The Banner of Battle

by Alan Palmer

  [319] Krupskaya, Vosporninaniia, pp. 8-13.

  [320] Pirogov, Sevaslopolskie Pisma, pp. 8-13.

  [321] Letters from Pirogov of 16, 17 and 19 November 1854, ibid, pp. 106-7.

  [322] The Times, 14 November 1854; cf. Bentley, Russell’s Despatches, pp. 114 and 123.

  [323] Cook, Short Life, p. 140.

  [324] F. Nightingale to S. Herbert, March 1855, Woodham-Smith, op. cit., p. 168.

  [325] Cal. Lett., I, pp. 333-43.

  [326] Ibid, p. 342; Bapst, Canrobert, II, pp. 331-3.

  [327] Kinglake, Invasion...Crimea, VI, p. 5; Bogdanovich, Vostochnaia Voina, III, pp. 131-3; Pemberton, Battles, p. 126.

  [328] Dubrovin, Vostochnaia r oina, pp. 270-4; Seaton, Crimean War, pp. 161-4.

  [329] Ibid, pp. 165-6.

  [330] Bentley, Russell’s Despatches, p. 130; Cal. Lett., I, p. 344; Rose to Clarendon, 6 November 1854, Add. MSS. 42802.

  [331] Cliff. Lett., p. 88. This is an extract from a very long letter from Henry Clifford to his ‘dear relations and friends’, dated 6 and 7 November; it describes the episode for which he was subsequently awarded the Victoria Cross.

  [332] Pemberton, op. cit., p. 162; Vulliamy, Crimea, p. 171; Bosquet’s letters after Inkerman make interesting reading — see his Lettres à sa Mere, IV, pp. 198-9, 204-5, 211-13.

  [333] Seaton, op. cit., pp. 170-1.

  [334] Hodasevich, Voice from Within, pp. 191-8.

  [335] Pemberton, op. cit. pp. 141-3.

  [336] Ibid, pp. 143-61; Cal. Lett., I, p. 359; Rose to Clarendon, 6 November 1854, Add. MSS. 42802.

  [337] Kinglake, op. cit., VI, pp. 430-5.

  [338] Airlie, p. 114.

  [339] ILN, 25 November 1854, Vol. XXV, no. 714, pp. 526-7 and 530.

  [340] Duberly, Journal, p. 128: F. Duberly to S. Marx, November 1854, Add. MSS. 47218A.

  [341] Seaton, op. cit., pp. 173-4.

  [342] Alexander III, Souvenirs de Sébastopol, p. 252.

  [343] Pirogov, Sevastopolskie pisma, pp. 145-8; Seaton, op. cit., pp. 180-3.

  [344] Tiutcheva Diary; see Lincoln, Nicholas I, p. 349.

  [345] L. Tolstoy to S. N. Tolstoy, 20 November 1854, R. F. Christian, Tolstoy’s Letters, I, pp. 43-6.

  [346] TG, p. 82; for discontent, see Hibbert, op. cit., p. 236.

  [347] Rose’s Journal, 6 and 7 November 1854, Add. MSS. 42837; Bosquet to Rose, 7 November 1854, Add. MSS. 42804; Cal. Lett., I, pp. 392-7.

  [348] Alexander Gordon to Aberdeen, 8 November 1854, Add. MSS. 43225.

  [349] Alex. Gordon to Aberdeen, 13 November 1854, Add. MSS. 43225.

  [350] Edward of Saxe-Weimar to Queen Victoria, 28 November 1854, QVL, III, pp. 54-6.

  [351] Queen Victoria to Newcastle, 20 November 1854, QVL, III, pp. 56.

  [352] For Nicklin, see H. and A. Gernsheim, Roger Fenton, pp. 11-12.

  [353] ILN, 9 December 1854, Vol. XXV, no. 717, p. 578.

  [354] Sterling, Letters from the Army in the Crimea, p. 151; TG, p. 88; Raglan to Stratford, 14 November 1854, FO 352/36/42A.

