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China Clipper

Page 23

by Robert Gandt


  4.Delear, Igor Sikorsky, 172.

  5.Rance, Seaplanes and Flying Boats of the Solent, 51–58.

  6.Stroud, Civil Marine Aircraft, 73.

  7.Rance, Seaplanes and Flying Boats of the Solent, 58.

  8.“Another Laté 631 Flying Boat is Lost,” Aviation Week (19 June 1950), 50–51.

  9.Stroud, European Transport Aircraft Since 1910, 149–50.

  10.Brock, Flying the Oceans, 232. Horace Brock was the Pan American chief pilot in Miami. “The type of accident was not unusual,” he wrote, “and not understood then. It was always over water, either with boats or landplanes. . . . There were many such crashes until it came to be understood they were due to an optical illusion. In most cases, the experienced pilot who survived swore on a stack of bibles that he was at least 200 feet in the air when the plane was seen to hit the water in normal descending flight.”

  11.Lodeesen, Captain Lodi Speaking, 159.

  CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX. DINOSAURS AND MIGHT-HAVE-BEENS

  1.Pan Am’s chief engineer, Andre Priester, according to an anecdote by Captain James O’Neal, a former Pan Am chief pilot, arranged a conference call in 1949 with the engineering departments of Boeing, Lockheed, and Douglas. Before him on his desk was the stunning report of the maiden flight of the De Havilland Comet I in England. When he had all his audience on the line, he said into the phone, “The British are coming.” Then he hung up.

  2.Stroud, Civil Marine Aircraft, 81–84. The Princess’s advertised passenger configuration was only 105, which, considering her great size, double decks, and various cabins, implied a standard of comfort to match the prewar days of the Empire boats and the Pan Am ocean clippers.

  3.“Is Kaiser Crazy?” was the title of an article in Air News (October 1942). The article reached the same conclusion, however, as the War Production Board, who thought a man with Kaiser’s record should be given the chance to make good his claim. Kaiser was authorized to proceed with the project.

  4.Knott, The American Flying Boat, 193–98.

  5.An experienced American Export Airlines flying boat captain, C. T. Robertson, was “loaned” to Martin to do much of the flight testing on the prototype Mars. (F. L. Wallace to author, 16 October 1989).

  6.Knott, The American Flying Boat, 183.

  7.Ibid., 186. The 1948 records were set by the newly delivered JRM-2, christened Caroline Mars.

  8.Ibid., 187.

  Sources

  PRIMARY SOURCES:

  Beyer, Captain Harry. Interview/correspondence July 1989: M-130, B-314.

  Blackburn, E. F. Correspondence March–August 1989: aerial navigation, anecdotal material.

  Blair, Maureen O’Hara. Interview June 1987: career of Captain Charles Blair.

  Brock, Captain Horace. Interviews/correspondence January–December 1980: China Clipper and B-314.

  Ford, Captain Robert. Telephone interviews/correspondence January–November 1989: B-314 and round-the-world wartime flight, 1941.

  Lodeesen, Captain Marius. Interviews/correspondence January–September 1980: China Clipper and Pacific operations.

  Martin Marietta Corp. Corporate archives: M-130, Glenn L. Martin.

  Musée de l’Air. (Stephane Nicolaou), archival material, French flying boats and airmen.

  National Air and Space Museum. (NASM) Archival material.

  O’Neal, Captain J. D. Correspondence May–November 1989: B-314, anecdotal material.

  Pan American World Airways. (PAWA) Corporate archives.

  Ralph, Captain Fred. Correspondence Sept. 1977: Hong Kong Clipper, 8 December 1941.

  Roberts, Captain Thomas. Correspondence March 1989: survey flights, B-314.

  Sikorsky, Sergei. Sikorsky company archives/correspondence 1986–1989: Igor Sikorsky and Sikorsky flying boats.

  United Technologies Corporation. Corporate archives.

  Wallace, Captain F. L. Interviews/correspondence August–December 1989: VS-44A, American Export Airlines.

  SECONDARY SOURCES:

  Angelucci, Enzo. World Encyclopedia of Civil Aircraft. New York: Crown Publishers, 1981.

  Beaty, David. The Water Jump. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.

  Bender, Marylin and Selig Altschul. The Chosen Instrument. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982.

  Blair, Charles F. Red Ball in the Sky. New York: Random House, 1960.

  Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947. London: Putnam & Co. Ltd., 1979.

  Brock, Horace. Flying the Oceans. Lunenberg, VT: Stinehour Press, 1978.

  Casey, Louis, & John Batchelor. Seaplanes and Flying Boats. New York: Exeter Books, 1980.

  Churchill, Winston S. The Grand Alliance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950.

  Daley, Robert. An American Saga. New York: Random House, 1980.

