Lobbying for Change

by Alberto Alemanno

  LOBBYING FOR CHANGE

  LOBBYING FOR CHANGE

  FIND YOUR VOICE TO CREATE A BETTER SOCIETY

  ALBERTO ALEMANNO

  Published in the UK in 2017

  by Icon Books Ltd, Omnibus Business Centre,

  39–41 North Road, London N7 9DP

  email: info@iconbooks.com

  www.iconbooks.com

  Sold in the UK, Europe and Asia

  by Faber & Faber Ltd, Bloomsbury House,

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  Distributed in the USA

  by Publishers Group West,

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  by Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd,

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  by Penguin Books India,

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  ISBN: 978-178578-285-5

  Text copyright © 2017 Alberto Alemanno

  The author has asserted his moral rights.

  No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

  Typeset in Minion by Marie Doherty

  Printed and bound in the UK by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc

  To my girls, Mariana, Marianita, Isabella and Allegra Alemanno, who make me smile every day and remind me how beautiful life is.

  Contents

  Acknowledgements

  Introduction

  Part I – The Problem

  Powerless

  Nobody Speaks for You

  You’re Not in the Club

  Nobody Teaches You

  Somebody Decides for You

  Part II – The Solution

  The Power of Citizen Lobbying

  What is Lobbying and Who Does It?

  Why Lobbying?

  What is Citizen Lobbying?

  Why Citizen Lobbying?

  Time for Citizen Lobbying

  Part III – The Toolbox

  How to Be a Citizen Lobbyist

  The 10-Step Citizen Lobbying Guide

  1. Pick Your Battle

  2. Do Your Homework

  3. Map Your Lobbying Environment

  4. Lobbying Plan

  5. Pick Your Allies

  6. Who Pays?

  7. Communication and Media Plan

  8. Face-to-Face Meeting

  9. Monitoring and Implementation

  10. Stick to the (Lobbying) Rules

  Conclusions

  End Notes

  Resources for Citizen Lobbyists

  Index

  Acknowledgements

  When I began working on this book two years ago, the case for citizen lobbying was incipient, yet not clear. Had the book been published at that time it would have been both premature and prescient. Today lobbying for change appears to be an urgent and salient necessity. Amid a rapid acceleration of the political narratives and an ongoing transformation of economic and social agendas across liberal democracies, a citizen awakening has indisputably occurred. Millions of citizens across the world are becoming increasingly aware of their own collaborative power. This book is firstly dedicated to them.

  This book would have never seen the light of day without the generous and inspiring contribution of many people who expressed interest in my ideas and work over the years. I am extremely grateful to my own institution HEC Paris, in particular the HEC Foundation and Labex Ecodec, as well as NYU School of Law, for the support received over the years and for letting me experiment with new forms of teaching and engaged scholarship. Thanks to HEC I was able to pioneer mass online teaching, by first making all my recorded classes freely available on iTunes and, second, by designing a Massive Open Online Course on Coursera. As a result, I reached out to more than 200,000 people around the globe. While I could not meaningfully engage with all of them (their figure is higher than the total number of students I will be meeting in my entire academic career), I have had the opportunity to meet many of them, often serendipitously (in the Paris metro, at airports and conferences), and learn from them. I can’t image a more rewarding teaching and human experience. Thanks to NYU School of Law I was able to set up the EU Public Interest Clinic which has served dozens of civil society organisations while training a new generation of public interest lawyers. My students have been an excellent early audience, attentive and receptive, often critical of many of the views exposed in this book.

  Several other audiences, from Tokyo University (where I teach every October on the Master’s in Public Policy programme) and St. Gallen University (where I’ve designed the Lobbying & Advocacy module), to the participants in the EU Pro Bono Masterclasses we offer across Europe, also provided useful feedback.

  From the very first moment we met, Kiera Jamison was a dream editor: patient and wise. She believed in my project from day one! Thank you to Andrew Furlow and his team at Icon Books for a smooth publication ride as well as to my publicist Ruth Killick.

  I was lucky enough to receive advice and feedback from a close group of trusted friends: Alessandro Spina, Gianluca Sgueo, Helen Darbishire, Bing Taylor, Andras Baneth, Rosana Plaza, Benjamin Bodson, Igor Celikovic, Anne-Lise Sibony, Cliff Wirajendi, Leandro Machado, Ana Benje, Ailish Campbell, Jo Sparber and Yacine Kouhen. I’ve also benefited from advice and exchanges with Slav Todorov, Amandine Garde (Liverpool University), Daniel Freund (Transparency International EU), Mariella Palazzolo (Telos), Lisa Witter (Apolitico), Aidan O’Sullivan (EU Ombudsman), Cinzia Ansaldi, Heather Grabbe and Neil Campbell (Open Society), Cinzia Seccamani, Xavier Dutoit (We Move), Liz Hamburg (Taproot Foundation), Vesco Paskalev (Hull University), Laurent Pech (Middlesex University), Vigjilenca Abazi (Maastricht University) and the Riparte il Futuro’s team, in particular Federico Anghelé and Mattia Ansaldi.

  A special thanks goes to the community of Young Global Leaders of the World Economic Forum. Becoming a part of YGL has had a profound yet subtle change in my world views. It not only broadened my horizons and brought special friendships into my life, but also inspired and strengthened me to do more to bring positive change into the world.

  Thanks must also go to Charlelie Jourdan and Gauthier Bas from Old Continent for the fruitful cooperation and mutual learning over the years. I am also grateful to Ros Taylor, Lucien Midot, Nick Jones and Alexander Preter for research and editorial assistance.

  Finally, thanks to the extraordinarily talented and dedicated team at The Good Lobby. I am particularly grateful to my colleague and friend Lamin Khadar for believing in creating a community of citizen lobbyists together, as well as to our colleagues and friends Ana Benje, Alexandre Biard, Andrea Boccuni, Giacomo Delinavelli, Barbara Holzer, Rosana Plaza, Simona Pronckute, Thais Rivera, Jéremy Charles, Roberto Tomasi, David Fernandez Rojo, Irina Lysenko, Andrea Tittelova and the many others who are joining our community.

  Muchas gracias to my girls – my wife Mariana and my daughters Marianita, Isabella and Allegra – who make me smile and remind me daily how beautiful life is. And that is despite the many flights and the hours, days, weeks and months I spend in front of my computer, reading and writing instead of being with them. Another special
grazie goes to my parents, Gianfranco and Biancamaria, who not only shared their youth with me and my sister Micol but – whether deliberately or not – offered me the best possible education to become first a citizen, and then a citizen lobbyist.

  ‘It is not enough to be busy. So are the ants. The question is: What are we busy about?’

  Henry David Thoreau

  ‘We do not need magic to change the world. We carry all the power we need inside ourselves already: we have the power to imagine better.’

  J.K. Rowling

  Introduction

  If you’re anything like me, you are probably unhappy with the way the world and our societies are working. And with good reason.

  We, citizens living in democratic societies, are richer, safer, live longer and respect each other’s rights more than ever before, yet we tolerate daily injustice and growing inequality.

  We have talents, expertise and plenty of ‘friends’ (and we exchange thoughts and images with them daily on social media), yet we mobilise them not to improve the lives of the less privileged, but to make our own lives marginally more comfortable.

  We have the right to vote for our representatives, and have never enjoyed (at least on paper) so many opportunities to participate directly in local and national affairs, yet our voices go mostly unheard. This may be surprising to some, but there are many more avenues for participation across liberal democracies than we are generally aware of.1 In the US, three-quarters of all cities have developed opportunities for citizen involvement in strategic planning. The EU has also created many channels of public participation, but they remain little known and largely underused.2 The World Bank has invested $85 billion over the last decade to support community participation worldwide.

  We have never been in a better position to improve our communities and the world, yet we feel increasingly powerless to do so. Amid ubiquitous market and government surveillance, which is driven by unaccountable algorithms, we are increasingly made powerless by design.

  The internet has enhanced our democracy, by ensuring greater access to information and fewer obstacles to connect with each other. Yet our digital social existence has turned into a echo chamber, where we discuss similar views with like-minded peers and fail to penetrate other social bubbles that are often misled by fear and xenophobia.3

  As as an academic in his ivory tower, any question about the actual impact of my daily work makes me nervous. On average, only one in twenty students retains what they learn in one of my lectures.4 When it comes to my research, the average scientific article is read by only ten people (who are generally colleagues).5 But think about it: in your day job, how much of a positive impact do you have on the lives of others? If you are a nurse, a doctor, a schoolteacher or perhaps a committed politician then the answer is likely to be ‘a lot’, but most of us have limited scope to contribute to society through our daily jobs. Isn’t that a paradox? The more professional a society becomes, the less it takes advantage of its own skills. It doesn’t really matter whether you are a student, a jobseeker, a professional, an entrepreneur, an artist or a plumber: beyond the contributions we make to our company or organisation, we fail to harness our potential to benefit society. Sometimes we don’t even know what our talents are. (Do you? Don’t worry if not. If you look for one, you will find it!)

  Our education systems, our jobs and our societies limit our ability to put our expertise and talents to use for the good of all. Instead, we outsource problems to our elected political representatives and big corporations who cheerfully decide what’s best for us. No wonder elected officials and the market largely ignore citizens’ opinions in favour of affluent and well-connected lobbyists.

  We feel stuck. And we really are stuck, both as individuals and as a society, as we retreat into ever-smaller circles of ‘friends’, ‘likers’ and ‘followers’ within which we feel in control. Meanwhile, we have grown more cynical about the value of democracy as a political system and have become less hopeful that anything we do might influence public policy.6 As a result, we’re failing to take meaningful, collective action on issues that are threatening our future and already shaping our lives, such as climate change, migration flows, the technological revolution or the rising tide of populism.7 Every day that we don’t act, the problem gets worse. We seem to grasp this, but we carry on being helpless bystanders.

