Atomic Thunder
Page 41
. Accessed 23 August 2014.
Sublette, Carey, ‘Cobalt bombs and other salted bombs’, Nuclear Weapon Archive,
Truman, Harry S, ‘Statement announcing the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, August 6, 1945’, American Experience,
WikiLeaks, ‘United Kingdom atomic weapons program: the full Penney report (1947)’,
WikiLeaks, ‘How Britain got the bomb: Britain’s “Oppenheimer”, William G. Penney and his secret report on what Britain needed to do to “get the bomb”’,
Index
Page numbers followed by ‘g’ indicate glossary entries.
A-bomb 48–49, 58–60
ABC (Australian Broadcasting Commission/Corporation) 17, 287, 291, 302
Aboriginal communities and people see Indigenous people
Adams, Charles 70, 111, 155–156, 158, 163
Adams memorandum 163
Advertiser 17, 251–253, 268–269
Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy 55
Advisory Committee on Uranium 39
The Age 89, 150, 213, 289, 304
agreement on contamination responsibility (1968) 16, 26, 244, 276, 281–282, 291–292
AIRAC (Australian Ionising Radiation Advisory Council) 141, 270
AIRAC-9 Report 19, 270
Aldermaston see AWRE
Alpha Island (Monte Bello) 70, 87, 89
alpha radiation 13, 27, 313g
americium-241 27, 280
Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) lands 174–175
Anderson, Ian
on Australia’s duplicity 293
on Britain’s duty to pay compensation 288–289, 290–294
investigative reporting by 275–277, 284–287, 295–296
media interviews with 287, 288–289, 291–294
see also New Scientist story
Antler see Operation Antler
ARL (Australian Radiation Laboratory)
analysis of Roller Coaster data 277–278
radioactive contamination survey 13–18, 20–30, 280
see also ARPANSA
8ARPANSA (Australian Radiation
Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency) 14, 198, 301
artistic responses to Maralinga tests 309–310
ASIO (Australian Security Intelligence Organisation) 7, 151, 202–204, 223
ASIS (Australian Secret Intelligence Service) 7, 224
Atomic Energy Act see McMahon Act
Atomic Energy Research Establishment 53, 142, 302
atomic science see nuclear physics research
atomic tests in Australia see nuclear tests in Australia
atomic weapons research see nuclear weapons research
Atomic Weapons Research Establishment see AWRE
Atomic Weapons Tests Safety Committee see AWTSC
Attlee, Clement 3–4, 64
The Australian 266–267
Australian Associated Press (AAP) 218
Australian Atomic Energy Commission (AAEC) 19
Australian Broadcasting Commission/Corporation (ABC) 17, 287, 291, 302
Australian Financial Review 19, 256–257, 261–262, 266
Australian Ionising Radiation Advisory Council 141, 270
Australian Radiation Laboratory see ARL (Australian Radiation Laboratory)
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency see ARPANSA
Australian Secret Intelligence Service 7, 224
Australian Security Intelligence Organisation 7, 151, 202–204, 223
AWRE (Atomic Weapons Research Establishment)
awareness of plutonium levels 131–133, 281–282
babies’ bones analysis 302
balloon tests 111
British H-bomb project in the Pacific 84–85, 134
Bryant memo 133–134
deception over Vixen B trials 117, 131–133, 244–245, 282
Geneva Agreement and 126, 129, 132, 133, 135
knowledge of Roller Coaster tests 279, 280
Maralinga clean-up operations 230, 232–237, 240–243
Operation Antler 106, 111–112
redefinition of radioactive contamination 155–156
