludd, Ned, 309–310
Lüders, Johannes, 120
Lumière brothers, 222–225
Auguste, 223, 268
Louis, 223–224, 268–269
MacArthur, John S., 308
Maillart, Robert, 171
Manly, Charles M., 147
Mannesmann,
Max, 165
Richard, 165
Marconi, Guglielmo, 10, 245–251, 253, 268– 271
patents, 247–248
first transmissions, 247–250
Marey, Etienne-Jules, 221, 224
Mars, Frank, 278
Marsh, Albert, 167
Martin, Emile, 22, 162
Marx, Karl, 23, 299
Maxwell, James C., 200, 241
Maybach,
Adolf, 270
Wilhelm, 101, 105–106, 120–121, 126, 128, 139, 270, 282
first engines, 105–106, 111–115
Mayer, Robert, 15
McLaughlin, John, 278
Mélies, Georges, 225
Melville, George W., 12
Mendeleev, Dimitrii I., 17
Mergenthaler, Ottmar, 204–206, 20
Michelin,
Andre, 127
Edouard, 127
Mitscherlich, Alexander, 211
Mittasch, Alvin, 191, 193
Monet, Claude, 8
Monier, Joseph, 171
Moore,
Charles T., 204
Gordon E., 4–5, 262
Morgan, John P., 56
Müller, Oscar, 87
Murdock, William, 268
Muschenbroek, Pieter van, 33
Mushet,
Mary, 166
Robert F., 159, 166
Muybridge, Eadweard, 215–216, 220
Nernst, Walther, 190
Niepce, Joseph N., 214
Nobel, Alfred, 22, 181–185, 266
dynamite, 181–184
patents, 266
private life, 269–270
Ohm, Georg S., 15
Olds, Ransom, 137, 296
Olszewski, Stanislaw, 95
Ørsted, Hans C., 34, 173
Orwell, George, 259–260
Otis, Elisha, 168, 279
Ott, John, 45
Otto, Nicolaus, 4, 101, 104–110
four-stroke engines, 101, 106–108, 304
Pacinotti, Antonio, 51
Page, Charles, 75, 227
Paige, James W., 206
Painter, William, 275–276
Parry, George, 156
Parsons,
Charles, 10, 16, 28, 35, 60–68, 88, 117
patents, 63, 64
steam turbines, 62–65, 307
John T., 22
Pelton, Lester A., 90
Pemberton, John S., 278
Perkin, William H., 17
Perret, Auguste, 171
Peugeot, Arnaud, 114
Phillips, Jack, 251
Pixii, Hypolite, 50
Popov, Alexander S., 247
Poulsen, Valdemar, 240, 253
Preece, William, 247
Rankine, William, 75
Rathenau, Emil, 59
Reichenbach, Henry M., 218
Reis, Phillip, 228, 231
Renault, Louis, 135–136
Reynolds, Osborne, 10
Righi, Augusto, 247
Ritty, James, 279
Rivaz, Isaac de, 104
Robert, Nicolas L., 210
Rochas, Beau de, 108–110
Rontgen, Conrad, 93–94
Rossignol, Robert Le, 190–191
Ruskin, John, 299, 310
Santos-Dumont, Alberto, 149–150
Sawyer, William, 40, 43
Schallenberger, Oliver, 86
Scheutz,
Edvard, 262
George, 262
Seely, Henry, 279
Selden, George B., 138
Serpollet, Leon, 123
Shailor, Frank, 91–92
Shiver, Andrew, 293
Sholes, Christopher, 207
Siemens,
brothers, 55, 75, 95–96, 160–161, 266
Werner, 50–51, 94, 161, 266
William (Carl Wilhelm), 19–20, 22, 51, 69, 95, 161–163, 271
Skladanowsky,
Emil, 222
Max, 222
Slaby, Adolf, 251
Smil, Vaclav, 311
Sobrero, Ascanio, 182
Soule, Samuel, 207
Sprague, Frank J., 94
Stanley, Francis, 123
Stanley, William, 60, 71–74
patents, 71–72
transformers, 60, 71–74
