Devices and Desires

by Kate Hubbard

18TNA C1/1101/17.

  19Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, H/144.

  2. Sir William Cavendish

  1Collins, p.11.

  2John Maynard Keynes, A Treatise on Money, Vol. II, Harcourt Brace, 1930, p.159.

  3BL, SP1/104.f.197.

  4Richardson, p.55.

  5CSP L&P Henry VIII, May 1542, p.182.

  6Folger X.d.428 (13).

  7Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, HM/1, f.2.

  8Levey, Embroideries at Hardwick Hall, p.14.

  9Simon Thurley, ‘Somerset House: the palace of England’s queens, 1551–1692’, London Topographical Society, No.168 (2009).

  10Howard, Early Tudor Country House, p.188.

  3. Acquisition

  1All details in this chapter of the Cavendishes’ life in London and at Northaw are taken from the household accounts in Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, HM/1, and Folger X.d.486.

  2Collins, p.11.

  3David Durant, notes on HM/1, University of Nottingham, Manuscripts and Special Collections (MS 663/2).

  4CSP Domestic, Edward VI, 1547–53, p.61.

  5Riden, ‘Hardwicks of Hardwick Hall’, p.151.

  6Riden, ‘Sir William Cavendish’, p.245.

  7Ibid.

  8Furnivall (ed.), Vol. II, p.341.

  9Girouard, Robert Smythson, p.116.

  10‘Of Building’, Bacon, p.109.

  11Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, HM/1, f.5v.

  12Ibid., f.10.

  13Quoted in Summerson, Architecture in Britain, p.19.

  14Christopher Hussey, Country Life, 3 December 1953.

  15Listed in the 1601 inventory, this is still at Hardwick.

  16Girouard, Robert Smythson, p.34.

  17Ibid., p.116.

  18Folger X.d.428 (82).

  4. ‘Every man almost is a builder’

  1Thynne Papers, Longleat, Vol. II, f.227.

  2Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, H/143/6.

  3Thynne Papers, Longleat, Vol. II, f.85.

  4Quoted in Girouard, Robert Smythson, p.41.

  5Building Records, Longleat, Vol. I, f.73.

  6Ibid., f.111.

  7Ibid., f.237.

  8Building Records, Longleat, Vol. II, f.27.

  9Building Records, Longleat, Vol. I, f.339.

  10Building Records, Longleat, Vol. II, f.23.

  11Ibid., f.145.

  12Thynne Papers, Longleat, Vol. II, f.250.

  13Ibid., f.252.

  14Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, H/143/2. Also see Levey, Elizabethan Inheritance, p.11.

  15TNA E 101/424/10.

  16Ibid. Also see Riden, ‘Sir William Cavendish’.

  17Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, HM/3, f.1v.

  18Ibid., f.2v, 4v.

  19Collins, p.12.

  5. ‘My honest swete Chatesworth’

  1Durant, Bess of Hardwick, p.33.

  2Thynne Papers, Longleat, Vol. III, f.9.

  3Ibid., f.15.

  4Thynne Papers, Longleat, Vol. V, f.246.

  5Ibid., f.243.

  6Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, HM/3, f.20.

  7Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, HM/3, ff.24–32.

  8Ibid., f.42.

  9For more on William St Loe and the St Loe family see Lovell, Chapter 7. Also Philip Riden, ‘Bess of Hardwick and the St Loe Inheritance’, in Riden and Edwards (eds), p.80–106.

  10Quoted in Starkey, p.140.

  11Durant, Bess of Hardwick, p.34.

  12Thynne Papers, Longleat, Vol. III, f.27.

  13Folger X.d.428 (133).

  14Lovell, p.123.

  15BHL, ID 59.

  16BHL, ID 47.

  17Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, H/143/43.

  18See Mark Girouard, Country Life, 22 November 1973.

  19Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, HM/2, f.5.

  20BHL, ID 61.

  21Folger X.d.428 (83).

  22BHL, ID 113, Bess to John Thynne.

