picked up checks: Sheila Weller, Raging Heart: The Intimate Story of the Tragic Marriage of O. J. and Nicole Brown Simpson (Los Angeles: Graymalkin Media, 2016).
“Nicole wanted her space”: Weller, Raging Heart.
“He’s going to beat the shit out of me”: Jeffrey Toobin, The Run of His Life: The People v. O. J. Simpson (New York: Random House, 1996), 131.
“a terrible joke”: Sara Rimer, “The Simpson Case: The Marriage; Handling of 1989 Wife-Beating Case Was a ‘Terrible Joke,’ Prosecutor Says,” New York Times, June 18, 1994, http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/18/us/simpson-case-marriage-handling-1989-wife-beating-case-was-terrible-joke.html.
“We regard it as a private matter”: Roger Simon, “Simpson Lost Hero Status in 1989, Not Last Week,” Baltimore Sun, June 24, 1994, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-06-24/news/1994175031_1_simpson-american-hero-wife.
“It was really a bum rap”: Josh Meyer, “Police Records Detail 1989 Beating That Led to Charge: Violence: A Bloodied Nicole Simpson, Hiding in Bushes After 911 Call, Told Officers: ‘He’s Going to Kill Me.’ Judge Overruled Prosecutors’ Request That Simpson Serve Jail Time,” Los Angeles Times, June 17, 1994, http://articles.latimes.com/1994-06-17/news/mn-5290_1_jail-time.
A sushi bar manager recalled: Weller, Raging Heart.
Even friends claimed that Brown: Sheila Weller, “How O. J. and Nicole Brown’s Friends Coped with Murder in Their Midst,” Vanity Fair, June 12, 2014.
“a crime of passion”: Weller, “How O. J. and Nicole Brown’s Friends Coped with Murder in Their Midst.”
1998 report on intimate violence: Lawrence Greenfeld et al., Violence by Intimates: Analysis of Data on Crimes by Current or Former Spouses, Boyfriends, and Girlfriends (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, March 1998), https://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/vi.pdf.
“a wife beater turned killer”: Ellen Willis, “The Wrath of Clark,” New York Times, June 15, 1997, http://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/15/books/the-wrath-of-clark.html?pagewanted=all.
“emotional resistance”: Willis, “The Wrath of Clark.”
“very, very risky”: “Prosecution Begins Opening Statements in Simpson Trial,” ABC News, January 24, 1995.
governors in Maryland and Ohio: “No Tears for Lorena,” Newsweek.
“misleading and potentially harmful”: Mary Ann Dutton, Sue Osthoff, and Melissa Dichter, “Update of the ‘Battered Women Syndrome’ Critique,” VAWNet: The National Online Resource Center on Violence against Women, August 2009, http://vawnet.org/material/update-battered-woman-syndrome-critique.
“the case regarding domestic discord”: Jim Hill, “Prosecutors Withdraw New Witnesses in Simpson Trial,” CNN, June 20, 1995.
“That’s faulty logic”: Crossfire, CNN, February 5, 1996.
70 to 80 percent of partner homicides: Jacquelyn C. Campbell et al., “Assessing Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Homicide,” National Institute of Justice Journal 250 (2003): 14–19, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/jr000250e.pdf.
“subordinate status in society”: Lori Heise, Mary Ellsberg, and Megan Gottemoeller, “Ending Violence against Women,” Population Reports (Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health) L, no. 11 (December 1999), https://www.k4health.org/sites/default/files/L%2011.pdf.
ending gender violence was framed: Heise, Ellsberg, and Gottemoeller, “Ending Violence Against Women.”
intimate partners committed fewer murders: Greenfeld et al., Violence by Intimates.
“often literally cowering in fear and shame”: Violence Against Women: The Communications Evolution (New York: Avon Foundation for Women, 2012), 4, https://www.multivu.com/assets/46212/documents/Communications-Evolution-Report-original.pdf.
$1 billion to combat domestic abuse: Laura Meckler, “Five Years after Simpson, War against Domestic Abuse Improves,” Associated Press, June 12, 1999, http://onlineathens.com/sto ries/061399/new_0613990015.shtml#.Waw3uiMrIfF.
$4 billion of government funds: Lynn Rosenthal, “Sixteen Years of the Violence Against Women Act,” White House of President Barack Obama blog, September 23, 2010, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2010/09/23/sixteen-years-violence-against-women-act.
nearly ten times more likely: Violence Policy Center, When Men Murder Women: An Analysis of 2013 Homicide Data (Washington, DC: September 2015), http://www.vpc.org/studies/wmm w2015.pdf.
increases fivefold: Dave Gilson, “10 Pro-Gun Myths, Shot Down,” Mother Jones, January 31, 2013, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/01/pro-gun-myths-fact-check.
it wasn’t until 2014: Travis Waldron, “The NFL’s Domestic Violence Policy Isn’t Working Because It Wasn’t Designed To,” Huffington Post, October 21, 2016, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/nfl-josh-brown-domestic-violence-giants_us_580a1b0be4b02444efa2c5ca.