Starley, John K., 134
Steinmetz, Charles, 48, 88
Stilwell, Charles, 213
Stokes, George C., 242
Strowger, Almon, 235
Sundback, Gideon, 21
Sutton, William, 134
Swan,
Alfred, 45
Joseph W., 40–41, 43, 45, 215
Tainter, Charles, 236
Talbot, Benjamin, 162
Tarde, Gabriel, 282
Tesla, Nikola, 35, 60, 73, 76–78, 82, 245, 251–253, 270–272, 282, 284
electric motors, 76–78
patents, 77–78, 82, 151–253, 266
private life, 270–272
wireless telegraphy, 251–253
Thomas, Sidney G., 160
Thomson,
Elihu, 51, 72
William (Lord Kelvin), 16
Thompson, Sylvanus, 85
Tilghman, Benjamin C., 22, 211
Trewithick, Richard, 268
Turner, Samuel N., 218
Twain, Mark, 23, 206, 270
Upton, Francis R., 41–42, 274
Vail, Theodore, 233
Valey, Samuel, 51
Van Kannel, Theophilus, 279
Veblen, Thorsten, 295
Verne, Jules, 33
Vieille, Paul, 185
Villard, Henry, 49
Volker, Heinrich, 210
Volta, Alessandro, 34
Vuitton, Louis, 295
Walker, William H., 217
Wanamaker, Rodman, 305
Ward, Aaron M., 295
Washburn, Cadwallader, 293
Watt,
Charles, 210
James, 14, 268, 288
syndrome, 269
Wayss, Adolf G., 171
Wells, Herbert G., 1, 20, 145, 312
Welsbach, Carl A. von, 46, 48
Westinghouse, George, 65, 71, 84–85, 284
patents, 71–72, 266
Wheatstone, Charles, 227
White, Anthony, 231
Wilbrand, Joseph, 184
Wilde, Henry, 51
Wilkinson, William, 171
Wingfield, W. C., 278
Winton, Alexander, 141
Wohler, Friedrich, 173
Wolf, Fred, 93
Wright, Frank L., 172
Wright brothers, 12, 140, 145–149, 272
Orville, 145, 147, 272
Wilbur, 145–148, 270, 272
Wyman, William I., 308, 309
Yablochkov, P. N., 38
Yost, George W. N., 207
Zipernowsky, Karoly, 71
Zola, Eémile, 8, 30, 295, 297, 299, 309
Zukor, Adolph, 226
Subject Index
AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitäts Gesselschaft), 59, 78, 96, 251
Age of Synergy, 18–28, 110, 117, 155, 175, 184, 200–201, 261, 266, 273, 279
creators of, 265–272, 306
delimitation of, 18–27, 307–308
efficiencies during, 282–283
energy use during, 287–292
legacy of, 30–31, 259–260, 273–279
mechanization during, 287, 292–293, 296, 309
pastimes during, 297–298
perceptions of, 303–312
ubiquitous artifacts, 274–278, 294–296
agriculture, 27, 187, 196–197, 293, 300, 306
air,
conditioning, 91–92
airplanes, 148–151, 179, 280–281, 304–306, 308
construction, 148–151
bombers, 151
early history, 145–150
F-18, 280–281
military, 150, 280–281
ALAM (Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers), 138
alizarin, 17
Allis-Chalmers, 65, 67
alloys, 150, 166–167, 179, 273
alumina (aluminum oxide), 173–174, 177, 180
aluminum, 11, 154–155, 173–180, 273
alloys, 179
production, 173–174, 176
uses, 179
ammonia, 11, 18, 23, 27, 155, 186–197
importance of, 186–187, !94—!97
production of, 192–195
synthesis of, 189–192
ammonium,
picrate, 183, 185
animals
draft, 8, 14–15, 20, 27, 304