by Tim Clayton
Lennox, Georgiana, 122, 123
Lennox, Lady Jane, 79, 124
Leonhard, Johann Peter, 192, 306, 323, 389
Letort, Louis-Michel, 105
Levavasseur, Octave, 316
Lewis, John, 426
liberals, 14–15, 18, 507, 513, 514
Lieber, Franz, 28, 115, 146–7, 185–7, 215, 223, 373, 513
Liège, 26, 33, 34, 56, 61, 81, 100, 116, 146
Ligny, 92, 145, 146, 151, 160, 170; battle at (16 June), xix, 165–7, 169, 171, 182–7, 196, 213–16, 223–6, 240–1; Blücher and, 100, 119, 185, 223–4, 225, 232–3; Imperial Guard at, 150, 152, 153, 200, 201, 202, 214–16, 223, 224, 241; Napoleon and, 171, 182, 187, 214, 215, 240–1; Prussian army at, 114–15, 161, 165–6, 169, 182–7, 200, 213–14, 215–16, 223–6, 232–3
Lille, 12, 56, 61
Lindau, Friedrich, 25, 277–8, 308, 341–2, 414–15, 416, 474, 513–14
Linsingen, Lieutenant-Colonel von, 418, 419
Lion Mound monument, 381, 511
Liverpool, Earl of, 479
Lloyd, William, 192–3, 307, 334, 381, 397, 399
Lobau, comte de, Georges Mouton, 6, 74, 87–8, 114, 135, 153, 170, 209, 214, 243, 249; faces Prussians on right flank, 401–3, 428–9, 432, 456; at Waterloo, 300, 315, 338, 387, 392, 401, 476; withdraws to Plancenoit, 432–3, 448
London Gazette, xiii, 479–80
Losthin, Michael von, 288, 402, 428
Louis XVIII, King of France, xix, 4, 11, 16, 134, 283; flees to Belgium, 5–6, 12; in Ghent, 37, 41–2, 61, 72, 119; returns to Paris, 502, 503; unpopularity of in Paris, 504
Lowe, Sir Hudson, 49, 57
Lucas, Lady, 5, 24, 479, 480
Lugnot, Joseph, 496
Lützen, battle of (1813), 332–3
Lützow, Ludwig von, 28–9, 223–4, 264
Luxembourg, 10
Lyons, 5, 11
Macdonald, Angus, 195
Macdonell, James, 228–9, 306, 321, 325, 326, 389
Mack, Austrian general, 56
Macready, Edward, 227–8, 381, 411, 422, 438, 457, 458–9, 461
Maigrot, Pierre-François, 93, 94, 156, 157, 159, 177, 178
Maitland, Peregrine, 79, 228, 229, 306, 389, 425, 456, 463
Mameluk Ali (Louis-Etienne Saint-Denis), 71, 86, 282, 453
Marbot, Colonel, 300, 329, 391, 402–3
Marchand, Louis, 71, 282, 283, 453, 476
Marcognet, General, 113, 337, 338, 343, 365
Marengo, battle of (1800), 15, 109
Marie Louise, Empress, 3
Martin, Jacques, 72, 75, 113, 239, 245, 280, 298, 515; Bonapartist sympathies, 6–7, 18; retreat from Waterloo battlefield, 473–4; at Waterloo, 338, 342, 343, 344, 355, 356–7, 362, 378, 447, 462–3
Massena, Marshal, 23
Masson, André, 367
Maubeuge, 56, 58, 59, 60, 72, 76, 77, 85, 100
Mauduit, Hippolyte de, 113–14, 153, 214–15, 225, 226, 241, 248, 281, 338, 431, 516
Maurin, Antoine, 154, 248, 250, 251
McGrigor, Sir James, 231–2
McMullen, Elizabeth, 424
medical services, 195, 231–2, 241, 483; in Brussels, 493–4, 495, 496–7, 498–9, 508; field hospital at Fichermont, 445, 451; field hospital at Le Caillou, 453, 472, 473, 497; field hospital at Mont Saint-Jean, 296, 385, 436–7; ‘flying ambulances’, 241–2, 377; at Waterloo village, 494–5; wounded prisoners and, 256, 493, 494, 495–7, 498–9
Mercer, Cavalié, 127, 323, 334, 378, 381, 388, 405–6, 408–9, 435, 460
Michel, Claude, 201, 461
Milhaud, Edouard, 153, 243, 267, 282, 299, 300, 394, 395, 404, 408
Mitchell, Hugh, 305, 321, 323, 325, 379
Modere, Dominique, 496, 499
Moniteur (official newspaper), xvi, 338, 393
Mons, 56, 58, 59, 60, 72, 76, 118, 127
Monsterberg, Major von, 94