  23Thynne Papers, Longleat, Vol. II, f.29.

  24Building Records, Longleat, Vol. III, f.115.

  25Girouard, Elizabethan Architecture, p.167.

  26Folger X.d.428 (84).

  27Folger X.d.428 (83).

  28Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, HM/2, f.10.

  29Ibid., f.12.

  30Ibid., f.23.

  31Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, H/143/2.

  32Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, HM/2, ff.13–17.

  6. ‘This devil’s devices’

  1See Philip Riden, ‘Bess of Hardwick and the St Loe Inheritance’, in Riden and Edwards.

  2Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, H/143/3, Copy of Replication of Sir William St Loe, 1561.

  3Lovell, p.140.

  4BHL, ID 58.

  5Quoted in Durant, Bess of Hardwick, p.39.

  6Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, H/143/3.

  7Ibid., H/144/2.

  8Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, William St Loe account book, 8 August – 31 December 1560.

  9BHL, ID 59.

  10BHL, ID 61.

  11Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, William St Loe account book.

  12BHL, ID 60.

  13Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, William St Loe account book.

  14BHL, ID 61.

  15BHL, ID 54.

  16BHL, ID 55.

  17BHL, ID 62.

  18Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, H/143/6, Chatsworth inventory, c.1566.

  19Folger X.d.148 (16).

  20See Riden and Fowkes, also Riden, ‘Hardwicks of Hardwick Hall’.

  21BHL, ID 30.

  22BHL, ID 31.

  23BHL, ID 40.

  24Durant, Bess of Hardwick, p.53. Riden and Fowkes suggest that the figure could have been as much as £2,500.

  7. Countess of Shrewsbury

  1TNA C3/170/13. See also Philip Riden, ‘Bess of Hardwick and the St Loe Inheritance’, in Riden and Edwards (eds).

  2BHL, ID 158.

  3BHL, ID 17.

  4BHL, ID 18.

  5BHL, ID 28.

  6CSP Domestic, Elizabeth I, Addenda 1566–79, p.39.

  7CP 155/22.

  8Thynne Papers, Longleat, Vol. III, f.59.

  9‘In Search of Smythson’, Country Life, 19 December 1991.

  10Quoted in Girouard, Elizabethan Architecture, p.28.

  11BHL, ID 114.

  12Folger X.d.148 (129).

  13Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy, p.299.

  14‘Of Riches’, Bacon, p.88.

  15See Kiernan.

  16Lodge, Vol. II, p.69.

  17Talbot MSS, LPL, 3200, f.39.

  18Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy, p.352.

  19CP 164/92.

  20Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, H/278/1.

  21See Hunter, p.84, also Johnson, Vol. V, p.259.

  22BHL, ID 64.

  23BHL, ID 65.

  8. The Scots Queen

  1BHL, ID 66.

  2CSP Scotland, Vol. II, p.609.

  3BHL, ID 107.

  4CSP Scotland, Vol. II, p.606.

  5BHL, ID 164.

  6Strickland, Vol. II, p.161.

  7Quoted in Guy, My Heart is My Own, p.443.

  8Quoted in Weir, p.125.

  9Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, ‘Given by the Scotys quene to my lorde and me’.

  10CSP Scotland, Vol. II, p.648.

  11Ibid., p.649.

  12Ibid., p.612.

  13Levey, Embroideries at Hardwick Hall, p.22.

  14Levey, Elizabethan Inheritance, p.47.

  15Ibid., p.58.

  16CSP Scotland, Vol. II, p.638.

  9. A Dubious Honour

  1Lodge, Vol. II, p.192.

  2Ibid., p.180.

  3Ibid., p.39.

  4Ibid., p.655.

  5BHL, ID 220.

  6Quoted in Rawson, p.56.

  7CSP Scotland, Vol. II, p.695.

  8BHL, ID 68.

  9BHL, ID 25.

  10BHL, ID 170.

  11Talbot MSS, LPL, 3205, f.58.

  12CP 157/50.

  13Quoted in Rawson, p.80.

