by Tim Clayton
Donzelot, François-Xavier, 112–13, 268, 337, 342, 356, 357, 365, 368, 437
Döring, Johann, 293, 445
Dörnberg, Wilhelm von, 52, 58, 60, 77, 80–1, 98, 99, 100, 127, 130, 143; at Waterloo, 306, 340, 388, 404–5
Dresden, battle of (1813), 40
Drouot, Antoine, 4, 135, 182–3, 206, 298, 432–3, 448, 449, 464, 468; accounts of battle by, xvi, 446–7; artillery and, 182, 224, 297–8; trial and acquittal of (April 1816), 515
Duhesme, Guillaume, 201, 213, 449, 450, 476
Durutte, Pierre, 157, 204, 206, 208, 214, 318, 337, 365, 367, 388, 432, 468–9
Dutch troops, xii, 11, 21, 27, 30, 107, 279, 355, 358, 382, 396; cavalry, 120, 175, 257, 368; Gémioncourt and, 141, 157, 159, 173, 175, 176; headquarters at Braine-le-Comte, 56, 58, 98, 117, 120, 127, 130, 257; Jäger battalions, 120, 141, 156, 157, 159, 175, 176, 231, 321; Netherlands militia, 26–7, 191, 231, 344; outposts on border, 80, 98; reinforcement of centre by, 461, 469; Wellington’s distrust of, 26, 304
Duuring, Johan Coenraad, 452–3, 454, 467–8, 476
Dyle, bridges across, 374, 429, 473
Elley, Sir John, 440
d’Erlon, comte de (Jean-Baptiste Drouet), 72, 74, 77, 88–9, 102, 112, 134, 137, 138, 203, 267, 291; battles of 16 June and, xvii–xviii, 41, 158, 170, 171, 195, 200, 202, 203–4, 207–9, 221–2, 226, 239; fails to aid Ney, 195, 205, 222, 239; morning of 18 June, 298, 300; Napoleon’s message to (16 June), 170, 204–5, 208; Ney orders return of, 205–6; overnight, 17–18 June, 268; Peninsular War and, 203, 337, 338; turns back towards Quatre Bras, 208, 214; at Waterloo, 315, 316, 317, 318, 333, 336, 337–8, 339, 342–4, 378, 439
Esterhazy, Prince, 8
Ewart, Charles, 358, 513
Exelmans, Rémy, 6, 76, 154, 243, 249–50, 289, 330, 331, 374–5, 429; defeats Prussians at Issy (2 July 1815), 503
Eylau, battle of (1807), 40, 135, 241, 322, 394
Falkenhausen, Major von, 289, 402
Feltre, duc de, Henri Clarke, 56, 119
Ferraris, comte de, Joseph, 73–4
Ferrior, Samuel, 377, 397
Finlayson, Donald, 195, 220, 232, 494–5, 496, 497, 506
Finlayson, George, 495
Flahaut, Charles de, 136, 195, 205, 239, 243–4, 264, 282, 393, 394, 468, 475
Fleurus, 116, 145, 160, 165, 169–71, 214, 505; battle of (1794), 134, 153, 432; field hospitals around, 242; French advance to, 112, 113, 114, 135, 137, 139, 144–5, 148, 153–4; Napoleon’s headquarters at, 137, 139, 150, 155, 206, 225, 243, 247; Prussian retreat to, 96–7, 101, 103, 106–7, 114–15; windmill at Naveau, 150–2; Ziethen and, 92, 93, 96–7, 100, 101, 104, 114–15, 116
Fleury de Chaboulon, Pierre, 454, 476
Forbin-Janson, Charles de, 150–1, 191, 195, 216, 239, 240, 241, 244–5
Fouché, Joseph, duc d’Otranto, 56–7, 70, 78–9, 501, 514, 515, 516
Fouler, Albert, 86, 453–4
Foy, Maximilien, 111, 155, 158, 159, 176, 268, 300, 327, 407, 434–5
France: Allied army of occupation (1815–18), 506; anti-Napoleon revolts (March 1815), 18; Bonapartists’ post-Waterloo lives, 514–16; at Congress of Vienna, 9–10; coup d’état de Brumaire (October 1799), 15; executions of Bonapartists, 514; Louisiana purchase (1803), 507; Napoleon’s invasion of (February-March 1815), 3–7, 10; renewed revolutionary fervour (1815), 17–19, 42–3; restorations of monarchy, xi, xix, 16, 502, 503, 504, 506; Saint-Cloud convention (July 1815), 503; tax for allied prize money, 511; ‘the second Hundred Years War’, 15, 506–7; unpopularity of returned emigrés, 16, 17–18; ‘White Terror’, 514; see also Paris
Francis II, emperor of Austria, 9
François, Charles, 165, 185
Fraser, Alexander, Lord Saltoun, 228
Frazer, Sir Augustus, 49–50, 65, 225–6, 231, 307, 320, 323, 368, 408–9, 436, 455
Frederick, Prince, 127, 305
Frederick the Great, 29, 30
Fremantle, John, 455, 504
French army: approach to Charleroi, 81, 85–91; attack on Charleroi (15 June), 93–7, 98–103, 117–19; Belgian troops in, 11, 26; casualty rates at Waterloo, 484; as citizen army, 47; communication problems in, 90, 112, 134, 152–3, 169–71, 204–5, 208–9, 249, 262; desertions from (June 1815), 40, 72, 91, 104–5, 144, 157; deserts to Napoleon, 4–7; failure to pursue Prussians (17 June), 247–8; feeding of in the field, 90, 95; field hospitals, 87, 89, 242; at Genappe, 268–9, 281, 297; ill-treatment of civilian population, 112–13, 242; lack of training and cohesion, 40–1; losses at Ligny, 226; Louis XVIII and, 11, 16; march into line on morning of 18 June, 300–1; morning of 18 June, 297, 298; notions of gloire, 17, 18–19; numerical strength at Waterloo, 302; organisational structure of, 37–8, 164; overnight, 15–16 June, 111–13; overnight, 16–17 June, 225; overnight, 17–18 June, 268, 280–1, 291; poor staff work during campaign, 112, 134, 152–3, 169–71, 204–5, 208–9; portable printing press, 74, 114; promotion through the ranks in, 40; provisioning of, 90, 113–14, 239; retreat from Waterloo battlefield, 466–70, 471, 472–6; revolutionary fervour in, 18–19, 42–3, 154, 395; royalist officers, 19, 40, 58, 72, 496; troop numbers, 36, 37, 153, 302; see also Imperial Guard; Napoleon Bonaparte; Old Guard; Young Guard
French army, royalist, 7, 119, 135, 283
French navy, 89
French Revolution, 15, 99, 395
Friant, General, 456–7, 461
Friedland, battle of (1807), 15–16, 135, 332
Fuller, William, 350, 361
Gagern, Heinrich von, 230, 259, 278, 413–14, 514
Galbois, Nicolas, 189, 190
Gardiner, Sir Robert, 311, 457
Genappe, 78, 107–8, 135, 138, 142, 172, 230, 258; French army at, 268–9, 281, 297; French retreat and, 468, 469, 471, 473–4, 475; Roi d’Espagne at, 232, 254, 268–9, 298, 476–7; Uxbridge’s rearguard action at, 260–1, 262–4, 377, 380
Genty, Jean, 517
George I, King, 26
George III, King, 16, 26, 51
Gérard, Maurice, 103, 114, 165, 240, 243, 251, 330–1, 374–5; commands 1831 campaign in Belgium, 515; delay on morning of 16 June, 137, 139; failure to pursue Prussians (17 June), 247, 248, 250; Grouchy’s authority over, 134, 137, 248, 331; at Ligny, 150, 152, 165, 166, 171, 183, 187, 201, 213, 215, 225, 226; march from Metz, 74, 88, 91
German states, 9–10, 16, 26, 27, 29, 33–5, 51–2; see also entries for states and armies
German troops, xii, xviii; Anglo-Prussian wrangling over, 27; with Napoleon at Leipzig, 9, 34; see also Brunswicker troops; Hanoverian troops; King’s German Legion; Nassauer troops
Gerson, Assistant Surgeon, 295–6
Ghent, 37, 41–2, 47, 50, 56, 61, 72, 105, 119
Ghigny, Charles-Etienne de, 367–8
Gibney, William, 14, 24, 46, 50, 278–9, 436–7, 494
Gilly, 96, 103, 104; skirmish at (15 June), 105–6, 114
Girard, Jean-Baptiste, 112, 138, 139, 152, 154, 196–7, 198, 211, 212, 213, 226
Glover, Gareth, xvii
Gneisenau, August von, 30, 31, 58, 64, 68, 93, 116, 145–6, 286, 513; as ‘Blücher’s brain’, xii, 31; Bülow and, 81, 100, 146, 283, 285; captures Imperial baggage train, 476; dislike of Wellington, xv, 31, 32, 285–6; as ignorant of Napoleon’s attack plans, 80; liberal sympathies, xii, 31, 513; Ligny and, 224, 225, 226, 234; meeting at Brye (16 June), 144, 148; missing ammunition and, 258, 285, 286; orders of 14 June, 81, 82, 100, 115; pursuit of retreating French, 472–3, 475–6; rebuilding of Prussian army and, 29, 31; retreat to Wavre and, 235, 237, 238, 249; Saxon problem and, 33; takes temporary command (16–17 June), 234–5, 236–7; on Waterloo, xi, 480–1; Wellington requests Prussian troops (5 April 1815), 21, 31–2
Golzio, Baron, 451–2
Gordon, John, 380
Gordon, Sir Alexander, 254, 256, 441, 478–9
Gore, Arhtur, 195, 220, 229, 511
Gore, Charles, 492
Gosselies, 94, 96, 99, 101–2, 104, 117, 120, 476; d’Erlon at, 158, 203–4; Ney at, 106, 109, 111; Reille a
t, 111–12, 138, 155; skirmish at (15 June), 106–7, 110, 111
Gourgaud, Gaspard, xv, 73, 101–2, 106, 108–9, 187, 282–3, 297, 315, 316
Graeme, George, 342, 414–15, 416, 417, 418
Grant, Colquhoun, 57, 79, 306, 340, 405
Grantham, Lord, 79, 81–2
Greenock, Lord, 126
Grenoble, 4
Grolmann, Karl von, xv, 100–1, 114, 118, 119, 236–7, 286, 513
Gros, Antoine, 241
Grouchy, Emmanuel de: actions on 18 June, 329–31, 387, 429; advance on Sombreffe, 134, 135, 136, 137, 150, 152; approach to Charleroi, 88; authority over Gérard and Vandamme, 91, 113, 114, 134, 136–7, 248, 331; battle of Wavre (18 June), xix, 331, 375, 429, 475, 501; cavalry sweeps near Fleurus, 152, 154; command structure and, 102, 134–5, 136–7; communications on 18 June, 282, 299–300, 328–9, 387, 429, 475, 501; defeat of royalists in Provence, 18, 93, 134, 135; flees to United States, xv, 515; Gilly and, 103, 104, 105; liberal sympathies of, 134–5; march to border, 73, 76; marching orders (17 June), 243–4, 249–50; mistaken reports of arrival, 392, 446–7, 453, 461, 462, 464; Napoleon regrets appointment of, 251–2, 505; Napoleon takes cavalry from, 243, 244, 249–50; Napoleon’s eastern flank and, 300, 316, 329–30, 387, 403, 430, 501; Prussian interception of communications, 289; Prussian retreat (17 June) and, 243–4, 247–51, 282, 283, 285; Prussian vanguard avoids, 329–31, 373–4, 375, 387, 429; reconnaissance on Prussian forces, 134, 139, 150, 152, 249–51, 289; report to Soult (6 a.m., 18 June), 328, 330; rumours of bribery, 515; at Sauvenière, 287; weaknesses as commander, 135, 247–8, 251–2, 505; withdraws to Paris, 501
Gudin, César, 299
Guerchy, Frédéric de, 281
Guilleminot, Armand, 268, 320–1
Guiton, General, 221–2
Gunckel, Carl van, 272–3
Gunning, Dr John, 441
guns: ammunition, 147, 163, 164, 177–8, 184–5, 238; muskets, 147, 164, 166–7, 177, 178; Napoleon’s production drive, 38–9; rifles, 161, 164; Shrapnel case shot, 177–8; Wellington’s demands for, 21–2, 27; see also artillery
Guthrie, George, 499
Guyot, Claude-Etienne, 43, 214, 409–10, 473
Habert, General, 375
Haigh, John, 220
Halkett, Colin, 25, 64, 99, 192, 218, 219, 306, 397, 423, 437–8, 440, 458
Halkett, Hugh, 305, 436, 463–4
Hamerton, John, 176, 190
Hamilton, Andrew, 270–1, 440–1
Hanoverian troops, xvii, xviii, 11, 27, 51, 53, 290, 294, 365–6, 396, 439; barely trained militia amongst, 40, 304, 310, 359; composition of, 26; fire of Grand Battery on, 335; Hougoumont and, 321, 322, 324, 325, 327, 340, 463–4; illness amongst officers, 380; Jägers, 306; La Haye Sainte and, 345–6, 390–1, 418; loss of reserve ammunition, 273, 308; Netherlands army of occupation and, 10–11, 25–6; official records of campaign, xvi; Papelotte farm and, 388; position on Wellington’s line, 306, 310; at Quatre Bras, 173, 192, 207, 231; reinforcement of centre by, 427; reserve at Waterloo, 379, 427; see also King’s German Legion
Hanseatic cities, 27
Hardenberg, Karl August von, 285–6
Hardinge, Henry, 32, 34, 81, 144, 215, 233, 286, 512
Häring, Wilhelm, 115
Hasker, Thomas, 335, 351–2, 361, 485–6
Haxo, General, 299
Hay, Lord, 79, 229–30
Hay, William, 259, 491, 492
Haydon, Benjamin Robert, 215
Hazlitt, William, 507
Heinemann, Rudolph, 457, 461
Henckel, Wilhelm von, 145, 161, 165–6, 183, 184–5, 201, 234
Hennen, John, 496–7, 499
Hervey, Felton, 59, 118, 233, 470
Heuillet, Captain, 517
Heyland, Arthur, 284, 442
Heymès, Pierre, 102, 103, 316, 369, 393, 434
Higonet, Philippe, 178, 180
Hill, Sir Robert, 350, 397
Hill, Lord Rowland, 50, 56, 59, 142, 203, 291, 303–4, 321, 512
Hiller, Johann von, 402, 428–9, 448, 449
Hills, Robert, 509
historiography of Waterloo, xii–xvii, 336, 513
Holland, 10–11, 32, 38, 491
Holy Roman Empire, 9
Hornn, Jean, 467, 475
horses, 38, 39, 46, 86, 88, 216, 351; of aides-de-camp, 125, 136; avoidance of prone bodies, 219, 485; cobbled roads and, 264, 266; corpses of on battlefield, 484, 486, 487, 508, 509; forage, 55, 90, 281, 292; moving of artillery by, 161, 192, 334, 372; shortages of, 30, 39, 51, 270; sodden ground and, 265, 266, 351, 363; Wellington’s Copenhagen, 144, 176, 303, 478
Hortense, Queen, 514
Hougoumont, château-ferme of, xviii, 290, 291, 317, 318, 365, 376, 379, 425–6, 437, 455, 456; aftermath of battle, 488, 496; Brunswicker troops and, 325, 326, 327, 340, 404–5, 407, 409, 425, 436; first assault on, 320–6; Foy and Bachelu’s attack on, 434–6; orchard, 291, 306, 320, 322–3, 324–5, 339, 340, 390, 426, 434, 436, 463; as priority strongpoint, 268, 306, 307, 308, 350; second assault on, 339–42, 343, 350; third assault on, 388–90; third French attack on, 388–90; topography of, 305–6, 319–20, 324–5, 404; tourists to battlefield, 508, 509
Houssaye, Henry, 73, 226, 517
Howard, Frederick, 466, 510
Hubeau, Captain, 342, 343
Hulot, Etienne, 165, 200, 201, 225
Hume, Dr John, 441, 478, 485
Imperial Guard, 6, 58, 86–7, 91, 142, 209, 242, 517; Belgian members of, 11, 60; ceremony of the Champ de Mai, 43; Charleroi and, 96, 101, 104–5, 106, 113–14, 119; Drouot and, 182–3, 297; final attack at Waterloo, 447, 456–64; Genappe and, 262, 281; at Ligny, 150, 152, 153, 200, 201, 202, 214–16, 223, 224, 241; march to border, 72–3, 74, 77; march to Fleurus, 135, 137; Middle Guard, 38; morning of 18 June, 297, 300–1, 316; Ney and, 102, 106, 111, 135, 136, 138, 155, 158, 204, 205; at Quatre Bras, 155, 158; Quatre Bras and, 243, 244, 245; retreat from Waterloo battlefield, 467–8, 469, 473, 476; return of old eagles to, 19; sappers and sailors of, 38, 89, 104; speed of artillery fire, 333; structure of, 38; three shot signal of, 154; troop numbers, 38, 153; at Waterloo, 333–4, 338, 378, 391, 395–7, 404, 421–5, 430–1, 434, 437, 447, 456–64
India, 22, 51, 507, 512
infantry troops: d’Erlon’s formation, 337–8; in Napoleon’s army, 37, 38, 93; nature of attacks by, 179, 337–8; square formations, 174, 180, 188–90, 219–20, 229, 338, 365–6, 368, 381, 397–9, 405, 505; in Wellington’s army, 48, 50
Ireland, 25
Italy, 14, 15, 36
