Epic Rivalry
Page 32
6. Burrows, pp. 340-342.
7. Quoted in Men in Space, p. 45.
8. See Time, March 2, 1962; Scott and Leonov, pp. 76-77; Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 356-361.
9. Ibid., p. 358.
10. Ibid., p. 360.
11. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Project Apollo, The Tough Decisions, Washington, D.C.: NASA History Division, 2005, p. 42.
12. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 371.
13. Skrytyy Kosmos, Book One, Moscow: Infortekst, 1995, p. 182.
14. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, p. 362.
15. Scott and Leonov, p. 77.
16. Ibid.
17. Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 372-373.
18. “Salyut, Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space, A Technical Memorandum,” Washington, D.C.: Office of Technology Assessment, United States Congress, December 1983, pp. 10-11.
19. Scott and Leonov, p. 77.
20. Ibid., pp. 53, 79; Khrushchev, pp. 686-687, 691-692; see also, Yaroslav Golovanov and Sergei Korolev, The Apprenticeship of a Space Pioneer, translated by M. M. Samokhvalov and H. C. Creighton, Moscow: Mir Publishers, 1975, and Korolev: Fakty i mify, Moscow: Nauka, 1994.
21. Scott and Leonov, p. 78.
22. Ibid; Memoir of Evgeniy V. Shabrov in Dorogi v kosmos, edited by Yu. A. Moszhorin and others, Moscow: Izdatel’stvo MAI, 1992, p. 179.
23. Ibid.
24. Scott and Leonov, p. 99.
25. Ibid. p. 100.
26. Ibid., 105.
27. Scott and Leonov, p. 109.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Launius, Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis, pp. 14-15; Gorn, pp. 100, 103.
33. Ibid., pp. 103, 108.
34. Astronaut Biographical Data, inhttp://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/whiteeh.html.
35. Burrows, pp. 358-359; Barton C. Hacker and James M. Grimwood, “Four Days and a ‘Walk,’” On The Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini, pp. 1-3 see http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4203/toc.htm.
36. Hacker and Grimwood, pp. 1-2.
37. Seamans, pp. 62-63.
38. Heppenheimer, Countdown, p. 222; see also http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/astrobios.htm.
39. Heppenheimer, Countdown, pp. 222-223.
40. Reynolds, pp. 109-110; Andrew Chaikin, A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts, New York: Penguin Books, 1995, pp. 141-143.
41. Seamans, p. 67; see http://history.nasa.gov./ap11ann/astrobios.htm.
42. Gorn, p. 116.
43. Burrows, pp. 362-363.
44. Burrows, pp. 364-369, 388-390; Asif Siddiqi, “Robotic U.S. Missions to the Moon,” pp. 1-2, U. S. Centennial of Flight Commission, http://centennialofflight.gov/essay_cat/11.htm
45. Ibid.
46. Burrows, pp. 391-394; “Robotic U.S. Missions to the Moon,” p. 2.
47. “Soviet Lunar Missions,” http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html; Reynolds, Apollo, p. 59.
48. Burrows, p. 354 and Reynolds, Apollo, p. 59.
49. “Robotic U.S. Missions to the Moon,” p. 2.
50. Reynolds, Apollo, p. 59.
51. Burrows, p. 395, 401-402.
52. “Soviet Lunar Missions,” ibid.
53. Asif Siddiqi, “Exploration of the Inner Planets,” pp. 1-2, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay_cat/11.htm.
54. “Exploration of the Inner Planets,” pp. 2-3; Burrows, pp. 460-461.
55. Dwayne Day, “Exploration of the Outer Planets,” p. 1, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay_cat/11.htm.
56. Dwayne Day, “Commercial Communications Satellites,” pp 1-2, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission,” http://www.centennialofflight,gov/essay_at/11.htm.
CHAPTER 7
1. Launius, Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis, p. 7.
2. Apollo: Expeditions to the Moon, “A Perspective on Apollo,” in http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-350/toc.html.