CHAPTER 11: CATFIGHT
banned from figure skating for life: Johnette Howard, “Harding Admits Guilt in Plea Bargain, Avoids Prison,” Washington Post, March 17, 1994, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_031794.htm.
people described Nancy: The Price of Gold, directed by Nanette Burstein (ESPN Films, 2014).
“there was this overriding question”: Nanette Burstein, email interview with the author, March 6, 2017.
feeding the fantasy: Abigail Feder, “A Radiant Smile from a Lovely Lady: Overdetermined Femininity in ‘Ladies’ Figure Skating,” in Women on Ice: Feminist Essays on the Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan Spectacle, ed. Cynthia Baughman (New York: Routledge, 1995), 38.
“music box figurine come to life”: Steve Hummer, “Attack on Ice Princess Marks Disturbing Trend,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, January 8, 1994.
“ice sculpture”: Laura Jacobs, “Pure Desire,” in Women on Ice: Feminist Essays on the Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan Spectacle, ed. Cynthia Baughman (New York: Routledge, 1995).
the best female figure skater in the country: Jere Longman, “Jealousy on Ice,” New York Times, January 6, 1994, http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/01.06.html.
“a very good patina to her”: The Price of Gold, directed by Burstein.
“erect carriage”: Ellyn Kestnbaum, “What Tonya Harding Means to Me, or Images of Independent Female Power on Ice,” in Women on Ice: Feminist Essays on the Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan Spectacle, ed. Cynthia Baughman (New York: Routledge, 1995).
“supermodel beautiful”: Larry Mendte, “What Nancy Kerrigan and Tonya Harding Were Really Like in Lillehammer,” Philadelphia, February 24, 2014, http://www.phillymag.com/news/2014/02/24/nancy-kerrigan-tonya-harding-attack-lillehammer/.
recalls physical, verbal, and sexual abuse: Lynda D. Prouse, The Tonya Tapes (New York: World Audience, 2008), 57.
her coach paid a competitor five dollars: Sharp Edges, directed by Sandra Luckow (New York: Ojeda Films, 1986).
Her “muscular arms and chunky thighs”: Randall Sullivan, “What’s More Fun Than a Good Old Fashioned Tonya Harding Story?” Rolling Stone, July 14, 1994.
“Sucking on an asthma inhaler”: Sullivan, “What’s More Fun Than A Good Old Fashioned Tonya Harding Story?”
“She didn’t play by the rules”: Nanette Burstein, interview with the author, July 23, 2015.
“One of the judges came up to me”: The Price of Gold, directed by Burstein.
“illusion of decorous femininity”: Abby Haight, J. E. Vader, and the Staff of the Oregonian, Fire on Ice: The Exclusive Inside Story of Tonya Harding (New York: Three Rivers Press, 1994), 38.
“looked like she stepped out of a Ralph Lauren catalogue”: Phil Hersh, “Harding, Longtime Coach Different as a Team Can Possibly Be,” Chicago Tribune, January 25, 1994, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-01-25/sports/9401250188_1_diane-rawlinson-tonya-harding-skate.
“Skating for Tonya is her ticket”: Sharp Edges, directed by Luckow.
plenty to jeer at: Haight, Vader, and the Staff of the Oregonian, Fire on Ice, 34.
“There was no question”: The Price of Gol
d, directed by Burstein.
perfect technical merit score: Haight, Vader, and the Staff of the Oregonian, Fire on Ice.
“If Harding skates a clean program”: Haight, Vader, and the Staff of the Oregonian, Fire on Ice, 44.
“Her incompetence as a woman”: Feder, “A Radiant Smile from a Lovely Lady.”
“brought impurity to the sport”: Jacobs, “Pure Desire.”
“Without those jumps she wasn’t much to look at”: Haight, Vader, and the Staff of the Oregonian, Fire on Ice, 32.
“it reduced her value”: Feder, “A Radiant Smile from a Lovely Lady,” 31.
“rough edges”: Jere Longman, “Figure Skating; Lines Blur for Kerrigan and Harding,” New York Times, January 6, 1995, http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/06/sports/figure-skating-lines-blur-for-kerrigan-and-harding.html.
“powerful welder’s arms”: Mark Starr, “Nancy Kerrigan: ‘I’m So Scared,’” Newsweek, January 17, 1994, http://www.newsweek.com/nancy-kerrigan-im-so-scared-187512.
“what a crybaby she is”: “Letters from the People,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 22, 1994.
“distorted as she watched a life’s work”: Starr, “Nancy Kerrigan: ‘I’m So Scared.’”