  14HMC Salisbury, Vol. I, p.499.

  15BHL, ID 225.
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  16CSP Scotland, Vol. IV, p.17.

  17BHL, ID 26.

  18CSP Scotland, Vol. IV, p.65.

  19Quoted in Rawson, p.90.

  20Ibid., p.97.

  21Lodge, Vol. II, p.14.

  22Ibid., p.19.

  23CSP Scotland, Vol. V, p.95.

  24BHL, ID 36.

  25Talbot MSS, LPL, 3205, f.70.

  26BHL, ID 71.

  27BHL, ID 75.

  28Indenture 1572, see Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, H/143.

  10. ‘Close dealing’

  1Lodge, Vol. II, p.49.

  2BHL, ID 71.

  3Folger X.d.428 (123).

  4Quoted in Rawson, p.102.

  5Furnivall (ed.), Vol. II, p.347.

  6Lodge, Vol. II, p.231.

  7Quoted in Girouard, Robert Smythson, p.118.

  8Rawson, p.179.

  9BHL, ID 72.

  10Talbot MSS, LPL, 3206, f.653.

  11Leader, p.146.

  12Wigfull, ‘Extracts from the Notebook’.

  13BHL, ID 43.

  14BHL, ID 244.

  15Folger X.d.428 (50 and 51).

  16Howard, Collection of Letters, p.235.

  17BL Lansdowne, 40/41.

  18BHL, ID 27.

  19BHL, ID 73.

  20Quoted in Rawson, p.152.

  21Howard, Collection of Letters, p.235.

  22TNA State Papers Supplement, 46/30/333.

  23CSP Scotland, Vol. V, p.30.

  24Lodge, Vol. II, p.43.

  25BHL, ID 76.

  26CSP Scotland, Vol. V, p.202.

  27Folger X.d.428 (127).

  28Folger X.d.428 (128).

  29Folger X.d.428 (130).

  30Labanoff, Vol. IV, p.360.

  31HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. II, p.98.

  11. ‘Great turmoil doth two houses breed’

  1Lodge, Vol. II, p.33.

  2Quoted in Airs, p.93.

  3Summerson, Building of Theobalds.

  4Skelton and Summerson (eds).

  5Quoted in Girouard, Robert Smythson, p.295.

  6Airs, p.123.

  7Lodge, Vol. II, p.53.

  8Ibid., p.69.

  9Folger X.d.428 (136).

  10BHL, ID 218.

  11Ibid.

  12BHL, ID 77.

  13Robert Laneham, quoted in Girouard, Robert Smythson, p.19.

  14Wells-Cole, Kenilworth inventory 1588, p.297.

  15BHL, ID 109.

  16Ibid.

  17HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. II, f.113.

  18Quoted in Rawson, p.101.

  19Details of building work at Chatsworth in 1577 from Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, HM/4.

  20HMC Salisbury, Vol. II, p.154.

  21Folger X.d.428 (137).

  22BHL, ID 94.

  23TNA State Papers Scotland, 53/10, f.84.

  24BHL, ID 172.

  25Talbot MSS, LPL, 3206, f.837.

  26BHL, ID 188.

  27Talbot MSS, LPL, 3205, f.66.

  28BHL, ID 84.

  29BHL, ID 85.

  30CSP Scotland, Vol. V, p.235.

  31Ibid., p.236.

  12. ‘The old song’

  1BHL, ID 83.

  2BHL, ID 122.

  3CP 10/77.

  4BHL, ID 166.

  5BHL, ID 174.

  6Lodge, Vol. II, p.143.

  7Shrewsbury MSS, LPL, 697, f.111.

  8Talbot MSS, LPL, 3205, f.72.

  9Ibid., f.64.

  10BL Lansdowne, 99/274.

  11BHL, ID 195.

  12Folger X.d.428 (51).

  13HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. V, p.22.

  14BHL, ID 110.

  15Durant, Bess of Hardwick, p.106.

  16BHL, ID 10.

  17Folger X.d.428 (7).

  18Durant, Bess of Hardwick, p.79.

  19Riden (ed.), Household Accounts.

  20BHL, ID 74.

  21BHL, ID 228.

  22BHL, ID 227.

  23BL Lansdowne, 40/41.

  24BHL, ID 105.

  25Talbot MSS, LPL, 3198, f.172.

  26Talbot MSS, LPL, 3206, f.957.

  27BHL, ID 33.

  28BHL, ID 189.

  29Lodge, Vol. II, p.182.

  30BHL, ID 78.

  31Folger X.d.428 (3).

  32HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. V, p.25.

  33Talbot MSS, LPL, 3198, f.97.

  34BHL, ID 78.

  35Lodge, Vol. II, p.155.

  36CSP Scotland, Vol. VI, p.77.

  37Ibid., p.90.

  38TNA SP 12/154, f.122.

  39Gristwood, p.54.

  40TNA SP 12/152, f.30.

  41Ibid., f.36.

  42BL Lansdowne, 34/143.

  43TNA SP 12/153, f.85

  13. ‘Send me Accres’

  1BHL, ID 79.

  2Quoted in Girouard, Robert Smythson, p.113.

  3Talbot MSS, LPL, 3189, f.92.

  4Camden, p.482.

  5Friedman, p.26.

  6Quoted in ibid., p.55.

  7Camden, p.482.

  8Durant, Smythson Circle, p.94.

  9Talbot MSS, LPL, 3198, f.225.

  10Summerson, Architecture in Britain, p.25.

  11Talbot MSS, LPL, 3198, f.308.

  12Ibid., ff.87 and 282.

  13Lodge, Vol. II, p.201.

  14HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. V, p.39.

  15Talbot MSS, LPL, 3198, f.311.

  16HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. V, p.40.

  17Lodge, Vol. II, p.239.

  18HMC Middleton 69, p.152.

  19Talbot MSS, LPL, 3198, f.142.

  20For letters between Baldwin and Shrewsbury, see Lodge, Vol. II.

  21HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. V, p.44.

  22CSP Scotland, Vol. VII, p.356.

  23BHL, ID 148.

  24BHL, ID 229.

  25Talbot MSS, LPL, 3198, f.256.

  26BHL, ID 86.

  27Talbot MSS, LPL, 3198, f.300.

  28Ibid., f.124.

  29TNA SP 12/170/10.

  14. ‘Civil wars’

  1BL Add. CH 73965.

  2HMC Salisbury, Vol. III, p.162.

  3BL Lansdowne, 40/41.

  4See Riden, ‘Hardwicks of Hardwick Hall’, p.163.

  5Leader, p.551.

  6Lodge, Vol. II, p.244.

  7HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. V, p.50.

  8BL Lansdowne, 40/63.

  9TNA SP 12/172/64.

  10Talbot MSS, LPL, 3151, f.58.

  11BHL, ID 116.

  12HMC Rutland, Vol. I, p.200.

  13CSP Scotland, Vol. II, p.49.

  14Shrewsbury MSS, LPL, 698, f.39

  15CSP Scotland, Vol. VII, p.5.

  16Leader, p.551.

  17Johnson, Vol. V, p.271.

  18Labanoff, Vol. VI, p.51.

  19CSP Scotland, Vol. VII, p.54.

  20HMC Rutland, Vol. I, p.168.

  21Ibid., p.169.

  22CSP Scotland, Vol. VII, p.514.

  23BL Lansdowne, 40/88–146.

  24Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, HM/5.

  25See Riden, ‘Sir William Cavendish’, p.249.

  26Talbot MSS, LPL, 3198, f.277.

  15. Mocking and Mowing

  1Lodge, Vol. II, p.223.

  2HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. V, p.65.

  3Ibid., p.80.

  4HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. I, p.11.

  5Lodge, Vol. II, p.272.

  6TNA SP 12/183/7.

  7BHL, ID 230.

  8BHL, ID 229.

  9Quoted in Friedman, p.63.