Mont Saint-Jean, 119–20, 230, 333, 386, 438, 442, 481, 508, 516; British artillery park behind, 273–4; farm of, 142, 307, 385, 424, 439, 442–3, 463; field hospital at, 296, 385, 436–7; French assaults on, 336–8, 339, 342–4, 354–9, 393–400; as Ney’s first objective, 317, 318; overnight, 17–18 June, 276–80, 290–3; plateau of, 298, 304, 307, 348, 349, 351, 356, 393, 395, 404–12, 423–5, 436–41, 456–7, 462–3; topography and maps, 141–2, 256–7, 266; as Wellington’s chosen battlefield, 123, 256, 258, 265, 267, 268–9; Wellington’s retreat to (17 June), xviii, 256–9, 260–7
Monthion, François Gédéon Bailly de, 42, 134
Moore, Sir John, 49
Morris, Tom, 10–11, 26, 47, 64, 99, 130, 218, 219, 294, 512; on British army system, 48; on Napoleon’s military system, 39; in Paris (July 1815), 503, 504; at Waterloo, 380, 384, 397, 422–3, 438, 458, 466, 485
Mortier, Marshal, 91, 183
Mouton, George, 301, 515
Müffling, Karl von, 68, 100–1, 117–18, 119, 143, 148, 200, 256, 257, 258, 303, 427; arrival of Prussians at Waterloo and, 429; contingency instructions on 18 June, 287–8, 333, 375; Prussian losses and, 226; role as liaison officer, 59; on Wellington’s communications, 125–6; on Wellington’s spy network, 78
Murat, Joachim, king of Naples, 36
Murray, Sir George, 49
Nagel, Ludwig, 29, 56, 115, 146, 197, 198–9, 211–12, 235–6, 237, 451, 513
Namur, 21, 31, 34, 55, 56, 59, 61, 81, 100, 107, 116, 134
Napier, William, 79
Naples, 36
Napoleon Bonaparte: abdication (1814), 16; abdication (1815), 501; absence of wartime intimates, 41–2; Anglo-Prussian relations and, 32, 505; attempts to escape to United States (July 1815), 516; attitudes towards, xviii, 13–14, 18–19, 23–4, 37, 39, 74–5, 516; becomes Emperor of France, 15; belief in Grouchy’s arrival, 447; biographical details, 15; British retreat of 17 June, 259, 260–7; cancels attack on Sombreffe, 152; caricaturists’ portraits of, 13–14; Champ de Mai ceremony, 42–4, 57, 59; character of, 13, 14, 240–1; Charleroi and, 95, 96, 101–3, 104, 105, 113–14; commands during Revolutionary Wars, 15; concentration of army at Belgian border, 58–60, 71–6, 77–8, 80–1, 85; continental embargo, 16; direction of Prussian retreat and, 243, 244, 249, 265; Elba and, xix, 3, 9; employment of old marshals, 41–2; enters Paris (20 March 1815), 6; exile and death on Saint Helena, 517; feigned attack of 17 June, 267, 271–2, 291; at Fleurus, 137, 139, 150, 155, 206, 225, 243, 247; golden opportunity missed on 16 June, 226, 233, 505; government refuses renewal of war (late June), 501, 503; Grande Armée, 15–16, 93, 322, 367, 391; Grouchy’s orders (17 June), 243–4, 249–50; Grouchy’s prime role on 16 June, 134, 136–7; headquarters at Le Caillou, 281–3, 297, 301, 452–4, 470, 472, 497; HMS Bellerophon intercepts (July 1815), 516–17; Imperial baggage and treasure, 71, 86–7, 89, 453–4, 467, 476; invasion of Belgium (15 June 1815), xviii–xix, 12, 85–91; invasion of France (February-March 1815), 3–7, 10; Ligny and, 182, 187, 214, 215, 240–1; likelihood of Prussian intervention and, 298, 316, 328–30, 505; line on morning of 18 June, 297–302; love of ordinary soldier for, xviii, 18–19, 37, 39, 74–5; mass cavalry attack at Waterloo and, 394–5; Mémoires, xv, 282; military reputation of, xii, xix, 14–15; military reviews, 19–20, 39, 72; missed opportunity of 17 June, 262; morning of 17 June and, 239–40, 242–4; move north to Belgian border (12–14 June 1815), 71–6, 77–8, 80–1; moves forward to La Belle Alliance, 446; numerical strength of army, 3, 4, 5, 7, 36, 37, 302; orders and plans of 16 June, 133–9; organisational structure of army, 37–8; overnight, 16–17 June, 225, 233, 247–8; personal staff, 60, 71, 73, 86–7, 135–6, 282, 453–4, 476; physical appearance of, 13, 14; plan of action at Waterloo, 315–16; politics during 1815 régime, 16–18; Prussian threat to right wing, 401–3, 428–9, 432–3, 434, 437, 447, 451–4, 456, 461–3; Prussians sighted on right flank (18 June), 329, 391–2, 394, 395; Quatre Bras and, 108–9, 150–1, 216, 239–40, 243, 244–5; reasons for ultimate failure of, 504–5; regrets over appointments, 251–2, 504–5; removal of art treasures (July 1815), 504; retreat from Waterloo battlefield,
