50 John Gittings, ‘Japanese rewrite Guardian history’, The Guardian, 4 October 2002
51 Ibid pp. 292–3
Chapter 19: Bloody Saturday
1 Farmer, p. 38
2 Hibbard, p. 136
3 ‘Round trip to Nanking’, New Yorker, 18 September 1937
4 Sherwood, pp. 17–18
5 Gillison, p. 147
6 ‘Havoc in the streets’, The Times, 16 August 1937
7 Ibid
8 Emily Hahn, ‘Round trip to Nanking’, New Yorker, 18 September 1937
9 Powell, p. 300
10 North-China Daily News, 15 August 1937; Sergeant, p. 299
11 Wheelhouse, pp. 52–3
12 Ibid, p. 301
13 Farmer, p. 43
14 Ibid, p. 45
15 Ibid, p. 46
16 ‘Japan and China’, Time Magazine, 23 August 1937
17 ‘Scrambling over bodies’, The West Australian, 18 August 1937
18 ‘WA woman wounded in Shanghai’, The Advertiser, 19 August 1937
19 ‘Japan and China’, Time Magazine, 23 August 1937
20 Sherwood, p. 13
21 Carl Crow, ‘Farewell to Shanghai’, Harper’s Magazine, December 1937
22 Ibid
23 Shanghai Municipal Police report, 13 April 1942, quoted in Wasserstein, p. 178
24 Abend, My Years in China, p. 257 passim
25 Farmer, p. 55
26 Abend, My Years in China, p. 263
27 Selle, p. 340
28 Hahn, The Soong Sisters, pp. 219–20. Donald arranged for Hahn to interview Mayling Chiang who apparently told her this version.
29 Sergeant, p. 303
30 ‘Have lost prestige’, The Argus, 16 October 1937
31 Marjorie Hunter, ‘China will never forget them’, Courier-Mail, Brisbane, 21 May 1938
32 Eleanor Hinder to Florence Rawlinson, 14 September 1937
33 Farmer, p. 85
34 ‘Doomed men: victory in defeat’, Canberra Times, 2 November 1937
35 Farmer, p. 88
36 Sergeant, p. 310
37 John Gittings, ‘Japanese rewrite Guardian history’, The Guardian, 4 October 2002
38 Ibid; ‘China faces the Crisis’, The Guardian, 12 November 1937
39 Clune, p. 351
40 Alley, pp. 100–1
41 Ibid, p. 103
42 Calvocoressi, Wint and Pritchard, p. 803
43 W. H. Donald, ‘Nanking raids: Mr Donald’s vivid account’, Sydney Morning Herald, 24 September 1937
44 ‘Tense day at Shanghai’, The Times, 4 December 1937
45 Farmer, p. 94
46 Thompson, Pacific Fury, p. 37
47 ‘Present political situation in China’, 20 January 1938, MLSMSS 7594/3/10, James M. McHugh Papers, courtesy of the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
48 Ibid
49 ‘The Doom of Nanking’, The Times, 8 December 1937
50 Helen Fordham, ‘Our Man in China’, The West Australian, 28 October 2006
51 C. M. McDonald, ‘Eye-witness in the Panay’, The Times, 18 December 1937
52 John Gittings, ‘Japanese rewrite Guardian history’, 4 October 2002
53 C. M. McDonald, ‘Terror in Nanking: Looting and murder’, The Times, 18 December 1937
54 ‘Japan at Shanghai’, The Times, 7 January 1938
55 Donald to Kenneth Cantlie, 21 January 1939, Winston G. Lewis. Despite the date, it is clear in the letter that Donald is referring to events that happened early in the invasion – ie, after August 1937.
56 Farmer, p. 156; ‘Australian shot down’, The Argus, 1 April 1938
Chapter 20: Celestial Twilight
1 M. Keswick (editor), p. 212
2 Sergeant, p. 319
3 Brunero, p. 152
4 ‘Japanese claims at Shanghai’, The Times, 8 January 1938
5 Emily Hahn, ‘A Reporter at Large’, New Yorker, 3 December 1938
6 ‘Violence at Shanghai: British police assaulted’, The Times, 8 January 1938
7 ‘Strong British protest’, The Times, 10 January 1938
8 Timperley’s original telegram said, ‘[A] survey by one competent foreign observer indicates [that] in [the] Yangtze delta no less than 300,000 Chinese civilians [have been] slaughtered, [in] many cases [in] cold blood.’ John Gittings, ‘Japanese rewrite Guardian, history’, The Guardian, 4 October 2002