responsibility for radiological safety 97–98, 120, 122–123, 132–133, 154, 165, 167
role in Britain’s weapons building and testing 1, 53–54, 59, 66
Royal Commission’s criticism of 150–151
selection of Monte Bello site 64–65
Vixen B trials 120, 122–123, 125–126, 128, 129, 132–136, 282
see also Pearce Report; Penney, William
AWTSC (Atomic Weapons Tests Safety Committee)
acceptance of Pearce Report 16, 25
accusation of laxity against 233
Antler tests 160–163
censoring of criticism by 152–153
concerns about Vixen B trials 136
fallout monitoring methods 186
formation, role and composition 94, 140, 141, 146, 150–151
Giles meteorological station and 183–184
Mosaic tests 154–160
Titterton as chair 141, 143–144, 151, 161–169, 172, 190–191, 303
veto powers 94
Vixen A and B tests 165–169
Aylen, Jonathan 60
Ballis, DG 197
balloon tests 98, 111, 115–116, 127–128
Bannon, John 17, 19–20
Barnaby, Frank 307
Barnard, Lance 249, 264
Barry, James 268
Barton, Archie 289
Basic High Explosive Research 58–59
Bates, Daisy 175
Baxter, Phillip 141
BBC 295
Beadell, Len 12, 74–79, 92–93, 183, 190, 298
Beale, Howard
on Aboriginal safety 4, 187–188
on buried plutonium as terrorist threat 260
on closure of Ooldea Mission 177
information management by 72–73, 87–89, 107, 108, 112
kept in dark by Menzies 72
responsibility for development of Maralinga site 96
use of AWTSC as armour 152
beryllium 118, 127, 237
beta radiation 13, 313g
Bevin, Ernest 55–56
Beyond Belief (Cross and Hudson) 306
Bikini Atoll tests 59, 142, 220
Black Mist Burnt Country (exhibition) 310
‘black mist’ phenomenon 196–199
Blue Danube nuclear weapon 59–60, 62, 72, 101, 119, 307–308
Bohr, Niels 36, 41
Born, Max 56
Borschmann, Gregg 302
Bowers, Peter 258, 265
Britain see United Kingdom
‘Britain’s dirty deeds at Maralinga’ see New Scientist story
‘broken arrow’ scenario 119
Brooking, PW 133–136, 163
Brown, AS 148, 222
Brown, HJ 171, 190, 194
Brown, Paul 310
Bryant memo 133–134
Buchanan, AE 210, 216, 217–219, 221
Buckley, Dan 103–106
Buffalo see Operation Buffalo
Burnet, Macfarlane 161
Burns, Peter 14–18, 23, 32, 141, 280, 284–285, 289
Butement, Alan 1, 92–93, 141, 149, 161, 170–171, 184
Cabinet submission on buried plutonium 255–257
Cadogan-Cowper, GF 264–265
Calwell, A A 110, 189–190
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 107
Campania, HMAS 71
Canada 5, 51, 62–63
Canberra Times 273
Carrick, John 267
Cass, Moss 264
Cassels, AJH 64
Ca
vanagh, Jim 195
chain reaction, as concept 38–39
Cherwell, Lord 67, 149
Chifley, Ben 203, 207
Churchill (Manitoba) 5, 63
Churchill, Winston 6, 45, 49, 67–68
Clark, AM 270
Clarke, John 305
clean-up activities
1990s remediation plan 301–302
compensation from UK for 275–276, 283, 285–286, 287–292, 294–295
influence of Pearce Report on 228–230, 234–235, 237–239, 244
by MARTAC team 281
Operation Brumby 229, 233–237, 239
Operation Capelin 245–246
Operation Clean-Up 227–228
Operation Hercules 137–138, 229–233
Operation RADSUR 233–237, 282
role of AWTSC 228, 230–231
UK liability for 227, 260, 276, 291–292
cobalt-60 162–163
Cockcroft, John 41, 54
Cockram, Ben 148
Cold War 6–7, 201–202, 204–205, 206, 209, 211, 248
Commonwealth Relations Office 69, 133, 204,
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) 207–208
Commonwealth X-Ray and Radium Laboratory 14
see also ARL (Australian Radiation Laboratory)
compensation for nuclear victims 174, 268–269, 304–305
