87. Ibid., Kindle locations 1500–1571.
88. Ibid., Kindle locations 1289, 1977; based on Pew Research Center surveys of the general public in 2014 cited in “Millennials in Adulthood,” Pew Research Center, March 7, 2014, p. 4; “America’s Changing Religious Landscape: Christians Decline Sharply as Share of Population; Unaffiliated and Other Faiths Continue to Grow,” The Pew Research Center, May 2015.
89. Putnam and Campbell, American Grace, Kindle locations 1877–1879; Robert P. Jones, Daniel Cox, and Juhem Navarro-Rivera, “A Shifting Landscape: A Decade of Change in American Attitudes About Same-Sex Marriage and LGBT Issues,” Public Religion Research Institute, February 26, 2014, pp. 1, 10–11; national survey of 3,338 adults by Pew Research Center, February 12–26, 2014, cited by Michael Lipka and Elizabeth Sciupac in “Support for Gay Marriage Up Among Black Protestants in Last Year, Flat Among White Evangelicals,” Pew Research Center, March 17, 2014; Carol Kuruvilla, “Meet The Evangelicals Who Cheered the SCOTUS Gay Marriage Ruling,” The Huffington Post, June 29, 2015.
90. “American Jews and the Current Challenges of Church-State Separation,” Pew Research Center, October 19, 2004; Jones, Cox, and Navarro-Rivera, “A Shifting Landscape,” p. 11.
91. Tallese Johnson and Rose Kreider, “Mapping the Geographic Distribution of Interracial/Interethnic Married Couples in the United States: 2010,” U.S. Census Bureau, SEHSD Working Paper 2013–2019, April 2013.
92. Decennial Census and American Community Surveys Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample Files, 2008–2010, analyzed by Wendy Wang in “The Rise of Intermarriage,” Pew Research Center, February 16, 2012, pp. 5, 8, 9; Helen Marrow and Tomás Jiménez, “Mexican American Mobility,” The Los Angeles Times, July 2, 2013.
93.“A More Perfect Union,” address of Senator Barack Obama to the National Constitution Center in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, March 18, 2008. “Multiracial in America: Proud, Diverse and Growing in Numbers,” Pew Research Center, June 11, 2015, pp. 5, 8, 10.
94. Note that Anna Greenberg of Greenberg Quinlan Rosner was the pollster for Bill de Blasio during his primary and general election; inaugural address of Mayor Bill de Blasio at City Hall in New York City, January 1, 2014.
95. Jonathan Allen and Sebastien Malo, “Angry Police Shun NYC Mayor at Funeral for Slain Officer,” Reuters, December 28, 2014.
96. Campbell Gibson and Kay Jung, “Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for the United States, Regions, Divisions, and States,” U.S. Census Bureau, Working Paper Series No. 56, September 2002; Karen R. Humes, Nicholas A. Jones, and Roberto R. Ramirez, “Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010,” U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census Briefs, March 2011; Sean Trende, “Minority Turnout & the Racial Breakdown of Polls,” Real Clear Politics, August 29, 2012; The New York Times presidential exit polls from 2012 and 2008.
97. “Young Voters Supported Obama Less, but May Have Mattered More,” Pew Research Center, November 26, 2012; David Madland and Ruy Teixeira, “New Progressive America: The Millennial Generation,” Center for American Progress, May 2009, p. 9; Ruy Teixeira, “When Will Your State Become Majority-Minority?,” ThinkProgress, May 8, 2013.
98. Stanley B. Greenberg, “The Last Test,” Politico Magazine, November 2013.
99. Frank Newport, “In U.S., 87% Approve of Black-White Marriage, vs. 4% in 1958,” Gallup, July 25, 2013.
100. National survey of 2,003 adults by Pew Research Center, September 1–15, 2011, cited by Wendy Wong in “The Rise of Intermarriage,” Pew Research Center, February 16, 2012, p. 33; national survey of 2,884 adults by Pew Research Center, October 28–November 30, 2009, cited by Wendy Wong in “The Rise of Intermarriage,” Pew Research Center, February 16, 2012, p. 37.
101. Madland and Teixeira, “New Progressive America,” p. 5; national survey of 1,815 U.S. residents ages 16+ by Pew Research Center, July 20–August 2, 2009, cited in “Forty Years After Woodstock, A Gentler Generation Gap,” Pew Research Center, August 12, 2009.
102. Ryan Faughnder, “Super Bowl XLVIII Draws a Record 111.5-Million Viewers, The Los Angeles Times, February 3, 2014; Journey Staff, “‘It’s Beautiful’: Coke Debuts Inspiring Ad During Big Game,” Coca-ColaCompany.com, February 14, 2014.