9 Timperley’s telegram was published by the US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in September 1994.
10 ‘Present political situation in China’, 20 January 1938, MLSMSS 7594/3/10, James M. McHugh Papers, courtesy of the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
11 Ibid
12 ‘Present political situation in China’, 14 September 1938, MLSMSS 7594/3/10, James M. McHugh Papers, courtesy of the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
13 ‘Present political situation in China’, 20 January 1938, MLSMSS 7594/3/10, James M. McHugh Papers, courtesy of the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
14 ‘Mme Chiang in Hong Kong’, The Times, 14 January 1938
15 Gillies, p. 89
16 Thompson, Pacific Fury, pp. 39–40
17 Ibid, p. 104
18 Isherwood, p. 53
19 Ibid, p. 55
20 Ibid, pp. 64–5
21 ‘Present political situation in China’, 14 September 1938, MLSMSS 7594/3/10, James M. McHugh Papers, courtesy of the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
22 Smedley, p. 149
23 Farnsworth, p. 398
24 Ibid, p. 399
25 Isherwood, p. 237
26 Ibid, pp. 240–1
27 Ibid, pp. 252–3
28 Clune, p. 348
29 Coulthard-Clark, p. 449
30 Ibid, p. 450
31 ‘Bomb outrages in Shanghai’, The Times, 8 July 1938
32 Farmer, p. 165
33 Ibid, pp. 158–9
34 Agnes Smedley, ‘The last days of Hankow’, The Guardian, 28 October 1938
35 Donald to Kenneth Cantlie, 21 January 1939, Winston G. Lewis Papers
36 Woodburn Kirby, p. 19
37 Thompson, Pacific Fury, pp. 39–40
38 ‘China’s tragic ordeal’, Sydney Morning Herald, 23 January 1939
39 Selle, p. 348
40 Donald to Kenneth Cantlie, 21 January 1939, Winston G. Lewis Papers
Chapter 21: Goodbye Chungking
1 Mayling Soong Chiang to James M. McHugh, 16 June 1939, James M. McHugh Papers, courtesy of the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
2 Andrews, p. 99
3 Farmer, p. 229
4 Ibid, p. 247
5 Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 413
6 Wakeman, Spymaster, front matter
7 Wakeman, The Shanghai Badlands, p. 30
8 Jonathan Spence, ‘Goodfellas in Shanghai’, New York Review of Books, 20 April 1995; Wakeman, The Shanghai Badlands, pp. 32–3
9 Jean Armstrong to Civilian Internees’ Trust Fund, Melbourne, 22 January 1953, Australian National Archives
10 ‘Relations between Great Britain and France and China’, Memorandum of Conversation, Department of State, Washington, 2 April 1940
11 Harold K. Hochschild to Earl A. Selle, 31 January 1947, William Henry Donald Correspondence, Columbia University Library
12 Chennault, p. 34
13 Memorandum of Conversation, Chungking, 8 March 1939, Mili
tary reports and miscellaneous memos 1937–1942, James M. McHugh Papers, courtesy of the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
14 W. J. Timperley to Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen, 15 July 1937
15 Alan Willoughby Raymond, statement to Captain Wilfred Blacket, Shanghai, 5 December 1946, A4144/1, 244/1946, National Archives of Australia
16 ‘Australia and Japan: W. H. Donald criticises friendship’, Sydney Morning Herald, 16 January 1941
17 McDonald, Wynette Cecilia, Bowden report on H. O. Lindquist, 10 September 1940, A6126, no. 1213, National Archives of Australia
18 V. G. Bowden to Colonel H. E. Jones, director, Investigation Branch, 27 December 1940, Australian Archives, Canberra. Enclosures: ‘Report on Mr H. O. Lindquist’, 10 September 1940; ‘Report on Wynette Cecilia McDonald’, 23 December 1940, A6126, no. 1213, Australian National Archives
19 McDonald, Wynette Cecilia, undated statement of Mrs Ruby Taylor and Bowden to Colonel H. E. Jones, director, Investigation Branch, A6126, no. 1213, Australian National Archives
20 Ibid
21 Pakula, pp. 339–40, quoting journalist Ernest O. Hauser
22 ‘Bigger US loan to China’, The Times, 18 October 1940
23 Shaw, pp. 212–3
24 Ibid, p. 213
Chapter 22: Betraying Australia
1 ‘Statement of Baron von Puttkamer on Wynette McDonald’, 1 May 1946, A1066/4 IC45/94/5, National Archives of Australia
2 Wasserstein, p. 179
3 London Gazette, 24 July 1915
4 ‘Husband in exile’, Sydney Morning Herald, 15 December 1948
5 ‘Divorce sought from husband’, Canberra Times, 14 December 1948
6 French Political Police report, 5 March 1941, Shanghai Municipal Police records, quoted in Wasserstein, p. 179
7 Jonathan Spence, ‘Goodfellas in Shanghai’, New York Review of Books, 20 April 1995; Wakeman, The Shanghai Badlands, p. 122
8 Ibid
9 Ibid, pp. 123–4
10 Donald to Herbert Elliston, 3 June 1941, quoted in Selle, p. 352
11 Selle, pp. 352–3
12 Thompson, Pacific Fury, pp. 198–9
13 The Argus, 2 September 1941
14 Osmond, p. 212
15 Ibid
16 Ibid, p. 208
17 Ibid, p. 228
18 Eleanor M. Hinder to A. Viola Smith, 9 October 1941, Eleanor M. Hinder Papers, Mitchell Library
19 Geoffrey Hutton, ‘Chungking has taken it for 2 years’, The Argus, 11 October 1941
20 H. W. Timperley to W. P. Crozier, 2 November 1941, Winston G. Lewis Papers
21 Author’s interview with Elizabeth Fay Woodfield
22 A. Viola Smith to Eleanor M. Hinder, 9 October 1941, Eleanor M. Hinder Papers, Mitchell Library. This letter was returned to Ms Smith on 27 March 1942 as ‘service suspended’.
23 Collar, pp. 18–19
24 Carey, pp. 33–4
25 Author’s interview with Stephanie Sherwood née Fernandez
26 Helen Fordham, ‘Our Man in China’, The West Australian, 28 October 2006
27 ‘Japanese thrown back at Hong Kong’, The Argus, 26 December 1941
28 Author’s interview with Ivor Bowden
29 Ibid
30 ‘John Joseph Holland’, A1066/4, IC 45/94/5, National Archives of Australia; A6119/79, Item 718, Director, CIS to Secretary, Department of Immigration, 16 June 1948
31 Shanghai Times, 13 March 1942; Longfield Lloyd to deputy director of security All States, ‘The Independent Australia League’, 5 May 1945, A1066/4, IC45/94/5, National Archives of Australia
32 Shanghai Municipal Police report, 13 March 1942, quoted in Wasserstein, p. 180
33 ‘Newscaster of Shanghai’, Time Magazine, 29 July 1940
34 Director-general of security to acting secretary, Department of External Affairs, 5 October 1945, A1066/4, IC45/94/5, National Archives of Australia
35 ‘The Independent Australia League’, H. S. Austin, Australian Security Service, Brisbane, 24 May 1943, Alan Willoughby Raymond file, Australian National Archives
36 A. V. Cattel statement, 1 December 1945, PRO, FO 369/3791, British Archives
37 ‘Report of interview with Miss Georgina Fuller’, National Archives of Australia
38 Shanghai Evening Post & Mercury, 6 July 1942, A4144/1, 244/1946, National Archives of Australia
Chapter 23: Behind Barbed Wire
1 Collar, p. 29
2 Powell, p. 371
3 Jack Percival, ‘The prisoner the Japanese could not find’, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 November 1946
4 Donald to Muriel Donald, MLMSS 7594/11/2, Winston G. Lewis Papers, Mitchell Library
5 Time magazine, 25 November 1946
6 Author’s interview with Stephanie Sherwood née Fernandez
7 Sherwood, p. 66
8 Hinder, p. viii
9 Carey, p. 39
10 Sherwood, p. 69
11 Mydans, p. 93
12 Raymond, Alan Willoughby, Volume 2, John J. Holland to Dr J. Holland, director-general Security to director, Military Intelligence, 11 February 1943, A6126/XMO, National Archives of Australia