  [355] Airlie, p. 120; Campbell, Letters from Camp, pp. 23-4.

  [356] See the letter of L. Tolstoy, already cited.

  [357] Punch, Vol. XXVIII, p. 64.

  [358] ILN, 16 December 1854, Vol. XXV, no. 718, pp. 613-14.

  [359] Argyll (17 November) and Palmerston (22 November 1854) to Russell, PRO 30/22/11 F; Conacher, Aberdeen Coalition, pp. 507-9.

  [360] Ibid, pp. 504-8; C. E. Bayley, Mercenaries for the Crimea, pp. 44-8.

  [361] Prince Albert to Aberdeen, 11 November 1854, Stanmore, Aberdeen Corr. 1854-5, pp. 272-4.

  [362] Cobden, 22 December 1854, H. of Commons, Hansard, 136, pp. 667-8.

  [363] Bayley, op. cit., p. 109.

  [364] Bright, 22 December 1854, H. of Commons, Hansard, 136, pp. 883-93.

  [365] The most powerful attack came from Cobden. A section of the speech is cited above. The main parts are included, as the only example of Cobden’s oratory, in the anonymously edited Everyman’s Library anthology, British Orations, pp. 258-72.

  [366] Disraeli, 15 December 1854, H. of Commons, Hansard, 136, pp. 197-215.

  [367] Layard, 15 December 1854, ibid, pp. 466-8.

  [368] D. Mack Smith, Cavour, pp. 76-8; Aberdeen to Clarendon, 29 November 1854, Stanmore, Aberdeen Corr. p. 254.

  [369] Newcastle to Clarendon, 6 November 1854, Clar. MSS. Dep. C 15.

  [370] Palmerston to Clarendon, 22 August and 7 September 1854, Clar. MSS. Dep. C15.

  [371] Layard, 12 December 1854, H. of Commons, Hansard, 126, p. 160.

  [372] The Times, 12 December 1854; Thackeray to Lady Stanley, 4 December 1854, Ray, Thackeray Letters, Vol. II, p. 403.

  [373] The Times, 23 December 1854.

  [374] Dickens reference, Cliff. Lett. (16 December), p. 124. For these paragraphs see also: ibid, p. 139; TG, pp. 110-16; Tisdall, Mrs Duberly’s Campaigns, p. 118; A. H. Taylor, ‘Letters from the Crimea’, JRUSI, CII (1957), p. 237.

  [375] Thomas, Charge! Hurrah! Hurrah!, p. 259 and 263-4: Hibbert, Destruction...Raglan, p. 236.

  [376] H. Duberly to F. Marx, 12 December 1854, Add. MSS. 47218A; Airlie, p. 147-8; Alex. Gordon to Aberdeen, 7 March 1855, Add. MSS. 43225.

  [377] Airlie, p. 154: Alex. Gordon to Aberdeen, 11 January 1855, Add. MSS. 43225; H. Duberly to F. Marx, 17 January 1855, Add. MSS. 47218A.

  [378] Arthur Gordon’s Journal, 7 November 1854, Add. MSS. 49269.

  [379] Alex. Gordon to Aberdeen, 17 November 1854, Add. MSS. 43225.

  [380] Same to the same, 3 and 13 December 1854 and 11 January 1855, Add. MSS. 43225.

  [381] Same to the same, 26 December 1854, 25 January and 2 February 1855, Add. MSS. 43225.

  [382] F. Duberly to S. Marx, 28 December 1854, Add. MSS. 47218A.

  [383] Arthur Gordon’s Journal, 8 January 1855, Add. MSS. 49269.

  [384] Privately printed version of Arthur Gordon’s Journal, 22 January 1855, Appendix to Stanmore, Aberdeen Corr., 1854-5, pp. 378-9. Much of it is quoted by Conacher, op. cit., PP. 531-3.

  [385] On Roebuck and the background to his motion, see Asa Briggs, Victorian People, pp. 72-5.