  Let’s admit it: we live in societies paralysed by widespread frustration. Complacency keeps us locked into the system. Instead of harnessing our talents to better society, we drift passively through our lives in the same way that we swipe a mobile phone screen. Often, the two activities are indistinguishable. Every time we are confronted with an opportunity to engage that might disrupt our daily routine, we ask ourselves the same self-absorbed questions. What’s in it for me? Can I put it on my CV? Will it help get me a job, or improve my life? Will my action really make a difference?

  We are spectators, not actors. Consumers, not citizens.

  Yet having control over our lives is one of the essential elements of well-being.8 Aristotle, nearly two and a half millennia ago, believed happiness was not just a feeling, but a practice, which he called eudaemonia. Contemporary research into happiness has borne him out: people who participate in and contribute to public life are more satisfied with their personal lives.9 This is not necessarily because they get exactly what they want, but because taking part releases feelings of autonomy, competence and social connectedness. As the Nobel prize-winner Amartya Sen has argued, helping to shape the decisions that affect your own life and other peoples’ is fundamental to human well-being.10

  And more than that – when you compare it with other indicators of well-being like wealth or education – participation in public life has one of the greatest effects on long-term happiness.11 This is because when you do it you forge personal connections and – together – you help others, fostering a joint sense of purpose. The more you participate in public life, the more fulfilled you will be. The effect is not just psychological, either. People who engage with public life tend to enjoy longer, healthier lives.12 Conversely, citizens who feel estranged from society might become culturally homeless – they do not connect or belong to the local culture nor to that of another nation. As such, they are typically unhappy and often attracted to extremist positions. Indeed, research shows that the psychological need for significance, not religion or ideology, is what propels people toward extremism.13

  We often ‘like’ good causes on Facebook. Sometimes we even sign a petition on campaigning platforms like Avaaz. Once in a while we might donate to international charities like Save the Children, Oxfam or Action Aid. Perhaps we give a few coins to a beggar. Some of you might have even contributed to a crowdfunded campaign on platforms like Indiegogo or Kickstarter (if not, check them out!) for a good cause.

  Let’s be honest: while these easy forms of engagement may make us feel better about ourselves and perform some virtue-signalling, they are always going to be inadequate.

  First, we’re not the ones who chose the cause, let alone who come up with a solution. We’ve resigned ourselves to buying into ready-made campaigns. Even taking these small steps leaves us as spectators rather than actors.

  Second, by offering things that require so little effort – a signature, a second of our spare time, some change or second-hand items – we fail to really engage and share a part of ourselves. Our contribution engages us as atomised individuals who sign and/or donate, not as community members.

  Third, we all have skills, talents and expertise to offer, but these ready-made campaigns and activities don’t give us any opportunity to put them to use.

  One-click participation should be the beginning, not the end of our engagement. Don’t get me wrong: supporting valuable campaigns is great, but it falls way short of bringing your own experience, skills and ideas to these battles. Trust me: you have so much more to give.

  Let’s assume that you would be ready to give some of your time, talent and ex
pertise – or even devote part of your life – to fix one issue you feel deeply passionate about. You feel discriminated against because of your sexual orientation. Maybe you worry about finding a job (or the job you want). Your elderly mother or grandmother needs professional care and she isn’t getting it. You hate that the beautiful square where you live is full of parked cars. You want cheaper kindergartens for your kids. You wish the local Roman Catholic church could be used for Muslim rituals, too. You would like the animals you eat to lead better lives. You want to spend less time on your tax return.

  Or, on a bigger scale, you might have ideas about how to reform the job market, to promote LGBT rights, to improve the healthcare system or local transport, schools, religious freedom, animal welfare or the taxation system. Most of the time you probably feel it’s not even worth trying to change things. But suspend your doubts for a moment. Let’s assume you are going to give it a try.

  Where to Begin?

  Given the widespread belief that businesses run the world – symbolised by the current allure of the Silicon Valley start-up scene – it’s tempting to conclude that you need to set up a company in order to change society. It would most likely be a social enterprise, which would contribute toward addressing any of the challenges I’ve just mentioned. It might also make you rich and famous. Maybe it would even turn you into a philanthropist. Yet we often forget that businesses, just like ourselves, operate (or at least ought to) within the boundaries set out by government.14

  Government, not businesses, shapes our individual and collective chances of success in life: it determines vital issues like access to education, healthcare and, consequently, life expectancy. It does this by laying down the ‘rules of the game’ – the public policies governing our daily actions, which should in turn reflect our collective preferences. So we should expect government to set emission standards for cars, to regulate the safety of the prescribed drugs we take or the market for cannabis for recreational uses, and to determine road safety rules. Likewise, despite all the talk of corporate social responsibility, evidence suggests that it is public policy – the means by which a government addresses the needs of its citizens – that usually pushes an entire industry to embrace a new business model.15 As argued by Manuel Arriaga, policy-driven action reboots the system by creating a new, irreversible best practice.16