4 CONTRADICTIONS OF THE NEW ECONOMY
1. Address by President Barack Obama to a joint session of Congress at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., January 28, 2014.
2. Remarks on the economy by President Barack Obama at the Port of Wilmington, Wilmington, Del., July 17, 2104.
3. Jeffrey M. Jones, “Bush Approval Ratings: Foreign Policy and the Economy,” Gallup, May 27, 2003.
4. “Table H-6. Regions—All Races by Median and Mean Income: 1975 to 2012,” U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Historical Income Tables: Households, accessed August 7, 2014; survey of 1,501 adults by Pew Research Center, August 20–24, 2014, cited in “Views of Job Market Tick Up, No Rise in Economic Optimism,” Pew Research Center, September 4, 2014; “Consumer Expenditures Midyear Update—July 2013 Through June 2014 Average,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2, 2015.
5. Michael Greenstone and Adam Looney, “Unemployment and Earnings Losses: A Look at Long-Term Impacts of the Great Recession on American Workers,” the Hamilton Project, Economic Studies, The Brookings Institution, November 4, 2011.
6. Annie Lowrey, “Living on Minimum Wage,” The New York Times, June 15, 2013; “Myth and Reality: The Low-Wage Job Machine,” Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, August 9, 2013.
7. John Coughlan, “Restaurants Help Feed Job Growth: How the Leisure and Hospitality Industry Fared After the Recent Employment Downturn,” Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Vol. 3, no. 16, July 2014; Ben Casselman, “Recovery Redraws Labor Landscape,” The Wall Street Journal, January 4, 2012.
8. Claire Cain Miller, “As Robots Grow Smarter, American Workers Struggle to Keep Up,” The New York Times, December 15, 2014.
9. Steven Rattner, “The Myth of Industrial Rebound,” The New York Times, January 25, 2014; Harold Meyerson, “The Forty-Year Slump,” The American Prospect, November 12, 2013.
10. Meyerson, “The Forty-Year Slump.”
11. Tyler Cowen, Average Is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation (New York: Penguin Group, 2013), p. 4.
12. Steven Rattner, “America Is 2013, as Told in Charts,” The New York Times, December 30, 2013.
13. Lowrey, “Living on Minimum Wage”; Bill Marsh, “The Low Wage Americans,” The New York Times, July 27, 2013; Kevin Drum, “The Minimum Wage in America Is Pretty Damn Low,” Mother Jones, December 2, 2013.
14. Annie Lowrey, “Why Are Americans Staying Put?” The New York Times, December 10, 2013.
15. Stephen Greenhouse, “A Push to Give Steadier Shifts to Part-Timers,” The New York Times, July 15, 2014; Mortimer Zuckerman, “The Full-Time Scandal of Part-Time America,” The Wall Street Journal, July 13, 2014.
16. “Carl Camden: Full-Time Employment May Give Way to a Free Agent Economy,” Next New Deal, the Roosevelt Institute, July 23, 2014; Cowen, Average Is Over, p. 61; Robert Kuttner, “The TaskRabbit Economy,” The American Prospect, October 10, 2013.
17. Union affiliation data from the current population survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics, accessed August 11, 2014.
18. Meyerson, “The Forty-Year Slump.”
19. Emmanuel Saez, “Striking It Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States (updated with 2012 preliminary estimates),” September 2013; Joseph E. Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013), p. 3.
20. Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-first Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, March 2014), pp. 432–33; “The World’s Billionaires,” Forbes, accessed August 12, 2014; Luisa Kroll and Kerry A. Dolan, “The Forbes 400 Richest People in America,” Forbes, September 16, 2013.
21.
Robert J. Samuelson, “Robert Samuelson: Capitalists Wait, While Labor Loses Out,” The Washington Post, September 8, 2013.
22. Ibid.; Nelson D. Schwartz, “The Middle Class Is Steadily Eroding. Just Ask the Business World,” The New York Times, February 2, 2014.
23. Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality, p. 8; Paul Krugman, “Why We’re in a New Gilded Age,” The New York Times, May 8, 2014.
24. Ibid.
25. Robert Thoeren and Polly James (screenwriters), Mrs. Parkington, MGM Studios, 1944.
26. Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-first Century, pp. 292–93, 298; Krugman, “Why We’re in a New Gilded Age.”
27. Krugman, “Why We’re in a New Gilded Age”; Lawrence Mishel and Alyssa Davis, “CEO Pay Continues to Rise as Typical Workers Are Paid Less,” Economic Policy Institute, June 12, 2014.
28. Mishel and Davis, “CEO Pay Continues to Rise as Typical Workers Are Paid Less”; Gretchen Morgenson, “An Unstoppable Climb in C.E.O. Pay,” The New York Times, June 29, 2013.
