Japan's Imperial Army
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Tada Shun, 199
Taierzhuang, battle of, 200–201, 295n28
Taishō Emperor of Japan (1912–1926), 131, 140, 142, 161
Taishō Political Crisis, 131
Taiwan, 90–92, 284n69
Taiwan Expedition, 36–38
Taiwan Garrison, 91, 153, 188
Taiwan Sea, battle of, 243
Takahashi Korekiyo, 141, 144
Takasugi Shinsaku, 14
Chōshū civil war, 4–5
innovative tactics, 4–6
and kiheitai, 3–4, 6
personality, 3
Takebashi Incident, 47–48
Tamura Ryozō, 101
Tanaka Giichi, 141, 151, 154, 163, 256, 257
army modernization, 146, 149, 152
imperial defense policy (1907), 126–27
Imperial Military Reservists Association, 136
national mobilization, 151
opposes Fukuhara, 149–50
revision of imperial defense policy (1918), 138–39
Russo-Japanese War, 100, 114, 118
Siberian Expedition, 142–44
Zhang Zuolin affair, 164–66
Tanaka Kunishige, 147–48, 151
Tanaka Ryūkichi, 171, 191, 291n29
Tanaka Shin’ichi, 217, 230
Tani Hisao, 122
Tani Tateki, 50, 55, 65, 66, 71, 275n15
defense of Kumamoto castle, 41
Hokkadō Colonization Office affair, 51
opposes treaty revision, 56
rejects inspector-general reforms, 63
tanks, 188
Nomonhan experience, 204
post–World War I debate about, 148–49
reduced production of, 232
Ugaki reforms, 153–54
Tannenburg, battle of, 157
Tarawa, battle of, 231, 233
TatekawaYoshitsugu, 154, 169–70
Tengō Operation, 245–47
Terauchi Hisaichi, 186–87
Terauchi Masatake, 22, 138, 140, 257
army force structure, 126
entrenches Chōshū faction in army, 130, 155
imperial defense policy (1918), 140
reacts to rice riots, 143
resists civilian control, 129–30, 131
Russo-Japanese War, 104, 109, 113
Siberian Expedition, 142
“three all policy,” 214
three brave soldiers who became human bombs (bakudan sanyushi), 172–73, 176, 291n33
Thursday Club, 155
Toba-Fushimi, battle of, 7–8
Tōgō Heihachirō, 114, 117, 124
Sino-Japanese War, 81
Tsushima Straits battle, 109
Tōjō Hideki, 155, 177, 230, 231, 257
becomes army chief of staff, 234
Imphal operation, 235–38
Marianas, 239–40
prime minister, 219–20
rejects U.S. demands for China, 219
restores army discipline, 212
total war philosophy
war minister, 211
Tokugawa shogun. See bakufu
Tominaga Kyōji, 212
tondenhei system, 19, 75
Tonghak Rebellion, 79
Torio Koyata, 55, 61, 66, 275n15
traditionalists, 125–26, 146, 162, 256
advocates of decisive first battle, 147, 151
belief in fighting spirit, 146–47, 151, 153
opposition to smaller divisions, 147, 174
post–World War I reforms, 149, 151
Trans-Siberian Railroad, 70, 74, 92, 99, 100, 141, 142
treaty revision, 55, 56, 276n26, 276n29
TriPartite Intervention, 90, 99
Truk Island, 224, 234
Tsukada Osamu, 216
Tsushima Straits, naval battle of, 124
Twenty-One Demands, 137, 138, 142
UeharaYūsaku, 111, 131, 145, 256
imperial defense policy (1918), 140
opposes Ugaki and Tanaka, 149–50, 154
personality, 131
proponent of Siberian Expedition, 142, 144
short war advocate, 150
traditionalist faction leader, 145–46
Ueno, battle of, 14–15, 18
Ugaki Kazushige, 140, 150, 155, 170, 256, 288n18, 290n16
advocates army modernization, 146, 149, 151, 153–54, 159, 174
denied premiership by army, 187
establishes Young Men’s Military Training Corps, 154
role in March 1931 incident, 167–68
total war ideas, 151–53
UmezuYoshijirō, 187, 240, 250, 257
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 142, 144, 190, 201, 222
Changkuofeng battle, 201–2
enters war against Japan, 250–51