  Davies, R. E. G. A History of the World’s Airlines. London: Oxford University Press, 1964.

  Delear, Frank. Igor Sikorsky. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1969.

  Duval, G. R. American Flying Boats. Cornwall, U.K.: D. Bradford Barton Ltd., 1966.

  Grooch, William S. Skyway to Asia. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1936.

  Grooch, William S. Winged Highway. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1938.

  Grooch, William S. From Crate to Clipper. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1939.

  Gütschow, Fred. Die deutschen Flugboote. Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag, 1978.

  Hannah, Donald. Shorts. Stamford, England: Key Publishing Ltd., 1983.

  Jablonski, Edward. Sea Wings. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972.

  Jackson, Ronald. China Clipper. Saddle Brook, NJ: Everest House, 1980.

  Josephson, Matthew. The Empire of the Air: Juan Trippe and the Struggle for World Airways. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1943.

  Juptner, Joseph P. U.S. Civil Aircraft, Vol. 8. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1980.

  Kaucher, Dorothy. Wings Over Wake. San Francisco: John Howell, 1947.

  King, H. F. Aeromarine Origins. London: Putnam, 1976.

  Kipling, Rudyard. “With the Night Mail.” Actions and Reactions. London: Macmillan, 1951 (1909).

  Knott, Richard C. The American Flying Boat. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1979.

  Lindbergh, Anne Morrow. North to the Orient. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1935.

  Lindbergh, Charles A. Autobiography of Values. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976.

  Lodeesen, Marius. Captain Lodi Speaking. Minneapolis: Argonaut Press, 1984.

  Loening, Grover. Our Wings Grow Faster. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1935.

  Loening, Grover. Amphibian: The Story of the Loening Biplane. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1973.

  Masland, William M. Through the Back Doors of the World in a Ship That Had Wings. New York: Vantage, 1984.

  Messimer, Dwight R. No Margin for Error. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1981.

  Munsen, Kenneth. Flying Boats and Seaplanes Since 1910. New York: Macmillan, 1971.

  Norris, Geoffrey. Shorts. London: Profile Publications Ltd.

  O’Neill, Ralph. A Dream of Eagles. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1973.

  Rance, Adrian B. Sea Planes and Flying Boats of the Solent. Southampton: Southampton University Industrial Group, 1981.

  Rowe, Basil L. Under My Wings. New York: Bobbs, Merrill, 1956.

  Saint-Exupéry, Antoine. Airman’s Odyssey (Wind, Sand and Stars, Night Flight, Flight to Arras). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984.

  Scharff, R. and W. S. Taylor. Over Land and Sea: A Biography of Glenn Curtiss. New York: McKay, 1968.

  Sikorsky, Igor. The Story of the Winged S. New York: Dodd Mead and Co., 1938.

  Smith, Richard K. First Across! Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1973.

  Stroud, John. European Transport Aircraft Since 1910. London: Putnam, 1966.

  Stroud, John. The World’s Civil Marine Aircraft. London: The Bodley Head, 1975.

  Studer, C. Sky Storming Yankee: The Life of Glenn Curtiss. New York: Stackpole Sons, 1937.

  Turner, P. St. John
. Pictorial History of Pan American World Airways. London: Ian Allen, 1973.

  Vie-Klaze, Marie-Paul. Les Grands Latécoère sur l’Atlantique. Paris: Editions Denoel, 1981.

  Wagner, William. Reuben Fleet and the Story of Consolidated Aircraft. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1976.

  Wragg, David. Boats of the Air. London: Robert Hale, 1984.

  Index

  Ad Astra Aero, 46

  Adcock direction finder, 76, 104, 145–46

  Aerial Experiment Association, 4–5

  Aeroflot, 161

  Aeromarine aircraft, 19, 20, 24

  Aeromarine Airways, 20, 21, 100

  Aéropostale, 67, 86, 88, 124

  Aim off (navigational technique), 104

  Air France, 85, 87–89, 92–93, 122

  Airmail, 35; F AM contracts, 27, 36–37, 52–54, 98, 101

  Alameda, 77, 79, 100, 103, 106, 157

  Alcock, John, 16

  Alexander, Wallace, 108

  Allen, Edmond, 130, 138

  American Export Airlines, 128–33, 161

  American Overseas Airlines, 133

  Amundsen, Roald, 48

  Antilles Air Boats, 162

  Anzani engines, 4

  Apollo mission, 17

  Argus engines, 41

  Arnold, Henry H. “Hap”, 26

  Ash-621R engines, 161

  Aspect ratio, 68, 87, 93

  Avalon Air Transport, 162

  Aviation Corporation of America, 26–27

  Avocet, USS, 115

  Bahama Airways, Ltd., 38

  Barnett, T. E., 144–45

  Bauer, Peter Paul von, 51

  Beall, Wellwood, 135–36, 138

  Bell, Alexander Graham, 4

  Bell, W. H., 142

  Bellinger, Patrick, 8, 12, 14

  Benoist Airboat Co., 18

  Bermuda Sky Queen, 160

  Bibb, USS, 160

  Blair, Captain Charles, 131, 162

  Blériot aircraft, 87, 89

  Blohm und Voss aircraft, 127

  BMW engines, 47, 51, 125, 127

  BOAC, 141, 153–54, 159, 163–64

  Boeing aircraft, 135, 137; 314 development, 111–12, 120, 133, 135–41; World War II, 143, 148–57; 314 final disposition, 159–60