compensation from UK for plutonium
clean-up
Australia–UK negotiations 275–276, 283, 285–286, 287–292, 294–295
impact of New Scientist story 287–289, 290–291, 294–295
UK liability for 227, 260, 276, 291–292
Conkey, Howard 32, 273
contamination see plutonium residues at Maralinga ; radioactive contamination
Cook, William 66, 98, 134–135
Cooper, Malcolm 13–14, 16, 18, 22, 23
Costello, Mike 289
Coulter, John 253
cover-ups and deception
Australia’s duplicity 293, 300–301, 310
British deceit over plutonium residues 117, 131–133, 244–245, 282–283, 289, 290, 292–293
Pearce Report 228–229, 237–240, 244–245
Titterton’s concealment of radiation dangers 151, 163–169
see also secrecy
Crean, Simon 276, 283, 285–286, 288, 295
critical mass, as concept 38–39
CRO (Commonwealth Relations Office) 69, 133, 204
Cross, Roger 306
CSIRO 207–208
Cundeelee Mission 176, 185
D-notice system 313g
adoption and operation in Australia 205–207, 209–211, 213–214, 223–224, 313g
ASIO and 223
ASIS and 224
Australia–UK coordination 219–220
Australian press agencies and 219
Buffalo and Mosaic tests and 222–223
confirmation of existence 224
effectiveness of 225
Hurricane tests and 213–218, 220–221
media compliance with 201, 209–210, 225, 269
Menzies’ input 209, 213, 217
preferential treatment for British media 215–217
press criticisms of 217–221
topics covered 215, 224
Totem tests and 221–222
in United Kingdom 205, 206
US press agencies and 219, 220–221
Davoren, Pat 281, 282, 290
Davy, Des 295
De Bruin, HJ 252
de Burgh, EC 217–218
Defence (Special Undertakings) Act 1952: 69, 89
Defence Department see Department of Defence
Defence, Press and Broadcasting
Committee 210, 213–214, 223–224
defence science in Australia 207–208
Defence Scientific Adviser 141, 147–149
Department of Defence 94–95, 167–168, 211, 252, 254, 255, 262, 263, 266
Department of Foreign Affairs 253
Department of Supply 94–95, 96–97, 128, 168, 178
deterministic effect 131, 313g
‘discrete mass’ of buried plutonium
presence of 255–256, 259–260, 262, 264
repatriation to the UK of 121, 137, 255–256, 259, 267, 292
terrorist threat posed by 255, 257–262
dosimeters 81–82, 160, 314g
Doutreband, R 209–210
Dudgeon, Henry 260
Duguid, Charles 177, 188, 195
Dunstan, Don 264, 267
duplicity see cover-ups and deception
Durance, Richard (Dick) 97, 163
Dutsche, E 252
Dwyer, LJ 141
Eames, Geoff 244
Eddy, Cecil 141
Eden, Anthony 93, 157
Edwards, Edward 241
Einstein, Albert 35–39
Eisenhower, Dwight 126
Elkin, AP 177
Emu Field
clean-up activities 229, 234, 237
concern for Indigenous people’s safety 173–176
Kittens tests 82–83, 94, 118, 237
Operation Totem tests 78–82
selection as test site 74–79
Ernabella Mission Aborigines
dislocation of 176
‘mystery disease’ among 194
radiation threat to 178, 180, 186, 191
see also Milpuddie family
espionage see spies and espionage
Evans, Gareth 267, 276, 283, 288
Evatt, HV (‘Doc’) 88–89, 108–109
Evetts, JF 207
Facing the Atomic Future (Titterton) 149–150
Fadden, Arthur 68, 88–89, 221–222, 223
Fairhall, Allen 164, 167
fallout 314g
Kerr Report on 270
Marston’s measurements 152–153
monitoring of 187
Titterton on dangers of 250
see also radioactive clouds; radioactive contamination
Farmer, Richard 223
Farrands, John 254
feather beds 12, 25, 115, 120, 121, 129, 137, 314g
Fernandez, Roy 253
film badges 81, 104, 105, 155, 160, 242, 314g
Financial Review see Australian Financial Review