  10BHL, ID 229.

  11BHL, ID 117.

  12Folger X.d.428 (131).

  13HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. V, p.67.

  14Ibid., p.70.

  15Lodge, Vol. II, p.410.

  16TNA SP 12/207/23.

  17HMC Salisbury, Vol. III, p.165.

  18HMC Rutland, Vol. I, p.199.

  19Ibid., p.204.

  20CP 164/91.

  21Talbot MSS, LPL, 3198, f.331.

&n
bsp; 22HMC Salisbury, Vol. III, p.152.

  23TNA SP 12/207/29.

  24HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. V, p.75.

  25Lodge, Vol. II, p.430.

  26Ibid., p.240.

  27Ibid., p.342.

  28Ibid., p.343.

  29Talbot MSS, LPL, 3200, f.212.

  30HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. I, f.11.

  31Lodge, Vol. II, p.302.

  32Talbot MSS, LPL, 3198, ff.386 and 337.

  33Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, H/143/16.

  34HMC Rutland, Vol. I, p.212.

  35Talbot MSS, LPL, 3205, f.73.

  36TNA SP 12/207/23.

  16. The Old Hall

  1All details for the building of the Old Hall, unless stated otherwise, are taken from Durant and Riden (eds), Building of Hardwick Hall: Part I.

  2Quoted in Read, p.216.

  3Quoted in Girouard, Robert Smythson, p.19.

  4Durant, Bess of Hardwick, p.193.

  5Airs, p.198.

  6Ibid., p.171.

  7Stallybrass, p.376.

  8Wells-Cole, p.286.

  9BHL, ID 106.

  10Quoted in Gristwood, p.100.

  11Ibid., p.97.

  12Devonshire MSS, Chatsworth, H/143/16, and Summerson, ‘Building of Theobalds’.

  13Durant, Smythson Circle, p.118.

  14HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. V, p.91.

  15Lodge, Vol. II, p.345.

  16BHL, ID 37.

  17Quoted in Gristwood, p.107.

  18BHL, ID 38.

  19Portland Papers, Nottingham Record Office, DDP 51/19 and 42/27.

  20Worsley.

  21Fox’s journal is at Chatsworth, with a transcript in The Camden Miscellany, Vol. XVII, Office of the Royal Historical Society, 1940.

  22BHL, ID 88.

  23BHL, ID 24.

  24Talbot MSS, LPL, 3198, f.544.

  25Talbot MSS, LPL, 3200, f.67.

  17. Smythson’s Platt

  1Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy, p.352.

  2BHL, ID 231.

  3Shrewsbury MSS, LPL, 698, f.55.

  4Talbot MSS, LPL, 3200, f.110.

  5Ibid., f.204.

  6Ibid., f.186, and Lodge, Vol. II, p.464.

  7CP 168/21.

  8Lodge, Vol. II, p.469.

  9HMC Longleat, Talbot Papers, Vol. V, p.106.

  10BHL, ID 233.

  11Durant, Bess of Hardwick, p.152.

  12BHL, ID 159.

  13Riden and Fowkes, p.29.

  14This is based on an engraving by Étienne Delaune. See Levey, Embroideries at Hardwick Hall, p.124.

  15Girouard, Robert Smythson, p.147

  16See Nicholas Cooper, Country Life, 15 October 2014.

  17Girouard, Elizabethan Architecture, p.236, and ‘Tresham Papers’.

  18See ‘Tresham Papers, belonging to T.B. Clarke-Thornhill’.

  19Ibid., p.33, and BL Add. MS 39832.

  20Riden (ed.), Household Accounts, p.292.

  21Sitwell, p.26.

  22Camden, p.555.

  23Pete Smith suggests that Smythson may have drawn up the scheme for the courts after his original plan for the house. See Pete Smith, ‘“Whear the walks should hav bene”: The Unfinished Hall at Hardwick’, in National Trust Historic Houses and Collections Annual 2015, pp.50–6.

  24Girouard, Robert Smythson, p.149.