29. Susan Holmberg and Mark Schmitt, “The Overpaid CEO,” Democracy Journal, pp. 61–64, 66–68; J. W. Mason, “Disgorge the Cash: The Disconnect Between Corporate Borrowing and Investment,” the Roosevelt Institute, February 25, 2015.
30. Mike DeBonis, “Report: D.C. Is Among Most Unequal U.S. Cities by Income,” The Washington Post, March 13, 2104.
31. Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, Patrick Kline, Emmanuel Saez, and Nicholas Turner, “Is the United States a Land of Opportunity? Recent Trends in Intergenerational Mobility,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 19844, January 2014; Miles Corak, “Inequality from Generation to Generation: The United States in Comparison,” University of Ottawa Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, January 2012, p. 10.
32. Derek Thompson, “Get Rich, Live Longer: The Ultimate Consequence of Income Inequality,” The Atlantic, April 18, 2014.
33. Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality, p. 28.
34. “History of Federal Individual Income Bottom and Top Bracket Rates,” National Taxpayers Union, accessed August 13, 2014; Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-first Century, pp. 499, 508–10.
35. Stiglitz, The Price of Inequality, pp. 72–73; Danielle Kurtzleben, “Corporations Used to Pay Almost One-Third of Federal Taxes. Now It’s One-Tenth,” Vox, July 25, 2014; Thomas L. Hungerford, “Corporate Tax Rates and Economic Growth Since 1947,” Economic Policy Center, June 4, 2013; Kenneth F. Scheve Jr. and David Stasavage, “Is the Estate Tax Doomed?,” The New York Times, March 24, 2013; Darien B. Jacobson, Brian G. Raub, and Barry W. Johnson, “The Estate Tax: Ninety Years and Counting,” SOI Bulletin, Internal Revenue Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury, 2007, pp. 118–28.
36. Tom Edsall, “Milking the Money Machine,” The New York Times, July 23, 2014.
37. Rebecca Riffkin, “U.S. Consumer Spending Increases Slightly in July to $94,” Gallup, August 4, 2014; national survey of 950 2012 voters by Democracy Corps for the Roosevelt Institute, October 16–21, 2014.
38. From focus groups in Columbus, Ohio, on May 10, 2011, and Denver, Colorado, on May 12, 2011. The Ohio groups were conducted among non-college-educated men, swing voters, and college-educated women, swing voters, with a household income of more than $50,000. The Denver groups were conducted among non-college-educated women, swing voters, and college-educated men, swing voters, with a household income of more than $50,000.
39. National survey of 950 2012 voters by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner for Democracy Corps and the Roosevelt Institute, October 16–21, 2014.
40. Survey of 1,501 adults by Pew Research Center, August 20–24, 2014, cited in “Views of Job Market Tick Up, No Rise in Economic Optimism,” Pew Research Center, September 4, 2014.
41. Eight focus groups were conducted by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner and North Star Opinion Research for the Markle Foundation and American Greetings in May 2014—two online; two in Austin, Texas; two in Portland, Oregon; and two in Cleveland, Ohio. The online focus groups, one among male respondents and one among female respondents, were recruited nationally and the survey was conducted on May 19–20, 2014, among college-educated, where “college-educated” was defined broadly to include those with a post-high-school education (some college education, a two-year or technical degree), a four-year college degree, or a postgraduate degree. The Austin focus groups were conducted on May 27, 2014, the first among college-educated Hispanic men and women and the second among white college-educated men and women. The Portland focus groups were conducted on May 21, 2014, the first among college-educated men and women and the second among only post-high-school-educated men and women without a four-year degree. The Cleveland focus groups were conducted on May 22, 2014, the first among college-educated men and women and the second among high-school-graduate men and women.
42. National survey of 950 2012 voters by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner for Democracy Corps and the Roosevelt Institute, October 16–21, 2014.
43. Ibid.
44. Wendy Wang, Kim Parker, and Paul Taylor, “Breadwinner Moms,” Pew Research Center, May 29, 2013.
45. Alissa Quart, “Crushed by the Cost of Child Care,” The New York Times, August 17, 2013; Christopher Ingraham, “Start Saving Now: Day Care Costs More Than College in 31 States,” The Washington Post, April 9, 2014.
46. Neil Shah, “Consumer Borrowing Picks Up,” The Wall Street Journal, November 14, 2013; Jeff Cox, “It’s Back with a Vengeance: Private Debt,” CNBC, October 12, 2013.
47. National survey of 950 2012 voters by Democracy Corps.
48. Survey of 1,000 adults by Hart Research Associates for Public Opinion Strategies and NBC News/The Wall Street Journal, July 30–August 3, 2014.
49. Cherlin, pp. 156–58.
50. Survey of 1,000 adults by Hart Research Associates for Public Opinion Strategies and NBC News/The Wall Street Journal, July 30–August 3, 2014.