“We don’t want to look at Kerrigan”: Mark Kiszla, “Kerrigan’s Real World Cold as Ice,” Denver Post, January 9, 1994.
“took a crowbar”: Hummer, “Attack on Ice Princess Marks a Disturbing Trend.”
“defaced a beautiful symbol”: Kiszla, “Kerrigan’s Real World Cold as Ice.”
“You want to believe that the beauty”: Hummer, “Attack on Ice Princess Marks a Disturbing Trend.”
“The Olympic princess”: Kiszla, “Kerrigan’s Real World Cold as Ice.”
“mistakenly believing she was immune to hate”: Kiszla, “Kerrigan’s Real World Cold as Ice.”
“Gillooly said that the hit man”: Don Fulson, “The Tonya Harding Anniversary Quiz,” Washington Post, January 29, 1995, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1995/01/29/the-tonya-harding-anniversary-quiz/9655a93b-b103 –446f-8586–233136c90111/?utm_term=.db185c9883d7.
“All skating whores will die”: Sullivan, “What’s More Fun Than a Good Old Fashioned Tonya Harding Story?”
“almost-anonymous practitioner”: Lowell Cohn, “The Sad Truth Behind Attack on Kerrigan,” San Francisco Chronicle, January 11, 1994.
She became linked: Julio Laboy, “Tonya’s Guard Under Arrest; Cops: Tonya Not Involved in Rink Attack,” Newsday, January 14, 1994.
Harding and Kerrigan were more intensely covered: Laurie A. Sheflin, “Ted Koppel Receives IOP Award,” Harvard Crimson, March 11, 1994, http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1994/3/11/ted-koppel-receives-iop-award-pnetwork/.
Television crews camped out: Nancy Kerrigan, Nancy Kerrigan: In My Own Words (New York: Hyperion, 1996), 55.
a middle-aged resident: Kevin O’Leary, “Nancys Share the Burden of Fame,” Boston Globe, February 21, 1994.
“I had to leave home early”: Lynn Harris, interview with the author, June 2015.
“I hope that it’s true”: Elizabeth Searle, interview with the author, July 2015.
“never warmed to the combative Harding”: John Jeansonne, “Up Close and Personal,” Newsday, January 13, 2017.
“a little barracuda”: Johnette Howard, “An Image with Sharp Edges; Skater in Greatest Controversy,” Washington Post, January 14, 1994.
imagining skating officials’ views: Bob Verdi, “Harding Affair Enough To Spoil Olympian Appetites,” Chicago Tribune, February 5, 1994.
“Despite my mistakes and my rough edges”: Liz Willen, “Tonya Knew and Didn’t Tell; Says She Learned of Cohorts’ Roles Soon after Attack on Rival,” Newsday, January 28, 1994.
“I can’t believe she’s actually coming”: Christine Brennan, “Logistics, Blame-Laying Concern Skating Now; Separate Kerrigan, Harding Practices Sought,” Washington Post, February 14, 1994.
“I certainly had not gone to Detroit to win”: Kerrigan, Nancy Kerrigan: In My Own Words, 50.
“I worked my butt off”: Christine Brennan and Jim McGee, “Skater Attack Seen as Plot; Competitor’s Husband Said to Be a Suspect,” Washington Post, January 13, 1994.
“dark-hearted sporting she-devil”: Peter Nichols and Dennis Campbell, “Skating’s Cold War Has Won Worldwide Media Attention,” Scotland on Sunday, February 20, 1994.
“It was so rich in its blacks”: The Price of Gold, directed by Burstein.
“peaceful determination”: Phil Hersh, “Coach Says Kerrigan Way Ahead of Schedule,” Chicago Tribune, January 20, 1994.
“Nancy was the ice princess”: Hilary Bauer, interview with the author, July 2015.
“Honestly, I gravitated toward Nancy”: Jenna Leigh Green, interview with the author, July 2015.
“a media scrum worthier of”: Nichols and Campbell, “Skating’s Cold War Has Won Worldwide Media Attention.
“This was like watching Dynasty”: The Price of Gold, directed by Burstein.
“broad streak of bitchiness”: Sullivan, “What’s More Fun Than A Good Old Fashioned Tonya Harding Story?”
“Oh, come on”: Kim Masters, “Kerrigan Off the Ice Doesn’t Seem Half as Nice,” Washington Post, March 4, 1994, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_030494.htm.
giving “curt answers at press conferences”: Leigh Montville, “On with the Show,” Sports Illustrated, December 5, 1994, http://www.si.com/vault/1994/12/05/132804/on-with-the-show-the-hardest-act-for-nancy-kerrigan-to-follow-on-the-ice-or-off-turns-out-to-be-her-own.
“They’re bending lots of rules”: Phil Hersh, “Figure Skating Surprising, but Champion Isn’t,” Chicago Tribune, February 27, 1994, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-02-27/sports/9402270374_1_figure-skating-association-jeff-gillooly-nancy-kerrigan.
“You probably just loved that”: Montville, “On with the Show.”
“a nightmare”: Masters, “Kerrigan Off the Ice Doesn’t Seem Half as Nice.”
“Overnight, she risked becoming the Shannen Doherty”: Masters, “Kerrigan Off the Ice Doesn’t Seem Half as Nice.”
“a semi-celebrity”: Masters, “Kerrigan Off the Ice Doesn’t Seem Half as Nice.”
Kerrigan’s parents pushed back: Montville, “On with the Show.”
dressed as Harding for Halloween: Tracy McDowell, interview with the author, July 2015.
“It’s amazing she didn’t kill anyone”: Matt Harkins, interview with the author, July 2015.
sold to Penthouse: Barry Petchesky, “Woman on Top: Tonya Harding Knew Everything, Says Jeff Gillooly,” Deadspin, January 16, 2014.
“We do feel a responsibility”: Vivianna Olen, interview with the author, July 2015.
“I remember it was ‘Tonya’s bad’”: Clara Elser, interview with the author, July 2015.
A Fusion newscast: Alicia Menendez Tonight and Arielle Castillo, “Yes, These Two Brooklynites Are Really Working on a Museum Devoted to Tonya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan,” Fusion, March 11, 2015, http://fusion.net/story/100792/yes-these-two-brooklynites-are-really-working-on-a-museum-devoted-to-tonya-harding-and-nancy-kerrigan/.
Even Barack Obama promised: Jennifer Parker, “Obama: Not Going to Pull a Tonya Harding,” ABC News, December 28, 2007.
“fell, farted, and barfed”: Dan Avery, “‘Ice Queens’: Watch the Entire Harding-Kerrigan Scandal Now!” Logo, February 24, 2014, http://www.newnownext.com/ice-queens-watch-the-entire-harding-kerrigan-scandal-now/02/2014/.
“still bitter after all these years”: Willa Paskin, “Still Bitter After All These Years,” Slate, February 24, 2014.
“She didn’t really skate that much”: “Nancy Kerrigan’s Halloween On Ice Tickets,” Ticketmaster, accessed October 2016, http://www.ticketmaster.com/Nancy-Kerrigans-Halloween-On-Ice-tickets/artist/804096?list_view=1.
CHAPTER 12: THE GIRL POWER MYTH
“pretty good at a lot of things”: Greenberg-Lake: The Analysis Group, Shortchanging Girl
s, Shortchanging America (Washington, DC: American Association of University Women, January 1991), https://www.aauw.org/files/2013/02/shortchanging-girls-short changing-america-executive-summary.pdf.
“what, on the way to womanhood”: Lyn Mikel Brown and Carol Gilligan, Meeting at the Crossroads: Women’s Psychology and Girls’ Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
“splits adolescent girls into true and false selves”: Pipher, Reviving Ophelia, 35–36.
twenty-six weeks: Mary Pipher personal website, http://www.marypipher.net/about.html.
“There was nothing that really spoke”: Megan Rosenfeld, “Wholesome Babes in Toyland,” Washington Post, May 24, 1993.
put up $1 million: Pleasant Rowland and Julie Sloane, “Chapter 60: How We Got Started—Pleasant Rowland,” Success Story, last modified July 13, 2004, http://www.angelfire.com/extreme4/success1/ch60.html.
“less fashion and boy-obsessed alternative”: Michelle Leise, “What Are Teen Magazines Telling Your Daughter?; Let’s Talk,” Daughters, September/October 2003.
“affirm self-esteem”: “Our Company,” AmericanGirl.com, accessed November 14, 2017, http://www.americangirl.com/shop/ag/our-company.
circulation of over 325,000: “Our Company,” AmericanGirl.com.
“confidence, honesty, innocence, and courage”: Elizabeth Mehren, “Playing with History: In a World of Barbies, What’s the Draw of Five Historically Correct Dolls? Confidence and Courage for Starters,” Los Angeles Times, November 28, 1994, http://articles.latimes.com/1994-11-28/news/ls-2434_1_american-girls-dolls.
$2.7 billion in 1992: Barbara Brotman, “The Multicultural Playroom,” Chicago Tribune, October 31, 1993.
$150 million in sales: Mehren, “Playing with History.”
fifteen thousand calls a day: Mehren, “Playing with History.”
That Barbie creator Mattel: Brotman, “The Multicultural Playroom.”
“Totally Hair” Barbie: “Barbie History—1990s,” Mattel, accessed November 8, 2017, http://www.barbiemedia.com/about-barbie/history/1990s.html.
$1 billion a year: Robert A. Jones, “Barbie Power,” Los Angeles Times, December 13, 1995.
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