Vodka Politics: Alcohol, Autocracy, and the Secret History of the Russian State
Page 77
32. Lilia Shevtsova, Russia—Lost in Transition: The Yeltsin and Putin Legacies (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2007), 158.
33. Vladimir Putin, “Poslaniye Prezidenta Federal’nomu Sobraniyu,” Kremlin.ru, Dec. 12, 2012, http://news.kremlin.ru/transcripts/17118 (accessed Dec. 12, 2012).
34. Martha Wexler, “Young Russian Politician Fights from the Bottom Up,” NPR, March 19, 2012, http://www.npr.org/2012/03/19/148924951/young-russian-politician-fights-from-the-bottom-up (accessed March 19, 2012).
35. Andrei K. Demin and Irina A. Demina, “Opyt grazhdanskogo obshchestva v reshenii problem zloupotrebleniya alkogolem v Rossiiskoi Federatsii: Deyatel’nost’ Rossiiskoi Assotsiatsii Obshchestvennogo Zdorov’ya,” in Alkogol’naya katastrofa i vozmozhnosti gosudarstvennoi politiki v preodolenii alkogol’noi sverkosmertnosti v Rossii, ed. Dar’ya A. Khalturina and Andrei V. Korotaev (Moscow: Lenand, 2010), 368.
36. Will Rogers, There’s Not a Bathing Suit in Russia & Other Bare Facts (New York: Albert & Charles Boni, 1927), 25–31. In a similar vein see Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1976), 120.
37. Rogers, There’s Not a Bathing Suit in Russia, 31.
INDEX
Abalkin, Leonid, 362
Abkhazia, 363
abolitionism, 111, 115, 120, 122
abortion, 245, 251, 265, 276, 285, 333–334
Absolut, 314
“administrative resources,” 317, 343
See also corruption
Aeroflot, 301–302
Afghan War Veterans’ Union, 315
Afghanistan, 14, 239, 264, 382
Africa, xii–xiii, 13, 57, 71, 92, 163, 327, 352, 381
Aganbegyan, Abel, 276, 282–284
agriculture, 80, 133, 188–189, 193–196, 206, 210, 225–230, 240, 260, 279, 314, 319–320, 361, 385–388
AIDS, 13, 327, 329, 352, 380–381
Alapaevsk, 184
alchemists, 28, 37, 70–74, 91
alcohol, 10, 16, 23, 63, 71, 185, 194, 230, 259, 263–267, 314–315, 332, 344, 348
and climate, 75, 267, 284
consumption per capita, 13–14, 232, 244–246, 250–253, 265, 275–276, 312, 316, 329–330, 367, 369, 385, 387
used to quell dissent, 16–19, 23, 113–122, 176, 241–242, 268, 283
Alcohol in the USSR, 252–253
alcohol-control measures, 15, 276–278, 282, 346, 353–357, 366, 368, 373, 382, 386
education/propaganda, 263, 268, 278, 281, 353, 366–369, 386
legal drinking age, 263, 346, 353, 368–369
restriction on hours of sale, 263, 270, 276–278, 282, 353, 368, 386
restriction on locations of sale, 263, 270–271, 276–278, 282
alcohol poisoning, 88, 114–115, 134, 160, 190, 200, 211, 213, 219, 226, 238–241, 252, 261, 277, 282, 309, 314–319, 330–331, 352, 356, 369–370, 382, 387, 463n57
Alcoholics Anonymous, 385
alcoholism, 17, 82, 87–91, 113–115, 131, 147–148, 170–172, 213, 242, 244, 248, 254–255, 257, 260, 263, 267–268, 276, 294, 301, 316, 331–336, 348, 369–370, 374, 386, 389
as top social challenge, xii, 11, 75, 267, 276, 367, 389
and children, 86–87, 137, 275–276, 334–336, 352, 366, 370, 373
and demographics, xii, 11, 83, 213, 267–271, 275–276, 282, 285, 287, 295, 310, 331–337, 352–354, 381
and developmental disabilities, 38, 213, 275–276, 335–336, 388
and divorce, 276–277, 334, 389
and women, 86, 131, 136, 275–276, 332, 370
ale. See beer
Aleksandr, Prince of Oldenberg, 177, 196
Alexander I, Tsar, 58, 111, 150
and Napoleonic Wars, 111, 151–154
Alexander II, Tsar, 109, 143–144, 427n9
and abolition of serfdom, 108, 121–122, 143, 159
and abolition of vodka tax farm, 108, 111, 122, 124, 159
Alexander III, Tsar, 108, 144, 170–171, 176
Alexander Lyceum, 182
Alexandra Fyodorovna, Tsarina, 171–172
Alexei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 172–174
Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich, 178