3. Launius, Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis, p. 8.
4. Burrows, p. 334.
5. Gorn, p. 112; Burrows, p. 370.
6. Ibid., p. 370.
7. Gorn, p. 112; Burrows, p. 370.
8. Burrows, pp. 370-371; Reynolds, Apollo, p. 81.
9. Burrows, p. 371.
10. Launius, Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis, pp. 8-9; Gorn, p. 149.
11. Gorn, p. 107.
12. Arnold S. Levine, “Managing NASA in the Apollo Era,” Introduction, p. 2, http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4102/intro.htm; and Burrows, p. 372.
13. Burrows, pp. 405-406.
14. Apollo: Expeditions to the Moon, “An All-Up Test for the First Flight,” http://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-3-4.html.
15. Gorn, pp. 121, 123.
16. Chaikin, A Man on the Moon, pp. 11-12; Launius, Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis, p. 16; Kelly A. Giblin, “Fire in the Cockpit,” Invention and Technology Magazine, Vol. 13, Issue 4 (Spring 1998), pp. 1-7, at www.AmericanHeritage.com.
17. Chaikin, A Man on the Moon, pp. 17-18; http://www.hq.NASA.gov/office/pao/history/Apollo204/chariot.html.
18. Burrows, pp. 410-411; Chaikin, A Man on the Moon, p. 24; www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Biographies/Webb.
19. “Quiet Victims of Soviet Space Exploration,” http://english/pravda.ru/main/2003/26/43726.html; John Charles, “Could the CIA Have Prevented the Apollo 1 Fire?,” The Space Review; see www.thespacereview.com/article/797/1; “The Oxygen Question,” Time, February 10, 1967 in www.time.com.
20. Scott and Leonov, pp. 192-193.
21. Ibid., pp. 197-198; Sidiqqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 576-590; Chertok, Rakety i lyudi, goryachiye dni kholodnoi voiny, Book 3, Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 1999, pp. 445-458.
22. Roger E. Bilstein, “Aerospace Alphabet: ABMA, ARPA, MSFC,” Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/ Saturn Launch Vehicles, pp. 1-2, http://history.nasa.gov/SP4206/ch2.htm.
23. Roger Bilstein, “Missions, Modes, and Manufacturing,” Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles, p. 17, http://history. nasa.gov/SP-4206/sp4206.htm.
24. Launius, Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis, p. 16.
25. Burrows, pp. 261, 265; Cadbury, pp. 187-188.
26. David West Reynolds, Apollo, p. 264.
27. Burrows, p. 373.
28. Reynolds, Apollo, p. 82-83.
29. Brian Berger, “Agency Spotlight: Weathering the Storms at NASA,” http://space.com/spacenews/archive06/Stennis_051506.html.
30. Andrew Chaikin, A Man on the Moon, pp. 154-156.
31. Ibid.
32. Seamans, pp. 52-53.
33. National Intelligence Estimate, Number 11-1-65, submitted by the Director of Central Intelligence, concurred in by the United States Intelligence Board, dated 27 January, 1965, p. 1.
34. Ibid., p. 12.
35. Chertok, Rakety i lyudi, Goryachiye dni kholodnoi voiny, Book 3, pp. 360-379.
36. Quoted in James Harford, “Korolev, Mastermind of the Soviet Space Program,” Cosmos, Journal of the Cosmos Club of Washington, D.C., Washington, D.C.: Vol. 8 (1998), p. 59.
37. Scott and Leonov, p. 144; Chertok, Rakety i lyudi, Goryachiye dni kholodnoi voiny, Book 3, pp. 360-379; Sidiqqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 513-515.
38. Ronald D. Humble, The Soviet Space Programme, London: Routledge, 1989, p. 10; Sidiqqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 517-521.
