39 ‘Roy S. Anderson dies in Peking’, New York Times, 13 March 1925
40 W. Farmer Whyte, ‘China’s millions: From Mukden to Peking’, Daily Telegraph, Sydney, 15 March 1924
41 Harold K. Hochschild to Winston G. Lewis, 13 October 1969, Winston G. Lewis Papers
42 ‘Fighting in China’, The Argus, 1 November 1924
43 ‘Wu Pei-fu: Leading Chinese general’, The Times, 1 May 1923
44 Donald to Mrs and Mrs N. Peter Rathvon, 1 October 1924, quoted in Selle p. 233
45 Ibid
46 Rasmussen, The Reconquest of Asia, p. 115
47 Arthur Huck, ‘Mathews, Robert Henry (1877–1970)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10, Melbourne University Press, 1986, pp. 443–4
48 ‘Chaotic China’, Sydney Morning Herald, 13 July 1925
49 ‘Melbourne Letter’, Western Mail, Perth, 1 July 1920; ‘Soldiers’ Friend’, Brisbane Courier, 18 January 1933
50 Sues, p. 183
51 ‘The Old Eleventh’, The West Australian, 17 September 1918
52 ‘Fighting in China’, The Argus, 1 November 1924
53 Arthur Huck, ‘Mathews, Robert Henry (1877–1970)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 10, Melbourne University Press, 1986, pp. 443–4
54 ‘Sun Yat-sen dead’, The Times, 13 March 1925
55 Selle, pp. 236–7
Chapter 14: Shanghai Fury
1 Wakeman, p. 9; Acton, p. 292
2 Leo Ou-fan Lee, p. 8
3 Clifford, pp. 39–41
4 Sternberg, pp. 82–3
5 Author’s interview with Ivor Bowden, May 2010
6 Clifford, p. 60
7 Alley, Rewi Alley: An Autobiography, pp. 46–7
8 Ibid
9 Meta Zimmeck, ‘Anderson, Dame Adelaide Mary (1863–1936)’, rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
10 Ibid
11 ‘Dame Adelaide Anderson dead’, The Guardian, 31 August 1936
12 ‘Obituary: Dame Adelaide Anderson’, The Times, 29 August 1936
13 Wheelhouse, p. 9
14 Rigby, p. 17
15 ‘Dame Adelaide Anderson’s experience’, The Guardian, 6 October 1925
16 Ibid
17 The Times, 17 June 1925
18 Rigby, p. 34
19 Ibid, p. 23
20 Rasmussen, The Reconquest of Asia, p. 109
21 ‘At Shanghai’, Sydney Morning Herald, 27 April 1925
22 Hsu, p. 534
23 Ibid; Rigby, p. 19
24 Bickers, Empire Made Me, pp. 163–4
25 ‘The Shanghai riots: evidence of the police’, The Mercury, Hobart, 17 October 1925
26 Rigby, p. 34; ‘The Shanghai riots: evidence of the police’, The Mercury, Hobart, 17 October 1925
27 Bickers, Empire Made Me, p. 164
28 ‘The Shanghai riots: evidence of the police’, The Mercury, Hobart, 17 October 1925
29 Donald to Mr and Mrs N. Peter Rathvon, 7 July 1925, quoted in Selle, p. 240
30 ‘The Boxer Indemnity’, The Times, 4 January 1926
31 Dong, pp. 124–5
32 Pal, p. 106
33 Fairbank, The Great Chinese Revolution, p. 175
34 Deane, pp. 21–2; Farnsworth, p. 28
35 Dong, pp. 97–8
36 Higham, p. 63 passim
37 Ibid, p. 72; Moseley, p. 10 n
38 Dong, p. 125. The Municipality of Greater Shanghai, covering an area of 828.8 square kilometres, finally came into being on 14 July 1927.