Aleksandrov, Grigory, 20
Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, 33, 41
Alexander Nevsky (film), 20, 26, 232
Alexei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 163
Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar, 36, 86
Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich, 47–48
Alix of Hesse. See Alexandra Fyodorovna, Tsarina
Aliyev, Heydar, 272–273, 447n62
Alliluyeva, Svetlana, 8
All Russia party, 349–350
See also United Russia
All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), xi
All-Russian Congress on the Struggle against Drunkenness, 177
All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counterrevolution and Sabotage (Cheka), 202–205
See also People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) and Committee for State Security (KGB)
All-Russian Labor Union of Christian Teetotalers, 181–182
All-Union Voluntary Society for the Struggle for Temperance, 263
Alma River, Battle of, 155–157
Almaty, 289, 292, 323
Altai Republic, 319
AK-47 (Kalashnikov), xi, 339, 341
American Relief Administration (ARA), 208–211
American Temperance Society (ATS), 117–118
Amish, 105
ammonia, 208
Amnesty International, 343
anarchism, 139, 205, 378
Anastasia Romanova, 30
Andreyevsky Hall, 340, 362–363
Andropov, Yury, 256–263, 268, 270, 285
Andropovka, 258
Anglican church, 118
Anisimov, Vasily, 358–359, 373
Anisimova, Anna, 358
Anna Ivanovna, 45, 54–55
Anna Karenina, 137
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, 24
antifreeze, 282, 331, 356
Apraksin, Fyodor, 40, 47
aqua vitae, 28, 34, 71–73, 94
Arab Spring, 275
Arabia, 70–71
Arctic Ocean, 26
Arkhangelsk, 99, 195, 205
Armenia, 3, 70, 280, 284, 292, 321
arson, 135, 153, 186, 234, 276
Artemiev, Anton, 374
Artsikhovsky, Artemy, 67
Åslund, Anders, 263, 321–323
Asmus, Ronald, 363
Associated Press, 161
Astrakhan, 205, 410n5
Atlantic Monthly, 249
Atlas Metal Works, 210
August coup (1991), 59, 288–291, 294–295
Aurora (warship), 164
Austria, 53, 151, 178–179, 191, 195
autocracy, xiii, 9, 13–21, 25, 34, 54, 91, 95, 99, 103, 106, 109, 113, 116, 126, 129, 134–140, 146–147, 155, 176–177, 181, 189–190, 207–209, 246–248, 261, 263, 267, 273, 275, 278, 285, 287, 292, 299, 304, 307, 318, 320–321, 325, 347, 351, 354, 372–377, 384, 386–391
Azerbaijan, 272, 285, 323
Baird, Robert, 118
Baitalsky, Mikhail, 10, 11, 244–249, 252, 265, 268, 312, 442n26
Baku, 323
balalaikas, xi
Balashov, 119–120
Balfour, Arthur, 165
Baltic Fleet, 163, 174
Baltic Sea, 27, 73, 77, 111, 163, 167, 195, 231, 261, 292, 321–323
Baltic states, 45, 49, 76, 119, 205, 231, 283, 288, 321–322, 330
Baltika brewery, 374
Baranov, Aleksandr, 336, 352
Barbaro, Iosaphat, 84
Bark, Pyotr, 178, 180, 186, 188, 192–194, 280
Barnum, P.T., 133
Bashkiria, 187, 208
Basmanov, Alexei, 32–33
Battleship Potemkin (film), 20, 26
Bear Stearns, 363
bears, xi, 29, 47, 361
Beatty, Bessie
, 200
beer, xiii, 19, 27, 37–40, 42, 47, 57–58, 70, 75–85, 91, 94, 114, 118, 136–138, 145, 149, 155, 162, 172, 217, 245, 247, 254, 272, 322–323, 330, 344, 373–375, 383–384
beer-drinking regions. See geoalcoholics, beer-drinking regions
Beijing, 92, 363
Belarus, 76, 205, 231, 291, 312, 318, 321–324
Belgium, 358, 378
Bellyustin, Ivan, 105–106
Belorussky station, 335
Belovezh Accords, 291
Benediktov, Viktor, 348
Berezovsky, Boris, 341
Bergholz, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 46
Beria, Lavrenty, 2–9, 21–24, 31, 33, 46, 234, 408n26
Berlin, 76, 233, 239, 287, 297–299, 329
Berlusconi, Silvio, 378
Berra, Yogi, 348
Beslan school hostage crisis, 346
Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Alexei, 55
Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health, 335
Bible, 42
Big Show in Bololand, 208
Big Soviet Encyclopedia, 61, 121, 242
Billington, James, 72
binge drinking (zapoi), 12, 87–88, 134, 252, 330–331
birchbark documents. See Novgorod birchbark documents
birth rate, 277, 285, 327–328, 332–334, 348, 352, 360, 376, 380
Blair House, 301
Black Hundreds, 204
Black Sea, 49, 72, 77, 111, 121, 155, 195, 231, 284
Black Sea Fleet, 155, 157
blackmail, 29, 345
blat, 93–96, 109, 214
See also corruption
blitzkrieg, 4, 231
“Bloody Sunday,” 174
Bogart, Humphrey, 212
Bolshakov, Anton, 210
Bolshakov, Ivan, 22
Bolshevik Revolution (October 1917), 15, 60, 130, 147, 164, 170, 189, 193, 200–201, 260, 279
Bolsheviks, 10, 15, 177, 184, 186, 200, 208, 216, 293, 391
ideological opposition to alcohol, 10, 19, 189, 218
vanguard party, 140, 144, 208, 223
Bolshoi obman (Grand Deception: Truth and Lies about Russian Vodka), 66
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 111, 150–154, 320
Bonner, Elena, 264, 296
bootlegging. See vodka, home-brewed (samogon)
Bordeaux, 65
Borisovna, Anastasia, 134
Borodino, Battle of, 152–153
bourgeoisie, 17, 127, 138, 202, 208
Boxer Rebellion, 160
boyars, 21, 27–30, 33, 36, 47, 84
See also oprichniki
Brandeis, Louis, 346
brandy, 3, 70, 320, 401n7
See also vodka
brännvin, 385
See also vodka
Brazil, 329
bread, 27, 185, 199, 282
bread wine, 79
See also vodka
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 205
Bretuil, Baron de, 53
breweries, 79, 193, 272
Brezhnev, Leonid, 1, 24–25, 61, 239–242, 245, 254–256, 291, 300, 306–307, 312
and corruption, 93, 239–240, 256–257, 262, 272–273
Brezhneva, Galina, 257
bribery, 92–109, 119, 123, 147, 202, 213, 226, 238, 269, 313–316, 328, 348, 360, 365–366, 371–372
See also corruption
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 319
Brokaw, Tom, 230
Brooklyn, 326
Bronshtein, Lev Davidovich (Trotsky). See Trotsky, Leon
Bronze Horseman, 49, 60
Brotherhood of Sobriety, 118
Buchanan, Meriel, 201
buffalo, 173
Bukharin, Nikolai, 217, 223–225, 230, 263
Bukhov, Pyotr Pavlovich, 185, 194
Bulgaria, 231
Bulgars, 77
bureaucracy, 49, 58, 94–95, 107, 278–279, 313, 347, 351, 366, 373
Burlakov, Matvei, 298
burnt wine, 79, 410n50
See also vodka
Buryatia, 319
Bush, George H. W., 280, 300
Butovo, 228
Buturlin, Ivan, 42
Byzantium, 27, 67, 71–72, 77
Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 5
Caffa, 72–73
Camp Alexis, 173
Canada, 388
cancer, 13, 238, 251, 329, 336, 352
Cancer Ward, 238–239
cannibalism, 154, 206
capitalism, 65, 90–93, 123, 127–128, 210, 214, 220–221, 236, 248, 292–295, 306, 312–313, 321–328, 339, 343, 351, 378
alcohol and oppressive characteristics of, 10, 15–16, 19, 90–91, 127–128, 138, 140, 145, 147, 204, 210, 220–221, 244, 247
Capone, Al, 194
cardiovascular disease, 13, 251, 258–259, 275, 306, 309, 329, 331
Carlsberg, 374
Caspian Sea, 205, 233, 410n5
Cathedral of the Archangel, 35, 153
Catherine I, Tsarina, 47–48, 54
Catherine II (the Great), Tsarina, 18, 26, 49–59, 98–99, 260
bureaucratic reforms of, 49, 58, 99
overthrows Peter III, 53, 55–56, 291
marriage to Peter III, 50–51
Catholic church, 71, 77, 117–119
Caucasus, 5, 141, 205, 272, 283–284, 303, 314, 316, 321–323
caviar, 37
CBS, 326, 332
censorship, 20, 61, 119–121, 125, 129, 131, 135, 138, 176, 202, 237, 240, 248, 262, 265
census, 230, 249, 336
Central Asia, 205, 321, 323
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 285–286
cerebral palsy, 336
Ceylon, 163
Chad, 92
Chamberlin, William Henry, 219, 226
champagne, 3, 57, 65, 156, 159, 162, 169, 173, 201, 233, 272, 294, 300
charka, 155–157, 160, 167, 175, 232, 425n31