464, 467, 468, 475; returns to Paris after Waterloo, 501; reviews troops on morning of 18 June, 300; at Rossomme (18 June), 302, 391, 402, 428, 430–1; rout of allied baggage train (17 June), 271–3; Russian campaign, 16, 40, 107, 135; Saint-Amand and, 162–3, 197, 199–200, 201–2, 240–1; snuff taking during Waterloo, 340–1, 431; strategic options (May-June 1815), 36–7, 59–60, 61; strategy change (afternoon of 16 June), 169–71; strategy for invasion of Belgium, 37, 61–2, 76, 85–6, 102, 137; violet symbology, 3, 7; watches final attack at Waterloo, 457; Waterloo as end of career, xi, 504; at windmill at Naveau, 150–2; see also under Waterloo, battle of
Napoleonic Wars, xix, 15–16; see also Peninsular War and entries for battles
Nassau, Prince of, 440
Nassauer troops, xviii, 27, 52, 278, 348, 365, 379, 397, 421–2, 423, 427, 429–30, 438–9; fire of Grand Battery on, 335, 381; first action at Waterloo, 318; Hougoumont and, 306, 321, 322–3, 324, 327, 339–40, 388–9; Jägers, 141, 156; La Haye Sainte and, 413–14, 415, 417; Orange-Nassauers, 52, 107, 120, 292–3, 310, 388, 402, 445; Papelotte farm and, 310, 337, 388, 446; position on Wellington’s line, 306, 310; Quatre Bras and, 107–8, 109–10, 120, 141, 156–7, 159, 191, 192, 227–8, 230, 259, 278; reinforcement of centre by, 458, 460; skirmishes with Prussians, 445, 446; troop numbers at Waterloo, 304
nationalism, 9, 10
Nauendorf, Major von, 413, 414
Netherlands, 10, 11, 21, 30, 32, 38, 491, 506; British-Hanoverian army of occupation, 10–12, 25–6; House of Orange and, 10–11, 27, 33, 68, 507 see also Orange, Prince of
Netherlands army: barely trained militia in, 40; Charleroi and, 94, 98, 99; ill-discipline on night of 17 June, 279; loss of artillery pack (17 June), 272–3, 294, 308; losses at Quatre Bras, 231; morning of 18 June, 294; Netherlands militia, 26–7, 52, 191, 231, 344; pursuit of retreating French, 469; Quatre Bras and, 107–9, 120–1, 137–8, 140–1, 142, 156–9, 174–7, 190–1, 231; retreat of 17 June, 257, 258–9; at Waterloo, 304–5, 307, 309, 323, 355, 367–8, 408, 456, 458, 460, 461, 463; see also Belgian troops; Dutch troops; Nassauer troops
New Orleans, 283, 489
newspapers, English, 60–1
Ney, Marshal: accounts of battle by, xvi; battle of Dennewitz, 100; British retreat of 17 June and, 260–1; deserts to Napoleon, 5, 7; executed for treason (7 December 1815), xv, 514; expected above Brye, 200, 201; failure of d’Erlon to aid, 195, 205, 222, 239; at Gosselies, 106, 109, 111; Imperial Guard and, 102, 106, 111, 135, 136, 138, 155, 158, 204, 205; march to border, 72; morning of 18 June, 298; Napoleon’s 3.15 order to (16 June), 169, 208, 217, 262; as Napoleon’s viceroy, 102–3; orders d’Erlon’s return, 205–6; retreat from Waterloo battlefield, 473; Soult’s messages of 16 June, 152–3, 169, 170, 171, 191, 204–5, 208, 262; Soult’s messages of 17 June, 240, 243, 244; at Waterloo, 316–18, 339, 342, 346, 356, 392, 393–4, 414, 434, 457, 461, 463, 468–9; weaknesses as commander, 102–3, 505
Nicolay, William, 503–4
Nivelles, 96, 136, 142, 222, 227, 231, 255, 256, 257, 266, 279, 488, 494; field hospital at, 195, 220, 232; Netherlands army at, 99, 107, 120–1, 130, 141, 158; topography of, 59, 120, 130, 157; von Alten and, 141, 143, 157, 192; Wellington orders troops to, 119–20, 121
Noguès, Antoine, 342, 358
Normann, Philipp von, 107, 108, 141
Nostitz, Ferdinand von, 200, 213, 224, 236
official records of campaign, xii, xiii–xiv, xvi, xvii
Old Guard, 3, 38, 88, 113–14, 473; at Ligny, 201, 202, 214–16, 223, 224, 241; march to border, 71; at Plancenoit, 449–50, 451, 452, 454, 456; speed of marching, 3–4, 71; at Waterloo, 391, 394, 404, 430–1, 437, 456–64
Oldenburg, 27
Olfermann, Johann, 221, 457
Oman, Sir Charles, 226
Ompteda, Christian von, 25, 64, 99, 143, 158; death of at Waterloo, 419, 440, 483; at Waterloo, 306, 316, 335, 347, 396, 398, 413, 418–19, 421
O’Neil, Charles, 377
Orange, Prince of, xv, 10, 21, 34, 56, 59, 67, 82, 99, 120, 130, 294; Charleroi and, 98, 117; commands army in the Netherlands, 11–12; counter-attack on Gémioncourt, 173, 175, 176; at Duchess of Richmond’s ball, 98, 117; as King William II, 514; at Quatre Bras, 141, 156–7, 158, 159, 172, 173, 175, 218; at Waterloo, 303, 304, 307, 345, 381, 418, 437, 438; wounded at Waterloo, 438, 439–40, 441, 478, 511
Ord, Elizabeth, 123, 124, 271, 274
Ordener, Michel, 346, 410, 423
Osten, Jean-Baptiste, 273
Oudinot, Marshal, 100
Pack, Sir Denis, 173, 192, 293–4, 309, 355
Paget, Lady Charlotte, 508
Pajol, Claude-Pierre, 76, 87, 95, 101, 104, 154, 243, 247, 248–9, 251, 375
Pakenham, Edward, 221
Pakenham, Kitty, 22–3
Paris, 5–6; ceremony of the Champ de Mai, 42–4, 57, 59; intelligence from, 57, 59, 78–9, 82, 117–18; Louis XVIII and, 502, 503, 504; Napoleon’s return after Waterloo, 501; Prussians enter (6 July 1815), 503; removal of bronze Venetian horses, 503–4
Pelet, Jean, 431, 449–50, 451–2, 470, 473
Peninsular War, 65, 284, 309, 322, 342, 367, 379, 422–3; d’Erlon and, 203, 337, 338; development of British army during, 16, 25, 26, 47, 52, 173; Dutch and Belgian units in, 26; King’s German Legion in, 25, 64, 306–7, 308; Picton’s ‘fighting third’ in, 173; Soult and, 23, 93, 134; Wellington and, 16, 23, 27, 49, 50, 52, 57, 155, 364
Percy, Harry, 479
Percy, Pierre-François, 242
Perponcher, Hendrik de, 99, 107, 108, 120, 121, 140–1, 344
Petit, General, 452, 467
Picton, Thomas, 119, 129, 130, 142, 155, 173; death of at Waterloo, 354; at Quatre Bras, 157, 159, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179–80, 188, 189, 192, 219, 230, 343; at Waterloo, 304, 308–9, 316, 332, 333, 342, 359, 371; wounded at Quatre Bras, 283, 309
Piraumont, skirmish around (17 June), 254
Pirch, George von, 213, 234, 235, 237, 286, 288, 331, 373–4
Pirch, Otto von, 92, 96, 104, 115, 116, 145, 148, 160, 185, 197, 198, 225
Piré, comte de, Hippolyte de Rosnyvinen, 93, 106, 111, 155, 175, 180, 190, 221; at Waterloo, 321, 323, 340, 379, 388, 400
Pitt-Lennox, William, 8, 294
Plancenoit, 268, 288, 329, 375, 402, 428–9, 430–1, 432–3, 434, 437, 517; Prussian assault on, 446, 448–52, 484; Prussian capture of, 469–70
Plat, Carl du, 128, 305, 426
Playford, Thomas, 48, 126, 349, 352–3, 362
Point du Jour inn, 86, 145, 148, 151, 152, 200, 250
Pomeranian troops, 199, 211–12, 213, 223, 449, 470
Ponsonby, Frederick, 127, 260, 366, 367, 368, 485
Ponsonby, Sir William, 309, 350, 355, 357, 358–9; death of at Waterloo, 363