39. Ibid., pp. 395-396.
40. Ibid., pp. 483-511; Harford, Korolev, pp. 258-268.
41. Burrows, p. 419.
42. Scott and Leonov, pp. 239-240; Cadbury, pp. 323-324; Sidiqqi, Challenge to Apollo, pp. 688-691.
43. Cadbury, p. 338.
44. “Project: Apollo 8” (Press Kit), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., December 15, 1968, pp. 1-2.
45. Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut’s Journeys, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1
974, pp. 296-297.
46. Collins, p. 296.
47. Reynolds, Apollo, pp. 72-73; Chaikin, p. 59.
48. Reynolds, Apollo, pp. 73-74; Chaikin, pp. 76-77.
49. Reynolds, Apollo, pp. 80; Burrows, p. 417.
50. Chaikin, pp. 60-67.
51. Crouch, p. 218.
52. Chaikin, pp. 68, 80.
53. “Crawler-Transporter” in http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilities/crawler.html.
54. Reynolds, Apollo, pp. 85, 92, 96.
55. Chaikin, p. 80-81.
56. Dwayne A. Day, “Saturn’s fury: Effects of a Saturn 5 launch pad explosion,” The Space Review, www.thespacereview.com/article/591/1; Reynolds, Apollo, p. 85.
57. Chaikin, pp. 86-88.
58. “Project: Apollo 8,” p. 4; Chaikin, p. 89.
59. Collins, p. 379.
60. Burrows, pp. 375-376.
61. Collins, p. 278.
62. Ibid. p. 279.
63. “The Lunar Module Computer,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation, http://abc.net/au/science/moon/computer.htm and James E. Tomayko, Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience, “The need for an on-board computer,” Chapter Two, http://history.nasa.gov/computers/Ch2-1.html.
64. Chaikin, p. 72.
65. Cyrus Farivar, “In Computer Years, Apollo Replica’s an Antique,” New York Times, Feb. 10, 2005.
66. Chaikin, p. 73.
67. Collins, p. 310.
68. Chaikin, p. 107.
69. Ibid., pp. 121-122.
70. Ibid., pp. 112-113, 119; Reynolds, Apollo, pp. 110-111; Burrows, p. 420.
71. Burrows, pp. 419-421.
72. Ibid., p. 374.
73. Chaikin, p. 136.
74. Reynolds, Apollo, pp. 124-125.
75. Ibid., pp. 125, 128; Chaikin, p. 141.
76. Ibid., pp. 152-156.
77. Ibid., pp. 157-159; Reynolds, Apollo, p. 128.
78. Chaikin, Ibid.; Reynolds, Apollo, p. 128.
79. Collins, p. 296.
80. “Apollo 11 Landing Mission,” Press Kit, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., dated July 6, 1969, pp. 1 and 3.
81. Collins, p. 323.
82. Ibid., p. 379.
83. “Project: Apollo 11,” Press Kit, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C., pp. 4-6.
84. Collins, pp. 387-388.
85. Collins, p. 400; Chaikin, pp. 192-200.
EPILOGUE
1. Craig Covault, “Blame It on Nixon,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, March 19/26, 2007, pp. 82-85.
2. Nick Allen, “Russia’s Space Odyssey (Miracles on a Shoestring),” Russian Life, September 2003 (online).
3. Craig Covault, “Russian Exploration,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, pp. 154-155, July 17, 2006.
4. Marc Kaufman, “N.M. County Passes Tax to Fund Spaceport,” The Washington Post, p. A3, April 6, 2007; Ed Regis, “Field of Dreams,” Air & Space, pp. 66-67, April/May 2007.
5. Frank Morring, Jr., “‘New Space,’” Aviation Week & Space Technology, pp. 44-45, December 11, 2006.
6. Frank Morring, Jr., “Not Just for Superpowers,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, pp. 71-75, March 19/26, 2007.
7. Mike Schneider, “NASA Worries about 5-year gap after shuttle retires,” http://usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2007-03-30-spaceflight-gap_N.htm.
8. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., “State of the ‘Vision Thing,’” Los Angeles Times, January 21, 2004.
INDEX
A
A-1 rocket
A-2 rocket
A-3 rocket
A-4 rocket see V-2 rockets
A-5 rocket
Able (monkey)
Adenauer, Konrad
Aerial surveillance
Aerojet-General
Aerojet LR
engine
Agena
Albring, Werner
Aldrin, Edwin “Buzz”: Apollo
photo insert; background
Gemini
training photo insert
Allen, H. Julian
American Telephone and
Telegraph (AT&T):
satellites
Anders, William A.
Animals:
pace flights
photo insert
Ansari X-Prize
Apollo
photo insert
Apollo
Apollo
photograph from
Apollo
Apollo
photo insert
Apollo
photo insert
Apollo
photo insert
Apollo
Apollo
Apollo
Apollo
Apollo
Apollo
Apollo missions:
administration
buildup
command and service module (CSM)
conception
costs
Direct Ascent approach
Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR)
facilities
historical triumph
landing site selection launch requirements
lunar module
photo insert; lunar orbital rendezvous (LOR)
navigation
onboard computer
parking orbit
reentry
Saturn rockets
support from
Kennedy
technical specifications
training
photo insert; weight
Apollo-Soyuz mission
Armstrong, Neil A.: Apollo
photo insert; background
Gemini
response to Sputnik launch
training photo insert
Army Ballistic Missile Agency
(ABMA)
Asimov, Isaac
Astronauts:
popularity
selection
spacecraft control
splashdown
training
photo insert
Atlas Able rocket
Atlas-Agena rocket
Atlas-Centaur rocket
Atlas rockets: carrying
tape recorded message
development
development
recommendations
engines
explosions
failure
Friendship
fuel
fuel tank problems
launch pads
launch procedures
launching Agena
Mercury program
and missile gap
satellite launches
thinness
Atmosphere
Atomic power
Aurora
B
B-29 Superfortress
B-36 bomber
B-47 bomber
B-50 bomber
Baikonur cosmodrome
Kazakhstan: construction
photo insert; design
funding
living conditions
location
map
milestones
population
secrecy
size
U.S. reconnaissance
weather
Baker (monkey)
Baruch, Bernard M.
Bassett, Charles
Bean, Alan
Becker, Karl
Bell, David
Belyayev, Pavel
Berkner, Lloyd
Binnie, Brian
Blagonravov, Anatoliy
Blass, Josef
Bleichrode, Germany
Bondarenko, Valentin
Bondaryuk, Mikhail M.
Bonestell, Chesley
Borman, Frank: Apollo
photo insert; Gemini
Borman, Sue photo insert Boym, Svetlana
Brezhnev, Leonid
Bromley, William
Bruckner, Wilbur
Bumper 7 rocket
Bumper V-2 rocket Bumper WAC rocket Bund
y, McGeorge
Buran (space shuttle)
Burrows, William
Bush, George W.
Bykovskiy, Valery F.
C
Caidin, Martin
Camp Dora, Germany
Cape Canaveral (spaceport)
Florida:
construction
design
Launch Complex
location
map
NASA facility
public observation of launches
photo insert; public openness
Redstone missile launch
role as spaceport
safety
similarity to Peenemünde
surrounding economy
see also Kennedy
Space Center, Cape
Canaveral, Florida;
Carpenter, M. Scott
photo insert
Centaur rocket
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Cernan, Eugene
Chaffee, Roger
photo insert
Chaikin, Andrew
Challenger (space shuttle)
Chapman, Sydney 59 Chekunov, Boris S.
Chelomei, Vladimir N.: moon
race
rivalry with
Sergei Korolev
rocket design
Cheranovsky, B. I.: glider
photo insert
Chertok, Boris
Chimpanzees: space flights
China, People’s Republic of:
space program
Chrysler Corporation: