by David Treuer
highly developed societies in, 70
Indian rights activism in, 292
and Lewis and Clark’s Corps of Discovery, 72
prehistoric tribes of, 69
timber industry, 72
trade with Indians, 72
tribes of, 71
Yakama War, 74
Page, Jack, 32
Paiute, 4, 76, 78–79
Pamunkey, 103
parental practices of Indians, 154, 156
Parker, Ely, 107–9, 110, 113, 174
Parker, Quanah, 82
Parker, William, 107
Parks, Les, 389–93, 400
paternalism
of BIA, 397
challenged in contemporary society, 412
and Menominee logging operation, 265
of Office of Indian Affairs, 96
perpetuated by Friends of the Indian, 131
in tribal government, 397–98
Patterson, Brad, 303
Pawnee, 83, 89
Pays d’en Haut (Upper Country), 45, 48
Pearson, Maria, 337
Pegahmagabow, Francis, 187
Peltier, Leonard, 350–53, 354–55, 356, 359
Pembina Band (Ojibwe), 161–62, 257–58
Pennacook, 39
Pennsylvania, 40
Pequot, 39, 41, 42, 410–11
perceptions of Indian society, 14–15
as dirty/dangerous, 12
expressed after Wounded Knee massacre, 8
stereotypes, 12, 261, 291, 424
Perryman, Ellen, 189
personhood of Indians, 124–29, 139
Philosophy of Money, The (Simmel), 338
phrenology, 150
Pickawillany, attack at (1752), 49–50
Piikuni, 237. See also Blackfeet
Pilgrims of New England, 40, 42
Pima, 55, 58, 60
Pine Ridge Reservation, 314–30
and allotment, 149
and AIM, 318, 320–28
and death of Bad Heart Bull, 317–18
and death of Bissonette, 349–50, 351, 352
and death of Yellow Thunder, 314–16
homicides at, 349
and Indian Claims Commission settlement, 319–20
and Jumping Bull compound firefight, 349–53
military buildup at, 5
and Pine Ridge (town), 318–19
and poverty rates, 375
trading post in, 316, 321
and Dick Wilson, 318–22, 324–25, 326–27, 349, 351
and Wounded Knee siege, 321–28
Pipestem, Browning, 291
Pizarro, Francisco, 25
Plains Indian Wars, 85, 92–93, 111, 132
Plains Indians
and buffalo, 3, 96, 239
Ghost Dance religion of, 4
and guns provided by French, 87
resettlement of, 448
and Treaties of Fort Laramie, 2
plurality in Indian culture, 438–39
Pohoy, 31
Pokagon, Simon, 9, 15
poker rooms, 371
police, 294, 295, 296, 297
Pomo, 67–68
Ponca, 80, 83, 122–29
Ponce de León, Juan, 25, 30, 31
Ponemah, 166–68
Poppleton, Andrew, 124
population of Indians
in late 1800s, 97
in early 1900s, 198, 450
in modern life, 409, 442–43, 450
at time of first contact, 450
Porter, Robert, 441
Portugal, 41
Potawatomi, 264
culture of, 46
in homelands, 51
and termination, 257
and legal jurisdiction, 248
population growth of, 49
resettled to Oklahoma, 83
territorial expansion of, 86–87
trading of, 48
poverty
and allotment period, 150
Brown on, 11
and casinos, 373, 384
decreasing rates of, 443
effects of termination/relocation on, 278
and Little Earth housing project, 329
percentage of Indians living in, 296
on reservations, 151–52
war on, 330–33
Powell, John Wesley, 108
powerlessness, feelings of, 231
Powhatan, 39
Powless, Harold, 296
Pratt, Richard Henry, 132–37
Princeton University, 419
prisons, education in, 330
property ownership
and Burke Act (1906), 149
and cultural policing of Indians, 155
and Curtis Act (1898), 148–49, 168
and Dawes Act (1887), 145, 149, 153, 158, 160–61, 205
decreases in landholdings, 149
and Dust Bowl, 149
See also allotments
Public Law 280, 255–56, 368–69, 395
Public Law 959, 268–69
Pueblo tribes, 53, 54
and Collier, 207
constitutions of, 207–8, 215
creation stories of, 212–13
homelands of, 55
and Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 209
migrations of clans, 213–14
military service of, 190
and Mogollon culture, 53
and Spanish, 58–59, 214
in Texas, 80
tribal government, 212–17
and U.S. government, 60–61
Puritans, 26, 410–11
Quapaw, 189
Quebec, 47
Quejo, Pedro de, 31
Querecho, 80–81
Quil Ceda Village, 390–91, 397, 399
racism, 261
raiding practices, 90, 242
Rainbow, Lee, 190
Ramona (Jackson), 130
Ramsey, Alexander, 161–62
Rea, John Andrew, 115
Reagan, Ronald, 333, 410, 453
Red Cliff Reservation, 190, 196
Red Cloud, 2, 5, 94, 160
Red Cloud’s War, 159
Red Lake Band (Ojibwe), 161–66
Red Lake Reservation
AIM members blocked from entering, 356
and Community Action Program, 332
and Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 209
land negotiations with leadership of, 161–66, 168
prosecutions of crimes on, 255
timber illegally harvested from, 197
tribal government of, 202–4, 209
Red Power Movement, 289–90, 297, 382, 401. See also American Indian Movement (AIM)
Red River War, 132
Red School House, Saint Paul, 328–29
Red Shirt, 133
Red Stick Rebellion (Creek War), 35–36
Red Tomahawk, 5
religious beliefs and practices of Indians
and burial grounds, 337–38
and court cases of tribes, 336–37
and denial of religious freedoms, 5, 205, 335
Ghost Dance religion, 4, 5
illegalization of, 205, 335
and language, 401
legislation ensuring religious freedoms, 333, 335–37
and loss of sacred sites on Indian lands, 254, 335
relocation
AIM’s demands regarding, 305
and Indian enclaves, 287
and intertribal relations, 287
long-term effects of, 280
and Public
Law 959, 268–69
and return to reservation, 279
of Schildt family, 272–73, 279
to urban centers, 268–69
Renvielle, Felix, 197
reservations
and author’s departure for college, 12–13
vs. cities, as Indian residence, 293
colleges on, 334–35, 418
conditions on, 143, 151–52
as discussed in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 11
and diversity in modern Indian life, 443
employment opportunities on, 218–19
as failed system, 129, 131
income levels on, 218
and Indian identity, 151–52
and Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 206
law enforcement on, 151–58
median age on, 443
Meriam Report on, 202
mythology of, 383
poverty in, 151–52
as refuge, 3
released through allotment policy, 147–48
Schildt’s account of life on, 274
and taxation, 366–70
tax-free cigarette stores, 370
timber illegally harvested from, 197
and Trail of Broken Treaties caravan, 301–2
treatment of Indians on, 198
vital role of, 263
See also termination of wardship status; specific reservations
resistance exercised by Indians, 158–75
Chickasaw’s civic participation, 168–69
Menominee’s timber operation, 169–72
National Indian Defense Association’s pushback against allotment, 158–61
by Plains tribes, 85
Ponemah’s rejection of Christianity, 166–68
Red Lake Reservation negotiations, 161–66, 168
and resilience of Indians, 172–73
See also American Indian Movement (AIM)
Revolutionary War, 104–5
Rice, Henry, 162
Riley, Tom, 192
Robertson, Bob, 300
Robideau, Bob, 351, 352
Robinson, Ray, 327–28, 356
Rogers, Thomas, 192
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 205, 244
Rosebud Reservation, 198
Ross, John, 34, 36, 37
Rumsfeld, Donald, 333
Russian settlements and trading posts, 71
Sac, 46, 83, 87
Sac and Fox (Meskwaki), 51, 219–20, 248, 255
Saint Lawrence River, 38, 46, 47, 219
Salazar, Pedro de, 31
San Felipe (Pueblo), 54
Sand Creek, Colorado, massacre at, 93–94
Santa Ana (Pueblo), 54
Santa Fe, New Mexico, 59
Santo Domingo (Pueblo), 54
Saulteaux, 84
Schildt, David, 269–77, 279–80
Schmitz, Darld, 317–18
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 108, 201
schools. See boarding schools; education of Indians
Seale, Bobby, 294
Seck, Jerry, 367, 369
Seelye, Eugene W. (author’s grandfather), 222–27, 386, 387
self-determination, tribal, 102–3, 174, 328, 394
self-regard of Indians, 11–12, 14–15, 291–92, 307
Sells, Cato, 196
Seminole, 32, 83, 96, 107, 174, 370–71
Seminole v. Butterworth, 370, 371
Seminole Wars, 35–38
Seneca, 39, 40, 41, 83, 107–9
Seven Years’ War, 50
Seventh Cavalry, 2–3, 5–6, 84, 95, 159, 447
sexual abuse/assault, 399, 400, 431
Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community, 373–74
Shawnee, 46, 86
Sheldon, Greg, 397–98
Sheldon, Ray, 396–99, 400
Sherman, Sean, 413–17, 418, 441
Shoshone, 76–77, 79, 90, 91
“Significance of the Frontier in American History, The” (Turner), 8–9
Siksika (Blackfoot), 237
Silk Road trade route, 21–22
Siouan peoples, 80
Sioux, 2. See also Great Sioux Reservation; specific tribes
Sitting Bull, 2, 5, 95, 115
Skeleton Cave Massacre (Arizona), 114
slavery, 23–24, 31, 33, 41, 56, 58
smallpox, 31, 72, 91–92, 122, 239
smartphones, 440–41
Smiley, Albert, 130
Smith, Jedediah, 77
Smith, John, 41