Charles II, English king, 78
Charles XII, Swedish king, 50, 403n43
Chechnya, 133, 283, 300–304, 306, 328, 339, 342–343, 346, 348, 350
Cheesefare, 85
Cheka. See All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counterrevolution and Sabotage (Cheka)
Chelyshev, Mikhail, 177
chemistry, 70, 73
Cherkasov, Nikolai, 22–23
Chernaya River, 159
Chernenko, Konstantin, 258–261, 269, 307
Chernigov, 269
Chernobyl, 280–281, 283
Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 348, 351
Chernyaev, Anatoly, 239–240
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 129–136, 140, 143–149, 386
Chevalier d’Éon, 52
Chicago, 194
Child Health Census, 336
China, 70, 92, 160–167, 196, 236, 239, 287, 327, 329, 374
Chodasiewicz, Robert Adolf, 155–157
cholera, 109, 206
Christian, David, xiv, xvi, 64–65, 78, 91, 114, 122, 196
Christmas, 43–44, 84–88, 116, 214
Chudov Monastery, 73, 174
Church of the Savor on the Spilt Blood, 143–144
Churchill, Winston, 4–5, 28, 78, 215, 221, 227, 233, 434n9
circling dances, 86–87
civil liberties, 175, 345, 349
civil society, xiii, 9–11, 17, 124, 139, 176–177, 207, 209, 248, 346, 360, 365, 379, 385–390
Clinton, Bill, 300–301, 306, 348, 358, 452n41
coal, 163, 166, 222
Coca-Cola, 67
Codrington, General, 159
Cody, Buffalo Bill, 173
Cohen, Stephen F., 310
cognac, 65, 78, 166–167, 170, 269, 272, 294, 344
Colbert, Stephen, 145, 363
Cold War, 93, 236, 251, 274, 285, 287, 292
collectivization, 2, 15, 16, 24, 216, 225–230, 235, 240, 259
Collins, Samuel, 36, 85–86, 94
Colorado, 173
Colton, Timothy, 307
Columbus, Christopher, 26, 71
Comecon, 66
commanding heights, 210, 306
Commissariat of State Control, 213
Committee for State Security (KGB), 2, 6, 33, 202, 228, 240, 256–257, 264, 266, 288, 289, 344, 363
See also People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 292
communism, 9, 14, 16, 127, 148, 198, 208, 236, 248, 254, 284–287, 306, 328, 387
See also socialism
Communist Manifesto, 127, 129
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1, 3, 17, 22, 210, 212, 223, 237, 244, 291, 293, 351, 387
Central Committee of, 22–23, 214–219, 254, 258, 266
Party Congress of, 206, 210, 214, 237, 262
Party Control Committee of, 268–269
Politburo of, 1–4, 8, 19, 25, 215–219, 224–225, 237, 249, 254–261, 266–272, 277–282, 293
purges of, 17, 24, 220–224, 231, 237, 244, 264, 268–270, 279
Communist Party of the Russian Federation, 300, 305–306, 349–350
Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, 128
Congress of People’s Deputies (CPD), 289, 294–297
conscription, 16, 93, 112, 138, 150–151, 159–163, 206, 240, 336, 383
See also war mobilization
Constantinople, 27
Constitutional Democrats, 201
Contarini, Ambrogio, 84
Contemporary History of Alcohol in Russia, xiv, 367
contraceptives, 251, 333
corporate raiding, 339, 343, 345, 355
corruption, 18, 92–110, 112, 138, 146, 205, 213, 240, 272, 309, 315, 318, 343, 347, 360, 362, 379, 383
and education, 93, 107, 319, 346
and healthcare, 93, 107, 309, 328–329, 345, 365–366
in imperial Russia, 93–110, 117–129, 140, 146–147, 388
and judiciary, 93–98, 103, 109, 121, 147, 309, 341, 343, 366
and military, 93, 121, 155–157, 162, 166
and police, 93–98, 119–120, 147, 213, 309
roots in tax farm, 93–99, 107–112, 119–120, 129–130, 135, 213, 383, 386
in the Russian Federation, 92–93, 96, 107, 309, 315–316, 341, 343, 347, 356, 360–362, 371–372, 379, 383, 389
in the Soviet Union, 93, 205, 213–215, 218, 226, 238–240, 256–257, 261–262, 272
and vodka administration, 93–110, 117–126, 133, 146, 315–319, 347, 356, 371–373, 386–388
See also sistema
Cossacks, 55, 143, 153–154, 159, 162, 166, 169, 205, 304
Council of Ministers, 177, 182