39 Dong, p. 165
40 Clifford, p. 75
41 Author’s interview with Roy Fernandez Jr, May 2010
42 Toomey, p. 142
43 Roy Fernandez, ‘Police expert defends the paraffin test’, Sydney Morning Herald, 1 March 1954
44 Author’s interview with Ivor Bowden, May 2010; Ivor Bowden to Winston G. Lewis, 1 July 1969, Winston G. Lewis Papers
45 ‘Personal’, The Argus, 3 May 1946
46 Hsu, p. 534; Fairbank, The Great Chinese Revolution, p. 212; Bickers, Empire Made Me, p. 172
47 ‘Life in Shanghai’, The Argus, 22 April 1927
48 Rasmussen, What’s Right with China, dedication
49 Bernard Wasserstein, ‘Trebitsch Lincoln’, Oxford Dictionary of Biography, 1989
Chapter 15: Yangtze Thunder
1 Chang and Halliday, p. 43
2 Bennett, p. 239
3 Hsu, p. 527; ‘Obituary: Chiang Kai-shek’, The Times, 7 April 1975; Fairbank, The Great Chinese Revolution, p. 215
4 Sergeant, p. 70
5 Jonathan D. Spence, ‘Portrait of a Monster’, New York Review of Books, 3 November 2005; Chang and Halliday, p. 48
6 Fenby, China, p. 172
7 ‘Scenes in China’, Sydney Morning Herald, 3 February 1927
8 Ibid
9 Fenby, China, p. 152, ‘Obituary: Wu Pei-fu, soldier and poet’, The Times, 5 December 1939
10 ‘Editorial: Hankow and After’, The Times, 2 December 1926
11 ‘Chang Tso-lin’s warning to Bolshevists’, The Times, 25 September 1925
12 Clifford, p. 177
13 Ibid, p. 178
14 ‘The Hankow Riots’, The Times, 2 February 1927
15 ‘British prestige in China’, Brisbane Courier, 1 February 1927
16 ‘Scenes in China’, Sydney Morning Herald, 3 February 1927; Rigby, p. viii
17 ‘The Hankow Riots’, The Times, 2 February 1927
18 ‘Hankow: British Concession invaded’, The Times, 5 January 1927
19 ‘The Hankow Riots’, The Times, 2 February 1927
20 ‘The Lesson of Hankow’, The Times, 8 January 1927
21 Ibid
22 Clifford, p. 181
23 Bennett, p. 327
24 Sergeant, p. 74
25 Woodhead, p. 160
26 Clifford, p. 178
27 ‘Editorial: Hankow and After’, The Times, 2 December 1926
28 Robert Bickers, ‘Changing Shanghai’s “Mind”: Publicity, reform and the British in Shanghai 1928-1931’, lecture, China Society, 1991
29 Arthur Ransome, The Chinese Puzzle (London, 1927), pp. 28–32
30 Rasmussen, The Reconquest of Asia, p. 76
31 Ibid
32 Powell, pp. 145–6
33 Clifford, p. 200
34 Isaacs, p. 134
35 Ibid, pp. 135–6
36 Clifford, p. 217
37 Dong, p. 180; Clifford, p. 218
38 ‘Lord Gort’s narrow escape’, The Times, 23 March 1927
39 Dong, p. 180
40 ‘Parliament’, The Times, 29 March 1927
41 ‘The Nanking Outrages: Refugees’ sworn statements’, The Times, 31 March 1927
42 ‘British victim at Nanking’, The Times, 25 March 1927; ‘The Nanking Settlement’, The Times, 11 August 1928; ‘Looting of Nanking’, The Times, 28 March 1927
43 Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 143; Spurling, p. 176
44 ‘The Nanking Outrages’, The Times, 26 March 1927
45 Bennett, p. 240
46 Dong, p. 181
47 Sergeant, p. 70
48 Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 153
49 Sergeant, p. 75
50 Jonathan D. Spence, ‘The Underground War for Shanghai’, New York Review of Books, 20 April 1995
51 Isaacs, pp. 142–3
52 Fenby, China, pp. 177–8
53 ‘Raid on Shanghai Reds’, The Times, 13 April 1927
54 Dong, p. 184
55 Alley, p. 44
56 Sergeant, pp. 2
22–3; The Australian, 29 December 1987
57 Author’s interview with Freda Ingham née Howkins
58 Bennett, p. 240
59 Spence, The Search for Modern China, p. 342
Chapter 16: Donald’s Dilemma
1 James M. McHugh ms, Box 3, James M. McHugh Papers, courtesy of the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
2 ‘Russian refugee works in war-wracked China’, Sydney Morning Herald, 22 October 1936; ‘Life of adventure in New Guinea’, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 August 1938
3 Selle, p. 225
4 ‘Wu Pei-fu: Leading Chinese general’, The Times, 1 May 1923
5 Jo Gullett to Winston G. Lewis, 18 April 1969, Winston G. Lewis Papers
6 ‘Kermit Roosevelt back with a panda’, New York Times, 13 June 1929
7 Harold K. Hochschild to Winston G. Lewis, 18 August 1969, Winston G. Lewis Papers
8 Wheelhouse, p. 20
9 Professor Taylor Griffith, ‘China: Is she awakening?’, Sydney Morning Herald, 1 February 1927
10 Ibid
11 ‘Obituary: Mr Basil Riley’, The Times, 11 November 1927
12 ‘A young man in China: Mr F. B. Riley’s letters’, The Times, 12 November 1927
13 ‘Mr Riley’s disappearance’, The West Australian, 28 July 1927
14 Bennett, Introduction, p. xv (A. Tom Grunfeld editor)
15 ‘Reds bribe to Feng’, The Times, 14 June 1927
16 Bennett, p. 348
17 Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 154
18 Bennett, pp. 361–2; Hsu, p. 529
19 ‘The Hankow Regime: Leaders fear of Chiang’, The Times 13 July 1927. This story was datelined: ‘Hankow, July 9 (delayed)’, so it is impossible to ascertain exactly when it was filed.
20 ‘China for the Chinese’, The Times, 4 July 1927
21 ‘Murdered by soldiers’, The West Australian, 12 November 1927
22 ‘The fate of Mr Riley’, The Times, 11 November 1929
23 United China Magazine, July 1932
24 ‘The Murder of Mr Riley’, The Times, 11 November 1927. It is odd that another source (the Scoop database which lists profiles of thousands of journalists) says of Riley: ‘Appointed special correspondent for The Times in China, 1927 and was tortured and murdered by the troops of General Feng Yu-hsiang, his death being reported to the British Consul by a German woman doctor, Carla Schreyer.’ On 11 October 1927, four weeks before The Times released its report, the Northern Territory Times published this report from London: ‘The little hope which still lingered that F. Basil Riley, son of the Archbishop of Perth, WA, might still be alive, is now dispelled by the German woman who reported that Riley had been murdered by Chinese troops. She supplied full details of the crime to Sir Sidney Barton, the British Consul-General [in Shanghai].’ If so, Barton and The Times suppressed them.
25 ‘A young man in China: Mr F. B. Riley’s letters’, The Times, 12 November 1927
26 W. H. Donald to his sister, Mrs Florence Orr, 7 July 1932, Winston G. Lewis Papers
27 Woodhead, p. 159
28 Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 160
29 Dong, p. 190
30 ‘China: Tribute to an Australian’, Sydney Morning Herald, 19 May 1931
31 Winston G. Lewis, ‘The Quest for William Henry Donald (1875-1946) that other Australian in China’, Asian Studies Review, 12: 1
32 Hallett Abend, ‘Manchurian ruler broken by intrigue: Turned to opium smoking’, New York Times, 22 October 1928
33 Selle, pp. 255–6
34 Abend, My Years in China, p. 150
35 ‘Russian refugee works in war-wracked China’, Sydney Morning Herald, 22 October 1936
36 ‘Gung Ho – Rewi Alley of China’, documentary, 1980, NZ On Screen
37 ‘Writer Rewi Alley dies aged 80’, The Guardian, 28 December 1987
38 Jonathan Spence, ‘Before the East was Red’, New York Times, 29 February 2004
39 Crossley, The Wobbling Pivot, pp. 185–6
40 ‘China honours the national hero’, The Observer, 2 June 1929
41 Farmer, p. 115
42 James M. Yard, ‘Christianity in the Chinese laboratory’, Journal of Religion, volume 8, number 4, October 1928
43 Alan Willoughby Raymond, Item 63, Security Service, 2 February 1943, A6126XMO, National Archives of Australia
44 Alan Willoughby Raymond, statement to Captain Wilfred Blacket, Shanghai, 5 December 1946, A4144/1, 244/1946, National Archives of Australia
45 ‘Back from China’, The West Australian, 2 March 1929
46 ‘First woman candidate’, The West Australian, 24 February 1930
Chapter 17: Japan Strikes
1 Abend, My Years in China, p. 151
2 Ibid, p. 167
3 Youli Sun, p. 21
4 Thorne, Limits of Foreign Policy, p. 205
5 ‘The Shanghai Fighting’, The Times, 7 March 1932
6 Fenby, China, pp. 234–5
7 ‘Editorial: Manchuria and the League’, The Times, 11 December 1931
8 ‘Welcoming the New Year’, North-China Daily News, 1 January 1932
9 North-China Daily News, 31 December 1931
10 Hallett Abend, ‘Japanese threat to Pieping’, New York Times, 3 January 1932
11 Thorne, Limits of Foreign Policy, p. 206; Wakeman, p. 187
12 Jordan, p. 12
13 North-China Herald, 26 January 1932
14 Abend, My Years in China, p. 175
15 H. B. Elliston, ‘China’s No. 1 White Boy’, Saturday Evening Post, 19 March 1938
16 ‘The Shanghai Fighting’, The Times, 7 March 1932
17 Abend, My Years in China, p. 190
18 Author’s interview with William Macauley
19 Author’s interview with Ivor Bowden
20 Author’s interview with William Macauley
21 ‘The Shanghai Fighting’, The Times, 7 March 1932
22 Wakeman, pp. 191–2