Jackson, Basil, 66, 126, 129, 257, 258, 470–1
Jacobi, Carl, 207, 266–7, 276, 293, 294, 335, 345, 346
Jacquinot, Charles-Claude, 200, 208, 268, 300, 360, 366, 401
Jäger troops, 191, 228, 306; Dutch, 120, 141, 156, 157, 159, 175, 176, 231, 321; Prussian, 29, 115, 161, 223
Jagow, Friedrich von, 145, 161, 185, 234, 373
James, John Haddy, 46, 126–7, 231, 262, 263–4, 265, 266, 273–4, 278, 290, 483, 512
James, Walter Haweis, 225
Jena, battle of (1806), 15, 29, 31, 332
Jeremiah, Thomas, 66–7, 257, 279–81, 292, 406, 512
Jérôme, Prince, 71, 158, 181, 191, 239, 268, 298, 300, 327; attacks on Hougoumont, 320–1, 339, 340
Jomini, Antoine, 103
Josephine, Empress, 3
Keller, Major von, 402, 448, 452, 470, 472–3, 475
Kellermann, François, 102, 135, 136, 138–9, 181, 195, 203–4, 205, 209, 217–18, 221, 222, 239; at Waterloo, 300, 323, 408, 411
Kelly, Edward, 126, 262, 263–4, 278, 350, 377
Kempt, Sir James, 173, 189, 293–4, 309, 354, 355, 365, 379, 390, 443
Keppel, George, 405, 512
Kielmansegge, Friedrich von, 192, 295, 306, 335, 346, 439, 440, 458
Kincaid, John, 172, 177, 207, 332, 344, 348, 424–5
King’s German Legion, 26, 128, 304, 352, 412, 423, 472, 505, 513; casualty rates at Waterloo, 483–4; composition of, 25, 50–1; fire of Grand Battery on
, 335, 381–2; history of, 25; Hougoumont and, 306, 307, 378–9, 405, 425–6, 434, 436; La Haye Sainte and, 277, 295, 306, 307–8, 347, 390–1, 418–20; Milhaud’s charge and, 396, 397–8; in Peninsular War, 25, 64, 306–7, 308; position on Wellington’s line, 305; retreat to Mont Saint-Jean (17 June), 258, 262, 274; translation work by, 125; see also Ompteda, Christian von; Wheatley, Edmund
Krafft, Karl August von, 211, 215, 225
Krüger, Friederike, 115
Kruse, August von, 52, 230, 259, 438–9, 466
Kühlmann, Lieutenant, 221, 306, 399
Kulm, battle of (1813), 40
la Bédoyère, Charles de, 4, 61–2, 136, 202, 212, 282; executed for treason (19 August 1815), 514
La Belle Alliance alehouse, 280, 350, 351, 467, 469; Blücher-Wellington meet as victors near, 470–1, 481; French line and, 267, 300, 301, 316, 333–5, 336, 356, 365, 387, 446; Napoleon at, 267, 281, 301, 446, 457
La Haye Sainte, 277–8, 333, 336, 467, 469, 471, 474, 513; Georg Bäring and, 277, 307–8, 341, 342, 345, 390–1, 413, 415–19; corpses at, 484, 485, 489, 508; fall of to French, 417–20, 421, 434, 437; farm of, 337, 340–2, 390; first attack on, 315, 318, 340–2, 345–8, 349–53, 365; importance of, 345, 414; King’s German Legion and, 295, 306, 307–8, 347, 418–20; orchard, 308, 341–2, 345, 350, 390–1, 464; poor state of defence of, 307–8, 341; ridge above, 278, 333–5, 352, 356–8, 378, 392; sand quarry above, 294, 309, 332, 342, 344, 391; second attack on, 387–8, 390–1, 395; third attack on, 414–20
Lamb, Lady Caroline, 485
Lambert, Sir John, 283, 290, 379, 411
language problems, 32, 58, 125
Laon, 30, 60, 71, 72–3
Larrey, Dominique, 86, 179, 241–2, 264, 281, 472, 497, 499
Lasne, 287, 288, 300, 371–2, 375, 403, 449, 469
Laurens, Major von, 196
Lavalette, Count, 514–15
Lawrence, William, 283–4, 379, 442
Leach, Jonathan, 332
Lefèbvre-Desnouëttes, Charles, 109–10, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 300, 473, 515
Lefol, Etienne-Nicolas, 154, 162–3, 164–5, 167, 196, 211, 429
Legros, Sous-Lieutenant, 325
Leipzig, battle of (1813), 7, 9, 16, 30, 34, 100, 332, 506
Lemonnier-Delafosse, Jean-Baptiste, 19–20, 222, 407, 436