51. Andrew Levison, The White Working Class Today (Washington, D.C.: Democratic Strategist Press, 2013), pp. 46–72.
52. Bonnie Kavoussi, “Recession Killed 170,000 Small Businesses Between 2008 and 2010: Report,” The Huffington Post, July 26, 2012.
53. Natasha Singer, “In the Sharing Economy, Workers Find Both Freedom and Uncertainty,” The New York Times, August 16, 2014.
54. Survey of 950 2012 voters by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner for Democracy Corps and the Roosevelt Institute, October 16–21, 2014.
55. Survey of 1,485 adults by Pew Research Center, October 9–12, cited in “Public Not Desperate About Economy or Personal Finances,” Pew Research Center, October 15, 2008; survey of 1,000 adults by Hart Research Associates for Public Opinion Strategies and NBC News/Wall Street Journal, conducted July 30–August 3, 2014.
56. Survey of 1,000 adults by Hart Research Associates for Public Opinion Strategies and NBC News/Wall Street Journal, conducted July 30–August 3, 2014; Rebecca Riffkin, “Public Faith in Congress Falls Again, Hits Historic Low,” Gallup, June 19, 2014.
57. National survey of 950 2012 voters by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner for Democracy Corps and the Roosevelt Institute, October 16–21, 2014; national survey of 950 likely 2016 voters at 60 percent cell conducted by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner for Democracy Corps and Women’s Voices Women Vote Action Fund, June 13–17, 2015.
58. Time series (January 10–14, 2010, to January 5–8, 2014) provided by Gallup Historical Trends, Big Business, Gallup, accessed August 27, 2014.
59. Survey of 1,651 U.S. registered voters by Hart Research Associates for Center for American Progress, November 15–December 2, 2013.
60. National survey of 950 2012 voters by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner for Democracy Corps and the Roosevelt Institute, October 16–21, 2014.
5 CONTRADICTIONS OF THE NEW SOCIETY
1. Richard Reeves, “How to Save Marriage in America,” The Atlantic, February 13, 2014.
2. Nick Schulz, Home Economics: The Consequences of Changing Family Structure (Washington, D.C.: AEI, 2013), Kindle locations 39–69.
3. U.S. Department of
Labor, “The Negro Family: The Case for National Action,” Office of Policy Planning and Research, March 1965.
4. Stanley B. Greenberg, Politics and Poverty: Modernization and Response in Five Poor Neighborhoods (New York: John Wiley, 1974).
5. Nicholas Kristof, “Where the G.O.P. Gets It Right,” The New York Times, April 10, 2014; Schulz, Home Economics, Kindle locations 470–483; Charles Murray, “The New American Divide,” The Wall Street Journal, January 21, 2012.
6. Jonathan Rauch, “The No Good, Very Bad Outlook for the Working-Class American Man,” National Journal, December 5, 2012; Andrew J. Cherlin, Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America (New York: Russell Sage, 2014), p. 4.
7. Michael Kimmel, Angry White Men: American Masculinity and the End of an Era (New York: Nation Books, 2013), Kindle location 138.
8. “For Richer, for Smarter,” The Economist, June 23, 2011; D’Vera Cohn, “Marriage Rate Declines and Marriage Age Rises,” Pew Research Center, December 14, 2011; Claire Cain Miller, “The Divorce Surge Is Over, but the Myth Lives On,” The New York Times, December 2, 2014.
9. “King’s Dream Remains an Elusive Goal; Many Americans See Racial Disparities,” Pew Research Center, August 22, 2013, p. 29; Charles Murray, Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010 (New York: Crown Forum, 2012), pp. 154–56.
10. “The Decline of Marriage and Rise of New Families,” Pew Research Center, November 18, 2010, p. 10; Belinda Luscombe, “How Shacking Up Before Marriage Affects a Relationship’s Success,” Time, March 12, 2014; Jason DeParle and Sabrina Tavernise, “For Women Under 30, Most Births Occur Outside Marriage,” The New York Times, February 17, 2012.
11. David T. Ellwood and Christopher Jencks, “The Spread of Single-Parent Families in the United States Since 1960,” John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, October 2002, pp. 25–32; Reeves, “How to Save Marriage in America.”
12. Reeves, “How to Save Marriage in America.”
13. State of Our Union, “When Marriage Disappears: The New Middle America,” National Marriage Project at University of Virginia and Center for Marriage and Families at Institute for American Values, 2010; “The Decline of Marriage and Rise of New Families,” p. 23; survey of 2,003 adults nationwide by Pew Research Center, May 22–25 and May 29–June 1, 2014, cited in “Record Share of Americans Have Never Been Married,” Pew Research Center, September 24, 2014, p. 29.
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