  Boeing Aircraft Co., 29

  Bogart, Humphrey, 106

  Bond, William Langhorne, 148

  Bradley Air Museum, 162

  Bristol engines, 122–23, 163, 168

  Brock, Horace, 56

  Brown, Arthur Whitten, 16

  Brown, Walter (postmaster general), 36–37

  Burns, John Curtis, 156

  Byrd, Richard E., 13

  Caldwell, Cy, 28, 52–53

  Caldwell, Frank, 68

  Canaday, Harry, 79, 113

  Caproni Ca 60, 22

  Carimare, SS, 125

  Carter, Amon, 108

  Chennault, Claire, 110

  China Clipper, 3, 91, 96–107, 115, 147, 158, 169; crash, 165–66. See also Martin M-130

  Churchill, Winston, 154–55, 160

  Clause H, 113, 128, 139–40

  Clippers, Pan American

  American Clipper (Boeing 314), 139, 152

  American Clipper (Sikorsky S-40), 40, 63, 65, 67

  Anzac Clipper, 141–42, 152

  Atlantic Clipper, 139, 152, 160

  California Clipper, 111, 139, 141, 152

  Capetown Clipper, 141, 152, 160

  Caribbean Clipper, 65

  China Clipper. See China Clipper and Martin M-130

  Clipper III, 119–20

  Dixie Clipper, 139, 152, 155–56

  Hawaii Clipper, 96, 107, 117–18

  Hong Kong Clipper, 109–10, 142, 147–48

  Honolulu Clipper, 139, 141, 152

  Pacific Clipper, 141–42, 148–52, 160

  Pan American Clipper, 77–80

  Philippine Clipper, 96, 107–8, 142, 144–47, 152–53, 157–58

  Russian Clipper, 161. See also Martin M-156

  Southern Clipper, 65

  Yankee Clipper, 139–41, 152, 156–57

  CMA (Compañía Mexicana de Aviación), 53

  CMASA (Construzioni Meccaniche Aeronautiche), 47

  CNAC (China National Aviation Corp.), 38, 77, 107, 147–48

  Collier Trophy, 7

  Colonial Air Transport, 25–27, 43

  Cone, Captain Howard, 155

  Consolidated Aircaft Corp., 30, 32

  Consolidated aircraft:

  Admiral, 32–33, 37

  B-24 Liberator, 152

  Catalina, 129

  Commodore, 30, 35, 52

  PB2Y, 130, 136

  Cooke, John, 144–45

  Courtney, Captain Frank, 48

  Cram, Ralph, 135

  Cramer, Leonard, 165

  Cunningham, Admiral, 131

  Cunningham, Commander W. S., 144

  Curtiss, Glenn Hammond, 4–12, 23

  Curtiss aircraft

  America, 8–9, 10; Small America (H-4) and Large America (H-12, H-16), 9, 10

  A-1 and A-2, 7

  F boats, 7, 10, 18

  Golden Flier, 6

  HS-2L, 19

  June Bug, 5

  Loon, 5

  NC boats, 12–17, 33

  Triad, 7

  Curtiss engines, 5, 7–8, 24, 49

  Dabry, Jean, 86

  Daurat, Didier, 56

  De Gaulle, General Charles, 155

  Deutsche Luft Hansa, 47, 50–51, 86, 121, 124–27

  Deutsche Luft Reederei, 21

  Devereaux, Major James, 144

  Dewoitine aircraft, 85

  Dornier, Claudius, 46–51, 126

  Dornier aircraft:

