Hustle and Gig

by Alexandrea J Ravenelle

  Biddle, Sam. 2014. “Uber Driver: Here’s How We Get around Background Checks.” Valleywag, June 27.

  Bliss, Charles Henry. 1902. “Labor Strikes and Their Effects on Society: A Common Sense Discussion of the Rights and Relations of Labor and Capital.” Florida Heritage Collection, unpublished ms. http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/uwf%3A46777#page/1/mode/1up/search/bliss.

  Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 2014. Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2013. Washington, DC: Federal Reserve Board, July.

  ———. 2015. Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2014. Washington, DC: Federal Reserve Board, May.

  ———. 2016. Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2015. Washington, DC: Federal Reserve Board, May.

  ———. 2017. Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2016. Washington, DC: Federal Reserve Board, May.

  Böcker, Lars, and Toon Meelen. 2017. “Sharing for People, Planet or Profit? Analysing Motivations for Intended Sharing Economy Participation.” Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 23(June):28–39.

  Bohr, Nick. 2016. “Uber Driver Says She Was Sexually Assaulted by Passenger.” WISN, February 15.

  Boltanski, L., and E. Chiapello. 2005. The New Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Verso.

  Bort, Julie. 2014a. “Airbnb Banned from Condo Complex after Guest Caused $10,000 of Damage.” Business Insider, October 9.

  ———. 2014b. “Airbnb Host: A Guest Is Squatting in My Condo and I Can’t Get Him to Leave.” Business Insider, July 21.

  Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. 2010. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Collins.

  Bradford, Harry. 2014. “Most Airbnb Rentals Go Perfectly: Then There Are These Horror Stories.” Huffington Post, July 29.

  Brescoll, Victoria L., Jennifer Glass, and Alexandra Sedlovskaya. 2013. “Ask and Ye Shall Receive? The Dynamics of Employer-Provided Flexible Work Options and the Need for Public Policy.” Journal of Social Issues 69(2):367–88.

  Bricker, Jesse, Lisa J. Dettling, Alice Henriques, Joanne W. Hsu, Kevin B. Moore, John Sabelhaus, Jeffrey Thompson, and Richard A. Windle. 2014. “Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2010 to 2013: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances.” Federal Reserve Bulletin 100(4).

  Brynjolfsson, Erik, and Andrew McAfee. (2011). Race against the Machine: How the Digital Revolution Is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy. Lexington, MA: Digital Frontier Press.

  Buhr, Sarah. 2017. “A U.S. Senator Has Introduced the First Bill to Give Gig Workers Benefits.” TechCrunch, May 25.

  Bui, Quoctrung. 2017. “A Secret of Many Urban 20-Somethings: Their Parents Help with the Rent.” New York Times, February 9.

  Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2012. Spotlight on Statistics: The Recession of 2007–2009. Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics. www.bls.gov/spotlight/2012/recession/.

  ———. 2016a. “Business Employment Dynamics: Entrepreneurship and the U.S. Economy: Chart 3. Survival Rates of Establishments, by Year Started and Number of Years since Starting, 1994–2015, in Percent.” U.S. Department of Labor. Last modified April 28. www.bls.gov/bdm/entrepreneurship/bdm_chart3.htm.

  ———. 2016b. Employee Tenure in 2016. Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics.

  ———. 2017. “Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey.” U.S. Department of Labor. www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm.

  Bushway, Shawn, and Peter Reuter. 1997. “Labor Markets and Crime Risk Factors.” In Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising: A Report to the United States Congress. College Park: Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7a7e/6871dfbce8940cd88f72ad87664876d8c888.pdf.

  Cannon, Sarah, and Lawrence H. Summers. 2014. “How Uber and the Sharing Economy Can Win Over Regulators.” Harvard Business Review, October 13.

  Cantillon, R. 1755. Essai sur la nature du commerce en général. London: Macmillan.

  Cass, Connie. 2013. “In God We Trust, Maybe, but Not Each Other.” AP-GfK Poll. November 30. http://ap-gfkpoll.com/featured/our-latest-poll-findings-24.

  Chan, Sewell. 2005. “Taxi Partitions, Born of Danger, May Be Set for a Makeover.” New York Times, August 9.

  Chaudry, Ajay, Juan Pedroza, and Heather Sandstrom. 2012. How Employment Constraints Affect Low-Income Working Parents’ Child Care Decisions. Brief 23. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.

  Chen, Brian X. 2012. “Uber, an App That Summons a Car, Plans a Cheaper Service Using Hybrids.” New York Times, July 1.

  Chen, Michelle. 2014. “Do You Realize How Dangerous It Is to Drive a Taxi?” The Nation, October 24.

  Christensen, Clayton M. 1997. The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

  Clifford, Catherine. 2015. “Who Exactly Are Uber’s Drivers?” Entrepreneur, January 22.

  ———. 2016. “The Sharing Economy Is More Than a Buzzword. It’s Changing How We Live.” Entrepreneur. January 7. www.entrepreneur.com/article/254772.

  Close, Kerry. 2015. “Uber Just Keeps on Slashing Fares.” Time, January 29.

  Cohen, Patricia. 2017. “Tax Plans May Give Your Co-worker a Better Deal Than You.” New York Times, December 9.

  Collins, Pat. 2016. “Uber Driver Attacked in Arlington after He Asks Passengers to Stop Drinking in Car.” NBC Washington, February 22.

  Committee on Ways and Means. 2007a. “Hearing on the Effects of Misclassifying Workers as Independent Contractors.” Hearing before the Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support and the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures of the Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, 110th Cong., 1st session, serial 110-37. May 8, 2007. https://waysandmeans.house.gov/Media/transcript/10278.html.

  ———. 2007b. “Present Law and Background Relating to Worker Classification for Federal Tax Purposes.” May 8. Scheduled for a Public Hearing before the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures and the Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support of the House Committee on Ways and Means on May 8, 2007. Prepared by the Staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation. May 7, 2007. JCX-26-07. www.irs.gov/pub/irs-utl/x-26-07.pdf.

  Commons, John Rogers. 1918. History of Labour in the United States. Vol. 1. London: Forgotten Books.

  Conley, Dalton. 1999. Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth and Social Policy in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.

  Cox, Brian L., Susan Berger, and Grace Wong. 2017. “Uber Driver Killed in Lincolnwood while Dropping Off Passenger, Cops Say.” Chicago Tribune, May 31.

  Craig, Susanne, and Jesse McKinley. 2014. “New York State Is Set to Loosen Marijuana Laws.” New York Times, January 4.

  Cronin, Brenda. 2013. “In the TaskRabbit Economy, Freelancers Are Hard to Measure.” Digits: Tech News and Analysis from the WSJ, May 29.

  Cruz, Mimi Ko. 2014. “CLRN Researcher Gains National Recognition.” Connected Learning Research Network, August 19.

  Curran, David. 2016. “Two Uber Drivers Shot and Killed in Separate Incidents.” SF Gate, March 22.

  Darrin E. McGillis v. Department of Economic Opportunity; and Rasier LLC, d/b/a UBER, 3D15-2758 (2017).

  Dawes, Frank. 1973. Not in Front of the Servants: A True Portrait of English Upstairs/Downstairs Life. New York: Taplinger.

  Del Rey, Jason. 2017. “Instacart Will Pay $4.6 Million to Settle a Class Action Lawsuit with Its Workers.” Recode, March 23.

  Descant, Skip. 2014. “Airbnb ‘Squatter’ Checks Out of Palm Springs Condo.” USA Today, August 21.

  DeSilver, Drew. 2014. “For Most Workers, Real Wages Have Barely Budged for Decades.” Pew Research Institute Fact Tank, October 9. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/10/09/for-most-workers-real-wages-have-barely-budged-for-decades/.

  Dewey, Caitlin. 2015. “Everyo
ne You Know Will Be Able to Rate You on the Terrifying ‘Yelp for People’—Whether You Want Them to or Not.” Washington Post, September 30.

  Dickey, Megan Rose. 2014. “Uber Will Start Charging More for Some Rides Because It Was Losing Money.” Business Insider, April 18.

  Doleac, Jennifer L., and Luke C.D. Stein. 2010. “The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes.” Economic Journal 123(572):F469–92.

  Dougherty, Conor, and Mike Isaac. 2014. “Uber to Portland: We’re Here; Deal with It.” New York Times, December 5.

  DuBose, Renetta. 2016. “Uber Driver Attacked Taking Intoxicated Man Home.” WJBF.com, February 29.

  Dunlap, Albert John. 1996. Mean Business: How I Save Bad Companies and Make Good Companies Great. New York: Touchstone.

  Dynan, Karen, Douglas Elmendorf, and Daniel Sichel. 2012. “The Evolution of Household Income Volatility.” B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 12(2).

  Eckhardt, Gianna M., and Fleura Bardhi. 2015. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28.

  The Economist. 2011. “The Birth of the New Deal.” March 17.

  ———. 2013. “The Economist Explains Itself: Is The Economist Left- or Right-Wing?” September 2.

  ———. 2015. “Digital Taylorism.” September 10.

  Edelman, Benjamin G., and Michael Luca. 2014. “Digital Discrimination: The Case of Airbnb.com.” Harvard Business School, Working Paper No. 14-054.