23 C. S. Hirsch, ‘How Japanese took Chapei’, North-China Daily News, 31 January 1932
24 ‘The Shanghai Fighting’, The Times, 7 March 1932
25 Jordan, p. x
26 Youli Sun, p. 27
27 Woodhead, pp. 207–8
28 Jordan, p. x
29 Thorne, Limits of Foreign Policy, p. 209
30 Paul G. Halpern, ‘Kelly, Sir (William Archibald) Howard (1873–1952)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2008
31 ‘League commission in Manchuria’, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 August 1932
32 Memo from Joseph Grew, United States Ambassador to Japan, to Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, Washington, 16 July 1932
33 Acton, pp. 287, 291
34 Ibid, p. 291
35 Alley, pp. 46–7
Chapter 18: Kidnap Crisis
1 Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 220
2 Selle, p. 281
3 Ian Stewart, ‘The China Doctor still practising’, New York Times, 12 August 1973
4 Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 222; Selle, p. 283
5 ‘Mr T. V. Soong’, The Times, 5 June 1933
6 ‘Present Political Situation in China’, 20 January, 1938, MLSMSS 7594/3/10, James M. McHugh Papers, courtesy of the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
7 ‘The Fukien Coup’, The Times, 24 November 1933
8 W. L. Bond to Professor Lewis, 3 September 1969, Winston G. Lewis Papers
9 Selle, pp. 289–90
10 Ibid
11 Abend, My Years in China, p. 195
12 ‘Pain in the heart’, Time magazine, 28 December 1936
13 Don
ald to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 24 February 1934, quoted in Selle, pp. 292–3
14 Donald to Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 13 April 1934, quoted in Selle, p. 295
15 Farmer, p. 109
16 Donald to James M. McHugh, 11 July 1935, James M. McHugh Papers, courtesy of the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library
17 Irene M. Cassel to Winston G. Lewis, 14 August 1969
18 Fenby, China, p. 270
19 Alan Willoughby Raymond, V. G. Bowden report, A6126/XMO, National Archives of Australia
20 Shanghai Municipal Police report 15 July 1940, quoted in Wasserstein, p. 178
21 Alan Willoughby Raymond, statement to Captain Wilfred Blacket, Shanghai, 5 December 1946, A4144/1, 244/1946, National Archives of Australia
22 Wasserstein, p. 179
23 Powell, p. 270
24 Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 2
25 Snow, p. 389
26 ‘Chiang fought captors by spiritual strength’, New York Times, 22 April 1937
27 Barratt, p. 18
28 Powell, p. 275
29 Selle, pp. 328–9; Abend, My Years in China, p. 231
30 ‘General Chang’s letter’, The Times, 28 December 1936
31 After his release, Chang Hsueh-liang moved to Honolulu, where he died in October 2001 at the age of 100
32 ‘Pain in the heart’, Time magazine, 28 December 1936
33 ‘In brief’, The Times, 7 July 1937
34 ‘Life in China: Australian’s gift’, Sydney Morning Herald, 15 February 1937
35 Li, pp. 132–3
36 Fenby, Chiang Kai-shek, p. 286
37 C. D. Coulthard-Clark, ‘Malley, Garnet Francis (1892–1961), Australian Dictionary of Biography’, Volume 15, Melbourne University Press, 2000
38 Gillison, p. 149; Chennault, p. 38
39 Nelson T. Johnson Papers, Library of Congress, quoted in Pakula pp. 290–1
40 Li, p. 135
41 ‘Mui tsai system in Shanghai’, The Guardian, 23 February 1937
42 Sarah Paddle, ‘The Limits of Sympathy: International feminists and the Chinese “slave girl” campaigns of the 1920s and 1930s’, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, 4:3, 2003
43 Ibid
44 Chit Chat, Western Mail, 26 October 1933
45 Calvocoressi, Wint and Pritchard, p. 796
46 Ibid
47 Ibid, p. 798
48 Powell, p. 291
49 H. J. Timperley to Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugesen, 15 July 1937, Winston G. Lewis Papers
Shanghai Fury Page 51