  Delphin, 47

  Do X, 45–46, 49–51, 137

  Do 18, 124–25

  Do 24, 125–26

  Do 26, 126

  Do 214, 127

  Gs I, 46–47

  Wal series, 47–48

  Douglas, Donald, 95

  Douglas aircraft, 82, 93, 133, 137, 148, 159

  Doyle, Mike, 132

  Drasin, Tamara, 156

  Earhart, Amelia, 118

  Eastern Air Transport, 25

  Ebel, W. K. (“Ken”), 96

  Egtvedt, Clair, 135

  Electrolysis, problem of, 61, 97

  Ellyson, Lieutenant T. G. (“Spuds”), 6

  Ely, Eugene, 6

  Elzay, Captain Robert, 157–58

  Empire-class flying boats, 83–85. See Shorts

  English, Rear Admiral R. R., 157–58

  Fabre, Henri, 5–6

  Fairchild, Sherman, 26, 53

  Fairchild aircraft, 28, 52–53

  Farley, James, 100–101

  Felixstowe flying boats, 10, 19

  Felixstowe Seaplane Experimental Establishment, 10

  Fiat engines, 50

  Fleet, Reuben, 30, 32, 37

  Flossenstummel, 46, 49, 135

  Focke-Wulf Condor, 121

  Fokker, Tony, 54

  Fokker aircraft, 28, 57, 76

  Fonck, René, 43

  Ford, Captain Robert, 142–43, 148–51

  Ford trimotor, 32

  Franco, Major, 48

  Froman, Jane, 156

  Gatty, Harold, 114

  Gimie, Léopold, 86

  Glover, W. Irving, 34

  Gluhareff, Michael and Serge, 69

  Gnome engines, 90, 92

  Gooney birds, 108–9

  Gouge, Arthur, 82–85

  Goyette, Cyril, 165

  Grace, W. R., Corp., 53

  Graf Zeppelin, 67, 124

  Gray, Harold, 119, 141, 153

  Grieve, Mackenzie, 16

  Grooch, William, 35, 75

  Guillaumet, Henri, 91, 164

  Gulf Caribbean Airways, 27

  Hallett, George, 8

  Hambleton, John, 25, 26, 58

  Hamilton, John, 142–47, 153

  Hamilton Standard, 68–69, 78, 135–36

  Hammondsport, N. Y., 5, 9r />
  Handley Page Harrow, 122

  Harmon Trophy, 105, 115

  Hart, Joe, 153

  Hauptmann, Bruno, 97

  Hawker, Harry, 16

  Hemingway, Ernest, 110

  Hindenburg, 124

  Hinton, Walter, 13

  Hispano-Suiza engines, 24, 47, 87, 89–91

  Hong Kong, 107, 109–10, 142, 147–48

  Hoover, Mrs. Herbert, 33–34, 63

  Hopkins, Harry, 155

  Horta, 9

  Howard, Roy, 108

  Hoyt, Richard F., 27

  Hughes, Howard, 167, 169

  Hughes H-4, 168–69

  Hurtsky, J. A., 146

  Hydravion, 5–6

  Imperial Airways, 72, 82–85, 113–14, 123, 139–41

  Ionia, SS, 14

  Jannus, Tony, 18

  Jarboe, Wilson, Jr., 79, 103

  Johnson, Osa and Martin, 44

  Junkers Jumo engines, 124, 126

  Kaiser, Henry, 168–69

  Kawanishi flying boat, 125

  Kelly Act, 25

  Kelly-Rogers, J. C., 154–55

  Keuka, Lake, 5

  Keys, Clement, 57

  Key West, 26–28

  Kido butai, 111, 146

  King, George, 103

  Kingman Reef, 112–14

  KLM (Dutch airline), 85

  Kurusu, Saburo, 110–11

  Lame Duck, 15, 16

  LaPorte, Captain Arthur, 140

  LARA (Ligne Aérienne du Roi Albert), 21

  Latécoère aircraft, 67:

  Laté 28, 86

  Laté 520–21, 90–92

  Laté 631, 92–93, 164–65

  Leuteritz, Hugo, 57, 76–77, 79, 145

  Levy-Lepen flying boat, 21

  Liberty engines, 13

  Lindbergh, Charles, 26, 43, 57–66, 97, 105, 140

  Lindbergh, Anne Morrow, 58

  Lioré et Olivier aircraft, 89–90

  Litvinoff, Maxim, 110

  Load-to-tare, 66, 85, 93, 97, 126, 133, 139

  Locatelli, Count, 48

  Lockheed aircraft, 159

  Lodeesen, Captain Marius, 153, 165–66

  Loening, Grover, 26, 167

  London Daily Mail prize, 8, 11, 12, 16

  Lorber, Charles, 64

  Lurline, SS, 108, 158

  McAdoo, Senator William, 107

  MacArthur, General Douglas, 110

  McCarty (radio officer), 117

  Machado, Gerardo, 25–27

  Manhattan Project, 166

  Marine Corps, U.S., 100, 144, 146

  Marston mat, 159

  Martin, Clarence and Araminta, 94

  Martin, Glenn L., 7, 33, 37, 70–71, 94–96, 134–35, 160, 167, 169–70

  Martin aircraft

  during World War II, 142, 144–47, 152, 157–58

  M-130, 70–71, 73, 85, 96–98, 106–11, 116, 120, 126, 134, 141, 160. See China Clipper

 

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