  [386] Conacher, pp. 533-47, gives a detailed report of the debate. It may now he supplemented by Gladstone’s memoranda of 24, 25 and 26 January, printed in Brock and Sorensen, W.E. Gladstone, III, Autobiographical Memoranda, pp. 153-5.

  [387] L. Iremonger, Lord Aberdeen, pp. 302 and 305-6.

  [388] Palmerston’s diary, 23 January to 6 February 1855, printed as Appendix 6 to Brock and Sorensen, op. cit., pp. 274-7; Gladstone memoranda, 31 January to 6 February 1855, ibid, pp. 156-75.

  [389] United Service Gazette, 10 February 1855; Thomas, op. cit., pp. 264-5.

  [390] Text of Napier’s speech, Bonner-Smith and Dewar, Russian War, 1854, pp. 24-8. Graham’s reply, February 1855, H. of Commons, Hansard, 136, pp. 1469-72.

  [391] Ridley, Palmerston, p. 441; Gladstone memoranda of 7-9 February 1855, Brock and Sorensen, op. cit., pp. 175-7.

  [392] Ibid, pp. 177-87; Briggs, op. cit., p. 79.

  [393] Palmerston to Raglan, 22 February 1855, Add. MSS. 48579; O. Anderson, Liberal State at War, pp. 180-1. For General Channon, see Palmerston’s diary, 7 February 1855, Brock and Sorensen, op. cit., p. 277.

  [394] Palmerston to Sir Huw Ross, 24 and 17 April, to Panmure 5 and 8 May and to Sir Charles Fox 22 and 24 June 1855, Add. MSS. 48579. Liddell Hart, The Tanks, I, p. 13.

  [395] F. Duberly to S. Marx, 17 February 1855, Add. MSS. 47218A; J. Swetman, ‘Military Transport in the Crimean War’, EHR, Vol. 88 (January 1973), pp 84-7.

  [396] Richardson, Sister Sarah Anne, p. 159; Annual Register, 1855, p. 40; Woodham-Smith, Nightingale, p. 152; Cal. Lett., II, p. 95.

  [397] Seacole, The Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in many lands. (ed. Alexander and Dewjee) p. 55.

  [398] Ibid, pp. 137-84.

  [399] Dewar, Russian War, 1855: Black Sea, pp. 82-6.

  [400] Rose Journal, 29 January 1855, Add. MSS. 42837; Gooch, New Bonapart
ist Generals, p. 174.

  [401] Text of telegram, Cal. Lett., II, p. 139. Russell’s reports of Tsar’s death, from Berlin, are in Pack 2 of PRO 30/122/18.

  [402] H. to C. Clifford, 11 March 1855, Cliff. Lett., p. 181.

  [403] Rose Journal, 22 March 1855, Add. MSS. 42837.

  [404] Seaton, Crimean War, pp. 184-5.

  [405] Nicholas I to Anna Pavlovna, 12 February 1855, Jackman, Romanov Relations, p. 350.

  [406] Bruce Lincoln, Nicholas I, pp. 349-50, makes use of the earliest Russian contemporary accounts. These may now be supplemented by the valuable 13,000-word reminiscences of Countess Solohuba in Oxford Slavonic Papers, XVI (1983), pp. 164-81.

  [407] Mosse, Rise and Fall of the Crimean System, p. 12.

  [408] T. Lister’s Journal, 10 March 1855, Bod. Lib., MSS. Eng. hist. d 483. For Russell in Vienna see Packs 3 to 7 of PRO 30/122/18. Background in Palmer, Chancelleries of Europe, p. 106 and in Rich, Why the Crimean War?, pp. 149-56.

  [409] Lister’s Journal, 22 March 1855, Bod. Lib., MSS. Eng. hist. d 483.

  [410] Gooch, New Bonapartist Generals, pp. 181-4.

  [411] Ibid; Ridley, Napoleon III and Eugénie, pp. 374-6; Wellesley, Paris Embassy, pp. 67-9.

  [412] Pan. Pap., I, pp. 90-1, 101, 156-7; Queen Victoria, Leaves from a Journal, pp. 23-70; Ridley, op. cit., pp. 376-80.

  [413] Gooch, op. cit., pp. 176-7.

  [414] Pan. Pap., I, pp. 154 and 157; Cal. Lett., II, p. 152.

  [415] Simpson to Panmure, 16 April 1855, Pan. Pap., I, pp. 152-3.

  [416] Panmure to Raglan, 27 April 1855, ibid, p 169.

  [417] Gooch, op. cit., 189-91; Rose Journal, 23 March and 2 April 1855, Add. MSS. 42837.

  [418] Ibid (8 April); Cal. Lett., II, pp. 178-9.

  [419] Ibid, p. 187; Rose Journal, 9 April 1855, Add. MSS. 42837.

  [420] L. Tolstoy to T. A. Yergolskaya, 7 May 1855 (in French), V. Cherthoff (ed.), Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, LIX, pp. 312-14; English version, Christian, Tolstoy’s Letters, I, p. 50.

  [421] Gooch, op. cit., pp. 184-6.

  [422] The Times, 3 April 1855. See also Bonner-Smith, Russian War 1855: Baltic, pp. 3-9.

  [423] Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War, p. 273.

  [424] Rich, op. cit, pp. 152-4.

  [425] Rose Journal, 26, 29 and 30 April, 1 May, Add. MSS. 42837; Derrecagaix, Pélissier, pp. 346-7; Bapst, Canrobert, II, pp. 438-40; Dewar, Russian War, 1855: Black Sea, pp. 145-7.

  [426] Raglan to Panmure, 8 May, Pan. Pap., I, p. 189; Rose Journal, 13, 14,16, 20 and 21 May 1855, Add. MSS. 42837; Rose to Clarendon, 2 June 1855, Add. MSS. 42802; Derrecagaix, op. cit, pp. 348-56; Bapst, op. cit., II, pp. 458-67.

  [427] Derrecagaix, op. cit., p. 388.

  [428] Gernsheim, Roger Fenton, pp. 77-86; Bentley, Russell’s Despatches, pp. 195-203; Dewar, op. cit., pp. 164-86; Biddulph, ‘Expedition to Kertch’, JSAHR, 21 (1942), pp. 128-35.

  [429] Panmure to Raglan, no date (? mid-May 1855), Pan. Pap., I, p. 197.

  [430] A. Soyer, Soyer’s Culinary Campaign, p. 171.

  [431] Lane-Poole, Stratford Canning, II, pp. 402-6.

  [432] Cook, Short Life...Nightingale, pp. 143-8 and 151-5.

  [433] Paget, Light Cavalry, p. 95; Lane-Poole, op. cit., II, pp. 404-5.

  [434] Soyer, op. cit., pp. 310 and 524-33.

  [435] TG (15 June 1855), p. 163.

  [436] Fenton to his wife, 29 April 1844, Gernsheim, op. cit., p. 71; H. to C. Clifford, 29-30 April, Cliff, Lett., p. 206; G. Coombs (Royal Dragoons) to his sister, 26 April 1855, Add. MSS. 45680.

  [437] Gernsheim, Roger Fenton, pp. 8-9.

  [438] F. Duberly to S. Marx, ‘Friday night’ (?8 June 1855), Add. MSS. 47218A (cf. the inferior edited version in Duberly, Journal, pp. 221-3); Cliff. Lett., p. 221.

  [439] Pemberton, Battles, p. 190.

  [440] Cal. Lett., II, pp. 305-7.

  [441] Mosse, Rise and Fall of the Crimean System, pp. 13-14.

  [442] Bonner-Smith, Russian War, 1855: Baltic, pp. 52-4, 78 and 155.

  [443] Macartney, Habsburg Empire, p. 483; Redlich, Emperor Francis Joseph, p. 259.

  [444] Curtiss, Russia’s Crimean War, pp. 438-40.

  [445] Rose to Clarendon, 15 June 1854, Add. MSS. 42802; Cal. Lett., II, pp. 314-16.

  [446] Gernsheim, op. cit., p. 101.

  [447] Lushington to Admiral Lyons, 10 June 1855, Dewar, Russian War, 1855: Black Sea, p. 202.

  [448] Ibid, pp. 199-200; Pan. Pap., I, pp. 258-9.

  [449] Derrecagaix, Pélissier, pp. 430-48; Hibbert, Destruction...Raglan, pp. 330-2.

  [450] Biddulph, ‘Assault on the Redan’, JSAHR, 21 (1942), pp. 128-5; Cliff. Lett., pp. 222-6; Cal. Lett., II, pp. 326-41; Rose Journal, 18 June 1855, Add. MSS. 42838, TG, pp. 164-5.

  [451] Raglan to Panmure, 19 June 1855, Pan. Pap., I, pp. 244-6; Rose to Clarendon, 23 June 1855, Add. MSS. 42802; Rose Journal, 20 and 25 June 1855, Add. MSS. 42838.

  [452] Gooch, New Bonapartist Generals, p. 223.

  [453] Palmerston to Panmure, 2I June 1855, Pan. Pap., I, p. 247.

  [454] Kinglake, Invasion...Crimea, XI, p. 266.

  [455] Simpson to Panmure, 30 June 1855, Pan. Pap., I, pp. 256-8.

  [456] Ibid, pp. 304-6.

  [457] Alexander in, Souvenirs, pp. 263 and 273-5; Seaton, Crimean War, pp. 191-3.

  [458] L. to S. Tolstoy, 20 November 1854, Christian, Tolstoy Letters, I, p. 45.

  [459] Tarlé, II, pp. 401 and 429; Schilder, Graf Totleben, I, pp. 445-9; Seaton, op. cit., p. 198.

  [460] Gooch, op. cit., p. 241; Pan. Pap., I, p. 350.

  [461] Barker, Vainglorious War, pp. 310-12; Tarlé, II, pp. 430-8; Seaton, op. cit., pp. 201-8. See also Biddulph’s contemporary account, JSAHR, (1939), pp. 133-4.

  [462] Krupskaya, Vospominaniia, pp. 32-4.

  [463] Mosse, op. cit., p. 14.

  [464] Astley, Fifty Years of My Life, I, pp. 268-9.

  [465] Tarlé II, pp. 401 and 429; Schilder, op. cit., I, pp. 439-41.

  [466] Palmerston to Panmure, 7 August 1855, Pan. Pap., I, pp. 340-2.

  [467] Queen Victoria, Leaves from a Journal, p. 96.

  [468] Bonner-Smith, op. cit., pp. 184-97.

  [469] Guedalla, The Two Marshals, p. 72.

  [470] Gooch, op. cit., p. 245.

  [471] Rose journal 5 September 1855, Add. MSS. 42838.

  [472] Lyons to Admiralty, 10 September 1855, Dewar, op. cit., pp. 291-2.

  [473] Rose to Clarendon, 9 September 1855, Add. MSS. 42803 (a long report of the battle); Rose Journal, 8 September 1855, Add. MSS. 42838; Biddulph, ‘The Fall of Sebastopol’, JSAHR (1940), pp. 197-9.

  [474] Ranken, Six Months at Sebastopol, pp. 49-50.

  [475] Cliff. Lett. (9 September 1855), pp. 255-61.

  [476] Seaton, op. cit., p. 217.

  [477] Curtiss, op. cit., p. 458, quoting Major R. Delafield.

  [478] Lyons to Wood, telegram, 9 September, and Lyons to Admiralty, 10 September 1855, Dewar, op. cit., pp. 290-1.

  [479] Queen Victoria to King Leopold’, 11 September 1855, QVL, III, p. 142.

  [480] F. Duberly to S. Marx, a long and undated letter (?10 September 1855), Add. MSS. 47218B.

  [481] Seacole, The Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in many lands (ed. Alexander and Dewjee) p. 210.

  [482] Duberly, Journal, pp. 281-93.