  Edelman, Benjamin G., Michael Luca, and Dan Svirsky. 2017. “Racial Discrimination in the Sharing Economy: Evidence from a Field Experiment.” American Economic Journal 9(2):1–22.

  Ehrenreich, Barbara. 2001. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America. New York: Henry Holt.

  Elder, P.K., and H.D. Miller, 1979. “The Fair Labor Standards Act: Changes of Four Decades.” Monthly Labor Review 102(7): 10–16.

  Ellement, John R. 2016. “Two Uber Drivers Robbed by Passengers in Jamaica Plain.” Boston Globe, March 30.

  Elliott, Bryan. 2017. “How the Developers of Hello Alfred Created a Personal Butler.” Entrepreneur, June 21.

  Entis, Laura. 2014. “We’re the Uber of X!” Entrepreneur, August 12.

  Erb, Kelly Phillips. 2014. “Credit Cards, the IRS, Form 1099-K and the $19,399 Reporting Hole.” Forbes, August 29.

  Etsy. 2013. “Redefining Entrepreneurship: Etsy Sellers’ Economic Impact.” Etsy.

  Evans, Jon. 2013. “Meet the New Serfs, Same as the Old Serfs.” TechCrunch, October 5.

  EV Grieve. 2015. “Survey: East Village Residents Are Spending 56% of Their Incomes on Market-Rate Apartments.” March 2. http://evgrieve.com/2015/03/survey-east-village-residents-are.html.

  Farley, Lin. 1978. Sexual Shakedown: The Sexual Harassment of Women on the Job. New York: McGraw-Hill.

  ———. 2017. “I Coined the Term ‘Sexual Harassment.’ Corporations Stole It.” New York Times, October 18.

  Farrell, Diana, and Fiona Greig. 2016. The Online Platform Economy: Has Growth Peaked? New York: JP Morgan Chase Institute.

  Feige, Edgar L. 1990. “Defining and Estimating Underground and Informal Economies: The New Institutional Economics Approach.” World Development 18(7):989–1002.

  Fermino, Jennifer. 2015. “Airbnb Taking Up 1 out of 5 Vacant Apartments in Popular New York City Zip Codes: Study.” New York Daily News, July 15.

  Fiegerman, Seth. 2014. “Kitchensurfing Raises $15 Million to Bring Private Chefs to Your Home.” Mashable, March 31.

  Fleck, Susan E. 2009. “International Comparisons of Hours Worked: An Assessment of the Statistics.” Monthly Labor Review, May.

  Foner, Philip S. [1947] 1998. History of the Labor Movement in the United States: From Colonial Times to the Founding of the American Federation of Labor. New York: International.

  Fottrell, Quentin. 2015. “Some TaskRabbit Handymen Can Make $78,000 a Year.” Marketwatch, March 31.

  Fox, Justin. 2014. “Breaking Down the Freelance Economy.” Harvard Business Review, September 4.

  Fraser, Jill Andresky. 2002. White-Collar Sweatshop: The Deterioration of Work and Its Rewards in Corporate America. New York: Norton.

  Freeman, Richard B., and James L. Medoff. 1984. What Do Unions Do? New York: Basic Books.

  Frenken, Koen, Toon Meelen, Martijn Arets, and Pieter van de Glind. 2015. “Smarter Regulation for the Sharing Economy.” The Guardian, May 20.

  Friedman, Thomas L. 2013. “Welcome to the ‘Sharing Economy.’” New York Times, July 20.

  ———. 2014. “Start-Up America: Our Best Hope.” New York Times, February 15.

  Gabler, Neil. 2016. “The Secret Shame of Middle-Class Americans.” The Atlantic, May.

  Galinsky, Ellen, James T. Bond, and Kelly Sakai. 2008. 2008 National Study of Employers. New York: Families and Work Institute.

  Gallagher, Leigh. 2017. The Airbnb Story: How Three Ordinary Guys Disrupted an Industry, Made Billions . . . and Created Plenty of Controversy. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

  Garling, Caleb. 2014. “Hunting Task Wabbits.” Medium, December 2.

  Gaumer, Elyzabeth. and Sheree West. 2015. Selected Initial Findings of the 2014 New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey. New York: New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development, February 9.

  Gee, Kelsey. 2017. “In a Job Market This Good, Who Needs to Work in the Gig Economy?” Wall Street Journal, August 8.

  Geerts, Achilles, Borris A. Kornblith, and W. John Urmson. 1977. Compensation for Bodily Harm. Brussels: Fernand Nathan.