Poret de Morvan, Paul, 461, 463
Portarlington, Earl of, 380
Pozzo di Borgo, Carlo, 303
Prince Regent, 10, 51, 224, 380, 479, 511–12, 516–17
Prussia: at Congress of Vienna, 9–10, 27, 33; Napoleonic Wars and, 15, 16; political tension with Britain, 9–10, 27, 31–2
Prussian army, 28–35; advance to Paris, 501–3; avoids Grouchy on 18 June, 329–31, 373–4, 375, 387, 429; barely trained militia in, 40; in Brye area (16 June), 160–3; capture of Plancenoit, 469–70; casualty rates at Waterloo, 484; as citizen army, 47; close cooperation with Wellington, xii, 32–3, 59, 133, 144, 148–9, 505; contingency instructions on 18 June, 287–8, 333, 375; defeated at Issy (2 July 1815), 503; defensive deployments (April-June 1815), 21, 56, 80–1; delays on 18 June, 288, 371–2, 373–4; deployments on Belgian frontier, 56; failure to guard road to Brussels, 120–1; Freikorps, 28–9, 56, 197, 211, 213, 237, 451, 469, 513; Gneisenau takes temporary command (16–17 June), 234–5, 236–7; Grouchy’s orders on 18 June, 299–300, 328–9, 429; initiates defensive action (14 June 1815), 81, 82; intervention at Waterloo, xii, xiv, 401–3, 428–30, 431–3, 445–7, 455, 456, 461–3, 464, 465–6, 505; Jäger troops, 29, 115, 161, 223; at Ligny, 165–6, 169, 182–7, 213–14, 215–16, 223–6, 23
2–3; missing artillery parks, 226, 234, 238, 258, 267, 285, 286; move towards Brussels (April 1815), 31–2; organisational structure of, 92, 160; overnight, 15–16 June, 114–16; overnight, 16–17 June, 234–8; overnight, 17–18 June, 286–7; poor relations with local population, 68; pursuit of retreating French, 469–70, 471, 472–3, 475–6; rearguard at Wavre, xix, 316, 331, 373–5, 429; retreat of 15 June, 80, 95, 96–7, 99, 101–3, 104–7, 114–15, 117; retreat to Wavre, 235–8, 240, 247–9, 251, 256, 282, 283, 285, 286–7; at Saint-Amand, 163, 165, 167, 169, 196–201, 211–12, 213; skirmishes with Nassauers, 445, 446; at Sombreffe, 144–9, 151–2; troop numbers, 34, 35; troops from newly Prussian territories, 29–30, 33; Wellington requests move towards Brussels (April- May 1815), 21, 31–2, 34; Westphalian troops, 93, 94, 161, 166, 183, 185, 196, 197, 198–9, 213, 215, 225, 226; Ziethen’s march to Ohain (18 June), 372–3; see also Blücher, Prince Gebhard Leberecht von; Gneisenau, August von
Quatre Bras, xix, 86, 99, 106, 107, 109–10, 111, 120–1, 148; battle at (16 June), 137–9, 155–9, 170, 171, 172–83, 188–95, 206–7, 217–18, 227–33, 239–40; British retreat from, 256–9, 260–7; Netherlands army at, 107–9, 120, 137–8, 140–1, 142, 156–9, 231; Ney actions on 17 June, 243, 244–5; Ney’s attack on, 137–9, 155–6, 157, 158, 170, 180–1, 188–95, 217–18; Ney’s failure, 108–9, 113, 221, 222, 226, 239–40; Ney’s orders at, 108–9, 135, 136, 138–9, 150, 170–1, 191, 216; rout of French baggage train at, 280–1; tourists to battlefield, 508; Wellington at, 142–3, 245, 256
Quiberon, battle of (1795), 93, 134
Quiot, Joachim, 112, 336, 340, 365
Radet, Etienne, 242, 453, 454
Ragusa, Duke of, Marshal Marmont, 41
Rahden, Wilhelm von, 431–2, 449–51
Ramsay, Norman, 323, 399, 409, 435, 436
Rapp, Jean, 41
Ravard, André, 5, 19, 40, 112, 254, 369, 515
Reiche, Ludwig von, 74, 96, 104–5, 144, 235, 429–30, 445–6
Reille, Honoré, 57, 72, 77, 88, 106, 109, 111–12, 114, 137, 138, 240, 323; attack on Charleroi (15 June), 93, 101; morning of 18 June, 297, 298, 300; Quatre Bras and, 155; at Waterloo, 315, 317, 318, 327, 339, 468
Rettberg, Carl von, 142, 174, 194, 207, 310, 336, 343