Smith, Joseph and Hyrum, 77
Smith, Michael, 316
Smith, Paul Chaat, 298, 326
Snaketown village (Arizona), 52
social media, 263, 428, 435, 443
Soto, Hernando de, 31, 56
South Carolina, 32
South Dakota
gold in Black Hills of, 2, 94, 159–60
and Lakota homeland, 2
mass grave at Wounded Knee, 7
and Public Law 280, 256
reservation lands, 2, 2
trade in, 89–90
Southern Piikuni (Blackfeet), 237
Southwest, 51–63
adaptability of Indians in, 96
agriculture in, 52, 53
Anasazi/Násaazí culture, 53–54
Athabascan culture, 55, 61
Hohokam culture, 51–52, 55
and horses brought by Spanish, 60
Mogollon culture, 53
Snaketown village, 52
Spanish administration of, 55–60
U.S. administration of, 60–62
Southwest Regional Indian Youth Council, 291–92
sovereignty
and blood quantum, 379
and Collier, 208
court rulings related to, 385–86, 394
and dignity, 388–89, 402
and gaming, 385
and marijuana, 363–64, 377, 391–92
and Mni Wiconi protest, 435, 440
National Indian Youth Council’s pursuit of, 292
and perspective shifts of the 1970s and 1980s, 402
and Public Law 280, 255–56
social dimension of, 386–89
Soviet Union, 245, 410
Spain and Spanish explorers
in California, 63–68, 71
Catholic missions of, 26, 31, 58
and Columbus, 22–25, 26
and commerce, 22
and Coronado’s expedition, 56–57
and de Soto’s tyranny, 56
and enslaved Indians, 23–24, 31, 41, 56, 58
exploration/colonization of North America, 25–26, 29, 30–32
horses brought by, 60, 89
Indian response to, 31
livestock of, 65
and Mexican-American War, 60
in Pacific Northwest, 71
and Pueblos, 214
and Seminole, 35
and Southwest Indians, 55–60
in Texas, 80–81
trade with China, 64
spice trade, 21–22
Spoonhunter, Harvey, 373
Spotted Elk (Chief Big Foot), 5
St. Germain, Terry, 381–82
Standing Bear (Ponca chief), 122, 123, 124–29
Standing Bear, Luther, 134–35
Standing Rock Reservation
and death of Sitting Bull, 5
pipeline protest (2016), 432–40, 441–42, 452
stereotypes of Indians, 12, 261, 291, 424
Stevens, Isaac, 74, 117–18
Stillday, Eugene, 356
Stone, Charles, 67
subsistence, 283–86, 310–13, 338–48, 357–59
suicides, 293
Sullivan, John, 104–5
Sunderland, Byron, 159
Surruque, 31
Sweet Corn Treaty, 259
Sweet Medicine, 235
Swift Dam failure (1964), 270–71, 272, 280
Tadadaho, 40
Tallman, Henry, 190
Taos (Pueblo), 54, 55, 207, 304
taxation of reservation Indians, 366–69
Taylor, Mike, 394–95, 399
Taylor, Zachary, 258
Teller, Henry M., 153
Ten Bears, 2
Tennessee, 32
Tequesta, 31
termination of wardship status
AIM’s demands regarding, 305
disastrous failure of, 268, 277–78
end of, 278, 300
fought by National Congress of American Indians, 289
historical perspective on, 287
homeless immigrants created by, 277
and Little Shell Band at Turtle Mountain, 257–60
long-term effects of, 280
and Menominee, 263–68
proposal of policy, 250–51
and relocation program, 268–69, 272–73, 277
Termination Act (1953), 250–51, 255
tribes’ pursuits of reincorporation, 278
Tewa, 96
Texas, 80, 81, 82, 257
Teya, 80–81
theft, 157
Tibbles, Thomas, 123–26, 129
timber industry, 170–72, 197, 265–66
Timicua, 31
Tlaxcalans, 25
Tohono O’odham (People of the Desert), 52, 58, 59, 60, 62
Tolowa, 336
Tomah Indian Industrial School, Wisconsin, 137, 307–8
Tommie, Howard, 370
Tonawanda Reservation, 107, 108
Tonkawa, 80
Tonto Apache, 55
trade, 45, 47, 64, 106. See also fur trade
Trail of Broken Treaties caravan, 301–2
treaties
AIM’s demands regarding, 305
annuities provided by, 106, 111
and Board of Indian Commissioners, 109–10
closing of treaty period, 110–11, 113, 127
imposed on tribes supporting Confederacy, 107
and Indian Claims Commission, 253
and Office of Indian Affairs, 106, 111
and Public Law 280, 256
and Trail of Broken Treaties caravan, 301–2
and U.S. citizenship, 200
Treaties of Fort Benton, 92
Treaties of Fort Laramie, 2, 2, 90–91, 92, 94, 95
Treaty of Moultrie Creek, 36
Treaty of Old Crossing, 161, 161–63, 258–59
Treaty of Payne’s Landing, 36
Treuer, Anton (author’s brother), 401–2
Treuer, Margaret Seelye (author’s mother), 12, 13–14, 332, 386, 387–89
Treuer, Robert (author’s father), 13–14, 332, 387–88
tribal government