  Geron, Tomio. 2013. “Airbnb and the Unstoppable Rise of the Share Economy.” Forbes, January 23.

  Gershon, Ilana. 2017. Down and Out in the New Economy: How People Find (or Don’t Find) Work Today. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kindle edition.

  Gershuny, Jonathan. 1979. “The Informal Economy.” Futures 11(1):3–15.

  ———. 1985. “Economic Development and Change in the Mode of Provision of Services.” In Beyond Employment: Household, Gender and Subsistence, ed. N. Redclif and E. Mingione. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

  Ghoshal, Raj, and S. Michael Gaddis. 2015. “Finding a Roommate on Craigslist: Racial Discrimination and Residential Segregation.” May 8. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2605853.

  Giddens, Anthony. 1998. The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

  Glaser, Barney G., and Anselm L. Strauss. [1967] 1999. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

  Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

  Golden, Lonnie. 2016. Still Falling Short on Hours and Pay: Part-Time Work Becoming New Normal. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute.

  Goldin, Claudia, and Cecilia Rouse. 2000. “Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of ‘Blind’ Auditions on Female Musicians.” American Economic Review 90:715–41.

  Grauerholz, Elizabeth. 1989. “Sexual Harassment of Women Professors by Students: Exploring the Dynamics of Power, Authority, and Gender in a University Setting.” Sex Roles 21(11–12):789–801.

  Green, Carla, and Sam Levin. 2017. “Homeless, Assaulted, Broke: Drivers Left Behind as Uber Promises Change at the Top.” The Guardian, June 17.

  Greenhouse, Steven. 2008. The Big Squeeze: Tough Times for the American Worker. New York: Knopf.

  ———. 2014. “A Push to Give Steadier Shifts to Part-Timers.” New York Times, July 16.

  Greenwald, Richard A. 2005. The Triangle Fire, the Protocols of Peace, and Industrial Democracy in Progressive Era New York. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

  Gregor, Alison. 2014. “The East Village Clings to a Colorful Past.” New York Times, December 10.

  Griebling, Brittany. 2012. “The Casualization of Intimacy: Consensual Non-Monogamy and the New Sexual Ethos.” PhD. diss. Available from ProQuest, AAI3550956.

  Griffith, Erin. 2015. “Why Kitchensurfing Made Its Indepen
dent Contractors into Employees.” Fortune, September 1.

  Griswold, Alison. 2014. “In Search of Uber’s Unicorn.” Slate, October 27.

  ———. 2016a. “The Dirty Secret of Airbnb Is That It’s Really, Really White.” Quartz, June 23.

  ———. 2016b. “There Is an Uber for Blood.” Quartz, April 1.

  ———. 2017. “New York State Just Dealt Another Blow to Uber’s Business Model.” Quartz, June 13.

  Guerrero, Maria. 2016. “Seattle Uber Driver Claims Customer Sexually Assaulted Her: Uber Responds.” KIRO7.com, January 4.

  Gutek, Barbara A. 1985. Sex and the Workplace: The Impact of Sexual Behavior and Harassment on Women, Men, and Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

  Guyton, Gregory P. 1999. “A Brief History of Workers’ Compensation.” Iowa Orthopaedic Journal 19:106–10.

  Hacker, Jacob S. 2006. The Great Risk Shift. New York: Oxford University Press.

  Hacker, Jacob S., Gregory A. Huber, Philipp Rehm, Mark Schlesinger, and Rob Valletta. 2010. Economic Security at Risk: Findings from the Economic Security Index. New York City: Rockefeller Foundation, July.

  Hall, Elaine J. 1993. “Smiling, Deferring, and Flirting: Doing Gender by Giving ‘Good Service.’” Work and Occupations 20(4):452–471.

  Hall, Jonathan, and Alan Krueger. 2015. “An Analysis of the Labor Market for Uber’s Driver-Partners in the United States.” National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER Working Paper No. 22843.

  Haller, John S. 1988. “Industrial Accidents-Worker Compensation Laws and the Medical Response.” Western Journal of Medicine 148:341–48.

  Haltiwanger, John, Ron S. Jarmin, and Javier Miranda. 2013. “Who Creates Jobs? Small versus Large versus Young.” Review of Economics and Statistics 95(2):347–61.

  Hamari, Juho, Mimmi Sjöklint, and Antti Ukkonen. 2015. “The Sharing Economy: Why People Participate in Collaborative Consumption.” Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2271971.

  Hamlin, Suzanne. 1997. “Chefs and Shoes: A Bond Forged in Battle.” New York Times, November 5.

  Hanks, Douglas. 2015. “For Uber, Loyal Drivers and a New Fight for Benefits.” Miami Herald, May 21.