  [483] L.M. Case, French Opinion on War and Diplomacy (especially pp. 38-43).

  [484] D. Mack Smith, Cavour, pp. 84-5; E. di Nolfo, Europa e Italia, pp. 110-11.

  [485] Gooch, New Bonapartist Generals, pp. 232-5.

  [486] C. Tennyson, Tennyson, pp. 284-9.

  [487] Briggs, Victorian People, p. 98; Ray, Thackeray: The Age of Wisdom, pp. 250-3; O. Anderson, ‘Janus Face...’, Victorian Studies (1965), VIII, pp. 231-42; Anderson, Liberal State at War pp. 104-8, 114-15, 120-2.

  [488] O. Anderson, ‘Cabinet Government and the Crimean War’, EHR LXXIX, (1964) pp. 548-51.

  [489] Palmerston to Archbishop Sumner, 16 September 1855, Add. MSS. 48579.


  [490] Panmure to Simpson, 17 September 1855, Pan. Pap., I, pp. 389-90.

  [491] See correspondence, ibid, I, pp. 406-18.

  [492] Simpson to Panmure, 10 November 1855, Pan. Pap., I, p. 482.

  [493] Gooch, op. cit., p. 253, based on Derrecagaix’s biography of Martimprey.

  [494] Guedalla, The Two Marshals, p. 73; Dewar, Russian War, 1855: Black Sea, pp. 346-59.

  [495] On the French and Odessa, see ibid, no. 210, p. 354.

  [496] Mosse, Rise and Fall of Crimean System, pp. 15-16.

  [497] Codrington to Panmure, 13 November 1855, Pan. Pap., I, pp. 486-7.

  [498] See the extract from a despatch of Karnicki, the Austrian chargé d’affaires, printed in Mosse, op cit., p. 15.

  [499] Karnicki to Buol, 22 September 1855, ibid, p. 16.

  [500] On Nesselrode in Napoleonic Wars see Palmer, Alexander I, pp. 190, 198, 207, 219-20. For Lieven in Crimean War, see Baumgart, Peace of Paris, p. 59.

  [501] Ibid, pp. 60-5.

  [502] Curtiss, Russia’s Crimean War, p. 482.

  [503] For Nluraviev and Kars, see Barker, op. cit., pp. 274-9.

  [504] Mosse, op. cit., p. 22.

  [505] Queen Victoria, Leaves from a Journal, p. 82.

  [506] Palmerston Memorandum, 26 September 1855, Add. MSS. 48579; see also Mosse, op. cit., p. 1.

  [507] Curtiss, op. cit., pp. 478-80 uses Swedish sources.

  [508] The Times, 8 December 1855; Bapst, Canrobert, III, 52-3.

  [509] Mosse, op. cit., p.21.

  [510] Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain, pp. 321-36.

  [511] Alexander II to M. Gorchakov, 23 December 1855, Tatischev, Aleksandr II, p. 179.

  [512] Panmure to Codrington, 3 December 1855, Pan. Pap., II, p. 10.

  [513] Ibid, II, p. 17; Rose Journal, 11 December 1855, Add. MSS. 42838.

  [514] Codrington to Panmure, 8 December 1855 and 29 January 1856, Pan. Pap., II, pp. 13 and 82.

  [515] F. Duberly to S. Marx, November, 1855, Add. MSS. 47218B; The Times, 31 December 1855.

  [516] For the Council, see: Mosse, op. cit. pp. 24-5; Tatischev, op. cit., pp. 181-4; Curtiss, op. cit., pp. 495-6.

  [517] Mosse, op. cit., p. 26.

  [518] Napoleon III to Queen Victoria, 14 January 1856, QVL, III, pp. 162-3.

  [519] On the council of war: Pan. Pap., II, pp. 20, 22, 42, 44, 47, 53, 58, 60, 65, 67, 70, 73, 78-9, 93; Cambridge to Queen Victoria, 20 January 1856, QVL, III, p. 167; Bapst, op. cit., III, pp. 78-9.