13 Author’s interview with Freda Ingham née Howkins
14 ‘W. H. Donald held by Japanese’, Sydney Morning Herald, 5 August 1943
15 Letter from Mrs Irene Duguid Kilpatrick, The Times, 1 September 1984
16 Daily Telegraph, 23 February 1946; ‘Report of interview with Miss Georgina Fuller’, National Archives of Australia
17 ‘Nominal rolls – Lunghwa Camp’ in Leck, p. 581
18 Between 1942 and 1946, a total of 27,000 people sailed in the Gripsholm in exchanges between the Allies and Japan.
19 ‘Australian on treason charge’, Sydney Morning Herald, 6 March 1947
20 ‘Charge of treason: John Holland sentenced’, Sydney Morning Herald, 26 March 1947
21 Author’s interview with Catherine Cotterman; Pacific Fury, p. 467
22 The editors of Time apologised for this gaffe in the next issue.
23 ‘Russia to move against Japan, says W. H. Donald’, Canberra Times, 17 May 1945
24 Creighton Burns, ‘Chiang’s adviser visits USA’, The Argus, 17 May 1945
25 Tennant, p. 163
26 Long, p. 407; Donald to Muriel Donald, 18 June 1945, Winston G. Lewis Papers
27 David McNicoll, ‘W. H. Donald discusses Japan’s fate’, The Argus, 12 July 1945
28 Donald to Robert Tierney, 4 August 1945, Winston G. Lewis Papers
29 Meo, p. 83
30 ‘Talk by Alan Raymond’, 20 July 1945, Listening Post Report, Department of Information.
Chapter 24: Return to Shanghai
1 Donald to Robert Tierney, 29 August 1945, Winston G. Lewis Papers
2 Author’s interview with Stephanie Sherwood, née Fernandez
3 Sherwood, p. 95
4 ‘Foreign property in Shanghai’, The Times, 18 September 1945
5 H. Mishael, ‘Surrender ceremony in Shanghai’, Sydney Morning Herald, 8 September 1945
6 Twomey, p. 138
7 H. Mishael, ‘Aiding Shanghai internees’, Sydney Morning Herald, 21 September 1945
8 Twomey, pp. 79–80
9 Mary and Muriel Donald became American citizens in 1954. Mary died on 14 June 1972 in a convalescent hospital at Paradise, California, at the age of 90. Muriel died less than a year later on 21 April 1973 at the Feather River Hospital, Paradise, at the age of 63.
10 H. Mishael, ‘China’s iron man looks back at his achievements’, Sydney Morning Herald, 23 October 1945
11 Lary, p. 172
12 Associated Press, 4 Decembe
r 1945
13 ‘US policy attacked by Donald of China’, New York Times, 28 January 1946
14 Professor Lewis commented that ‘the claims made for Donald in that volume sometimes appear to verge on the fantastic . . . [they] suggest that he, almost alone, shaped the course of the history of modern China’ (Winston G. Lewis, ‘The Quest for William Henry Donald (1875–1946), that other Australian in China’, Asian Studies Review, Volume 12, Number 1).
15 John Hersey, ‘Letter from Shanghai’, New Yorker, 9 February 1946
16 Tyn Li, p. 271
17 Alastair Morrison to Professor Lewis, 1 April 1980, Winston G. Lewis Papers
18 Mrs Ida du Mars to Muriel Donald, 11 July 1947, Winston G. Lewis Papers
19 Donald to Harold K. Hochschild, 15 April 1946, Winston G. Lewis Papers
20 Li, p. 276
21 China Press, 10 November 1946
22 North-China Daily News, 11 November 1946. The cemetery was vandalised during the Cultural Revolution and there is no sign of Donald’s grave today.
23 ‘John Holland arrested in barber’s chair’, The Mercury, Hobart, 29 September 1945
24 Alan Willoughby Raymond, statement to Captain Wilfred Blacket, Shanghai, 5 December 1946, A4144/1, 244/1946, National Archives of Australia
25 Wynette Cecilia McDonald, statement to Captain Wilfred Blacket, ‘Report on Shanghai Position Prior to Embarkation of Shanghai Detachment’, 10 January 1946, MP742/1, 255/2/686, National Archives of Australia
26 US CIC interrogation of Ikushima Kichizo at Sugamo Prison on 20 March 1946, FOIA/USAISC, US Army Intelligence and Security Command, CIC: Counter-Intelligence Corps, quoted in Wasserstein, p. 179
27 Dai Li was killed in a suspicious plane crash on 17 March 1946.
Chapter 25: Mao’s Triumph
1 Pakula, p. 547
2 James M. McHugh to his wife, 31 July 1946, James M. McHugh Papers, courtesy of the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
3 Marjorie Harper, ‘Copland, Sir Douglas Berry (1894–1971)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 13, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1993
4 D. A. Alexander, deputy director, Commonwealth Investigation Service, Canberra, to director, 23 September 1947
5 Memorandum from Ian Morrison to The Times foreign news editor Ralph Deacon, 19 November 1948, History of The Times, Volume V, p. 179
6 The Allied Intelligence Bureau (AIB) was set up by General MacArthur in 1942 as an umbrella organisation to control all American, Australian, British and Dutch special operations.
Shanghai Fury Page 52