Japanese army plans to attack in 1942, 226
Japanese stereotypes of, 159, 201–2
mediator to end World War II, 249
Nomonhan battle, 203–5
United States, 28, 150, 212, 215, 218–19, 221
mediates end to Russo-Japanese War, 109
reaction to Twenty-One Demands, 137
and Siberian Intervention, 142–44, 150
Unit 731, 261
Utsunomiya Tarō, 112
Verdun, battle of, 157
Versailles, Treaty of, 150
Vladivostok Naval Squadron, 107
Wang Jing-wei, 209, 213, 229
war criminals, 261
war guidance section, 216
war minister, 64, 75
active duty officer provision, 129, 184, 187
attempts at civilian control, 128–30, 131
duties, 64, 130, 131
general staff challenges authority, 144
war ministry (1885–1945), 62, 65, 71, 75, 94, 99, 113, 123, 130, 148
China policy, 191–92, 207, 209
demobilization, 261–62
founded, 64
functions, 63
imperial general headquarters, 192–93
Manchurian Incident, 168
Okinawa battle, 246
post–World War I force structure issues, 147, 151
prerogatives, 128–29, 131, 187
proposes strategic withdrawal in Pacific, 231–32
reaction to German invasion of USSR, 217–18
rearmament, 185–86
relations with army general staff, 211
shipping shortages, 229–30
southern advance, 210, 216
Washington Conference on Naval Limitations, 138, 150, 151, 182
Watanabe Jōtarō, 178
White Tiger Brigade, 17, 258
Wingate, Orde, 235, 237
Wuhan operation, 201, 202–3
X-Force, 244
Xuzhou campaign, 201
Yalu, naval battle of, 81, 83
Yalu River, battle of, 103
Yamada Akiyoshi, 22, 54, 273n66
and conscription, 23, 28–29, 31
Yamada Otozō, 234
Yamagata Aritomo, 4–5, 26, 29, 65, 66, 78, 80, 88, 93, 100–101, 113, 125, 253, 254
Admonition to Soldiers, 48
army expansion, 53–55, 93
army modernization, 53
Boxer Rebellion, 98
changing world outlook, 139
Chōshū faction, 22
concern over Korea (1882), 53
death, 155
dislike of party politicians, 48, 51–52, 57
distrusts popular movements, 48
fear of Trans-Siberian Railroad, 100
foreign threat (1880), 52
forms general staff, 49–50
good soldiers—good citizens, 29
Hara Kei, 143
imperial defense policy (1907), 126–27
imperial defense policy (1918), 139
Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, 52
Japan’s line of interest, 74–75
Nagaoka campaign, 15–16
national service ideal,
29
oversees inspector-general reforms, 59, 61–63
positions held, 21, 24, 38, 145, 278n1
professional military limitations, 93
reforms Imperial Guards, 51
reorganizes army’s administrative system, 57–58
reorganizes sixth bureau, 37
restricts war minister to active duty officers, 129, 131
Russo-Japanese War, 101, 104, 109, 111, 117
Saga uprising, 37–38
Satsuma Rebellion, 40, 41–44, 52
sets defense priorities, 24
Siberian Expedition, 142
Sino-Japanese War, 83, 86, 89–90
suspicious of warrior class, 29, 40
world view (1888), 70
Yamamoto Gonbei (Gonnohyoe), 80, 100, 131
Yamanashi Hanzō, 145, 147, 148–49
YamasakiYasuyo, 231, 241. See also Attu Island, battle of
Yamashita Masafumi, 237, 299n34
Yamashita Tomoyuki, 223, 243
Yanagida Kenzō, 237–38, 299n34
Yasukuni Shrine, 21, 50, 176
popularized during Russo-Japanese War, 122–23
Y-Force, 244
Yichang operation, 209
Yokohama Foreign Language School, 20, 25, 26
Yonai Mitsumasa, 210
Yoshiaki, Prince, 20, 37
Yoshida Shōin, 3, 39
Yoshida Zengo, 211, 213
Young Men’s Military Training Corps, 154
Young officers’ movement, 170, 178–80. See also army factionalism
Zhang Xueliang, 166, 169
Zhang Zuolin, 163, 166, 180, 257, 260
assassination, 164–65
Zhukov, Georgi, 205, 206