fission see nuclear fission
Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) 260, 308–309
Four Corners 17
Fraser, Malcolm 262, 264, 267
Fremantle, HMAS 86
Frisch, Otto 38, 39, 41–42
Frisch–Peierls Memorandum 39–41, 44
Fuchs, Klaus 46, 57–58, 59, 62
fusion 84, 157, 315g
G1 and G2 see Operation Mosaic
gamma radiation 13, 315g
Garland, Vic 249–250, 264
GEN.75: 55–56
GEN.163: 58–59, 71, 307
Geneva Agreement 112, 125, 126, 129, 132, 133, 135, 225
see also moratorium on nuclear weapons testing
Gerard 176
Giles weather station 170–171,184
Gorton, John 244
Gowing, Margaret 36, 42, 44, 54, 59, 65, 300
Green, Jim 301
Groves, Leslie 46, 48
H-bomb see hydrogen bomb
Hahn, Otto 36
Hailstone, Barry 252
half-life 24, 315g
Hall, Theodore (Ted) 50, 58
Hamilton, Archie 276, 289, 291–292
Harwell Atomic Energy Research Establishment
Hayden, Bill 254, 264
heavy water 43, 157
HER (High Explosive Research) 59, 307
Herald (Melbourne) 89, 212
Hercules 5: see Operation Hercules
Hermite Island (Monte Bello) 70
High Explosive Research (HER) 58–59, 307
Hindson, Matthew 310
Hinton, Christopher 54
Hiroshima 2, 8, 35, 48–49, 299
Hollis, Roger 58
> Holt, Harold 223
Howard, John 301, 305
Hudson, Avon 17, 118, 137, 251–252, 269, 306
Hudson, Hugh 252
Hurricane see Operation Hurricane
Hyde Park Agreement 49
hydrogen bomb
British tests in Pacific 16, 106, 110, 154
veto on testing in Australia 85, 93–94, 150
IAEA see International Atomic Energy Agency
ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) 122, 127, 238, 301
in situ vitrification (ISV) 283, 301
Indigenous people
‘black mist’ phenomenon and 196–199
compensation paid to 174
concern for in test planning 170–173, 188, 191
Giles weather station and 170–171, 183
legal and political status 171
Maralinga Tjarutja people 14, 174, 176, 272, 283
numbers at risk 172, 180, 186
parliamentary questions on safety of 194, 195–196
protests in London by 289–290
radioactive contamination of 192–194, 196–199, 283, 292
removal from test sites 174, 176, 183, 191–193, 195–196
significance of Ooldea for 175–176, 182–183
social disruption and dislocation 176–178, 179–180, 181,184–185, 187, 189
traditional ways of life 173, 175, 177, 185
Woomera rocket project and 177
see also Ernabella Mission Aborigines; MacDougall, Walter; Milpuddie family
Indoctrinee Force 102–106, 112
information management 308–309 see also media management
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 125, 253, 256, 257, 301
International Commission on Radiological Protection 122, 127, 238, 301
international law
minor trials and 121, 125–126, 129, 132–135, 240, 250–251, 254, 268
major trials and 112, 126, 225
Non-Proliferation Treaty 30, 256
investigative reporting 248
see also Anderson, Ian; Toohey, Brian
ionising radiation 122, 130, 315g
Jehu, Iyer 107
Johnstone, Richard (Ric) 269
Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 213–214, 223
Jones, Philip 288
Jones, WE 129
Junee, HMAS 86
Karangi, HMAS 64–65, 68, 86
Keating, Paul 30
Kennedy, Eric 209
Kerr, Charles 269
Kerr Report 176, 270
Killen, Jim 249, 250–251, 253, 254–256, 258–259, 261–263, 266
Kittens trials 82–83, 94, 118
Knott, John 168
Kwinana Construction Company 93
The Lancet 194
Langley, Paul 198
Lawrence, Ernest 49
Lennon, Lallie 197, 198
Lester, Yami 80, 197–198
Lim, Jay 308–309
Lloyd-Roberts, Sue 20
Lokan, Keith 15, 20, 131, 245