Dickens As an Educator

by James L. Hughes

  CHAPTER XVI.

  MISCELLANEOUS EDUCATIONAL PRINCIPLES.

  The need of apperception and correlation are shown in the result of PaulDombey's first lessons under Miss Cornelia Blimber, and in the same bookin the description of the learning Briggs carried away with him. It waslike an ill-arranged luggage, so tightly packed that he couldn't get atanything he wanted. The absolute necessity for fixing apperceptive centresof emotion and thought in the lives of children by experience is shown inthe case of Neville Landless in Edwin Drood. His early life had been sobarren that, as he told his tutor, "It has caused me to be utterly wantingin I don't know what emotions, or remembrances, or good instincts--I havenot even a name for the thing, you see--that you have had to work upon inother young men to whom you have been accustomed."

  Dickens emphasized the fact that the lack of apperceptive centres of animproper kind is a great advantage.

  That heart where self has found no place and raised no throne is slow to recognise its ugly presence when it looks upon it. As one possessed of an evil spirit was held in old time to be alone conscious of the lurking demon in the breasts of other men, so kindred vices know each other in their hiding places every day, when virtue is incredulous and blind.

  There is no more suggestive work on the contents of children's minds thanBleak House. When Poor Jo was summoned to give evidence at the inquest hewas questioned in regard to himself and his theology. The results werestartling.

  Name, Jo. Nothing else that he knows on. Don't know that everybody has two names. Never heerd of sich a think. Don't know that Jo is short for a longer name. Thinks it long enough for _him_. _He_ don't find no fault with it. Spell it? No. _He_ can't spell it. No father, no mother, no friends. Never been to school. What's home? Knows a broom's a broom, and knows it's wicked to tell a lie. Don't recollect who told him about the broom, or about the lie, but knows both. Can't exactly say what'll be done to him after he's dead if he tells a lie to the gentlemen here, but believes it'll be something wery bad to punish him, and serve him right--and so he'll tell the truth.

  Jo sweeps his crossing all day long, unconscious of the link, if any link there be. He sums up his mental condition, when asked a question, by replying that he "don't know nothink." He knows that it's hard to keep the mud off the crossing in dirty weather, and harder still to live by doing it. Nobody taught him, even that much; he found it out.

  Jo comes out of Tom-all-Alone's, meeting the tardy morning, which is always late in getting down there, and munches his dirty bit of bread as he comes along. His way lying through many streets, and the houses not yet being open, he sits down to breakfast on the doorstep of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, and gives it a brush when he has finished, as an acknowledgment of the accommodation. He admires the size of the edifice, and wonders what it's all about. He has no idea, poor wretch, of the spiritual destitution of a coral reef in the Pacific, or what it costs to look up the precious souls among the cocoanuts and breadfruits.

  He goes to his crossing, and begins to lay it out for the day. The town awakes; the great teetotum is set up for its daily spin and whirl; all that unaccountable reading and writing, which has been suspended for a few hours, recommences. Jo and the other lower animals get on in the unintelligible mess as they can. It is market day. The blinded oxen, overgoaded, overdriven, never guided, run into wrong places and are beaten out; and plunge, red-eyed and foaming, at stone walls; and often sorely hurt the innocent, and often sorely hurt themselves. Very like Jo and his order; very, very like!

  A band of music comes and plays. Jo listens to it. So does a dog--a drover's dog, waiting for his master outside a butcher's shop, and evidently thinking about those sheep he has had upon his mind for some hours, and is happily rid of. He seems perplexed respecting three or four; can't remember where he left them; looks up and down the street, as half expecting to see them astray; suddenly pricks up his ears and remembers all about it. A thoroughly vagabond dog, accustomed to low company and public houses; a terrific dog to sheep; ready at a whistle to scamper over their backs, and tear out mouthfuls of their wool; but an educated, improved, developed dog, who has been taught his duties and knows how to discharge them. He and Jo listen to the music, probably with much the same amount of animal satisfaction; likewise, as to awakened association, aspiration, or regret, melancholy or joyful reference to things beyond the senses, they are probably upon a par. But, otherwise, how far above the human listener is the brute!

  Turn that dog's descendants wild, like Jo, and in a very few years they will so degenerate that they will lose even their bark--but not their bite.

  When Lady Dedlock met Jo, she asked him:

  "Are you the boy I've read of in the papers?"

  "I don't know," says Jo, staring moodily at the veil, "nothink about no papers. I don't know nothink about nothink at all."

  When Guster, Mr. Snagsby's servant, got him some food, she said:

  "Are you hungry?"

  "Jist!" says Jo.

  "What's gone of your father and your mother, eh?"

  Jo stops in the middle of a bite, and looks petrified. For this orphan charge of the Christian saint whose shrine was at Tooting, has patted him on the shoulder; and it is the first time in his life that any decent hand had been so laid upon him.

  "I never know'd nothink about 'em," says Jo.

  "No more didn't I of mine," cries Guster.

  When Allan Woodcourt took him to Mr. George's and had his wants attendedto, he told Jo to be sure and tell him the truth always.

  "Wishermaydie, if I don't," said Jo. "I never was in no other trouble atall, sir--'cept knowin' nothink and starvation."

  When Allan saw that Jo was nearing the end, he said:

  "Jo! Did you ever know a prayer?"

  "Never know'd nothink, sir."

  "Not so much as one short prayer?"

  "No, sir. Nothink at all. Mr. Chadband he was a-prayin' wunst at Mr. Snagsby's and I heerd him, but he sounded as if he wos a-speakin' to hisself, and not to me. He prayed a lot, but _I_ couldn't make out nothink on it. Different times, there was other genlmen come down Tom-all-Alone's a-prayin', but they all mostly sed as the t'other wuns prayed wrong, and all mostly sounded to be a-talkin' to theirselves, or a-passin' blame on the t'others, and not a-talkin' to us. _We_ never know'd nothink. _I_ never know'd what it wos all about."

  No? Mr. Chadband, your long sermon about "the Terewth" found no place inJo in which to rest; nothing to which it could attach itself. No wonder hewent asleep. He had no apperceptive centres in his experience or histraining to which your kind of religious teaching was related.

  Poor Jo! He was the first great illustration, and he is still the best, ofthe great pedagogical truth, that we see, and hear, and understand in allthat is around us only what corresponds to what we are within; that ourpower to see, and hear, and understand increases as our inner life iscultured and developed; and that a life as barren as that of the greatclass of whom Jo was made the type makes it impossible to comprehend anyteaching of an abstract kind. This revelation is of course most valuableto primary teachers in cities.

  Dickens showed his wonderful insight into the most profound problems ofpsychology in his great character sketch of poor Jo. He agreed withHerbart regarding the philosophy of apperception so far as it related tointellectual culture, but he painted Jo entirely out of harmony withHerbart's psychology in relation to soul development. After describing Mr.Chadband's sermon on "Terewth" Dickens says:

  All this time Jo has been standing on the spot where he woke up, ever picking his cap, and putting bits of fur in his mouth. He spits them out with a remorseful air, for he feels that it is in his nature to be an unimprovable reprobate, and it's no good _his_ trying to k
eep awake, for _he_ won't never know nothink. Though it may be, Jo, that there is a history so interesting and affecting even to minds as near the brutes as thine, recording deeds done on this earth for common men, that if the Chadbands, removing their own persons from the light, would but show it thee in simple reverence, would but leave it unimproved, would but regard it as being eloquent enough without their modest aid--it might hold thee awake, and thou might learn from it yet!

  Jo never heard of any such book. Its compilers, and the Reverend Chadband, are all one to him--except that he knows the Reverend Chadband, and would rather run away from him for an hour than hear him talk for five minutes.

  When Jo was eating at Mr. Snagsby's he stopped in the middle of his biteand looked petrified, because Guster patted him on the shoulder. "It wasthe first time in his life that any decent hand had been so laid uponhim."

  In The Haunted Man the six-year-old child was described as "a baby savage,a young monster, a child who had never been a child, a creature who mightlive to take the outward form of man, but who, within, would live andperish a mere beast."

  Hugh, the splendid young animal who was John Willet's stable boy inBarnaby Rudge, was as deficient of most intellectual and spiritualapperceptive centres as poor Jo. When Mr. Chester asked him his name hereplied:

  "I'd tell it if I could. I can't. I have always been called Hugh; nothing more. I never knew nor saw, nor thought about a father; and I was a boy of six--that's not very old--when they hung my mother up at Tyburn for a couple of thousand of men to stare at. They might have let her live. She was poor enough."

  Little George Silverman's mind was almost a blank when his mother andfather died. He had been brought up in a cellar at Preston. He hardly knewwhat sunlight was. His mother's laugh in her fever scared him, because itwas the first laugh he had ever heard. When discovered alone with thebodies of his father and mother in the cellar, one of the horrifiedbystanders said to him:

  "Do you know your father and mother are both dead of fever?" and hereplied:

  "I don't know what it is to be dead. I am hungry and thirsty."

  After he had been supplied with food and drink he told Mr. Hawkyard that"he didn't feel cold, or hungry, or thirsty," and in relating the story inmanhood he said:

  That was the whole round of human feelings, as far as I knew, except the pain of being beaten. To that time I had never had the faintest impression of duty. I had no knowledge whatever that there was anything lovely in this life. When I had occasionally slunk up the cellar steps into the street, and glared in at shop windows, I had done so with no higher feelings than we may suppose to animate a mangy young dog or wolf cub. It is equally the fact that I had never been alone, in the sense of holding unselfish converse with myself. I had been solitary often enough, but nothing better.

  Redlaw, in The Haunted Man, said to the poor boy who came to his room:

  "What is your name?"

  "Got none."

  "Where do you live?"

  "Live! What's that?"

  Such pictures were not drawn to entertain, or to add artistic effect tohis stories. They were written to teach the world of wealth and culturethat all around it were thousands of human souls with as littleopportunity for development as young animals have; with definedapperceptive centres of cold, hunger, thirst, and pain only.

  Dickens makes a strong contrast between the condition of the mental andspiritual apperceptive centres in the city boy as compared with thecountry boy, in a conversation between Phil Squod and Mr. George.

  "And so, Phil," says George of the Shooting Gallery, after several turns in silence, "you were dreaming of the country last night?"

  Phil, by the bye, said as much, in a tone of surprise, as he scrambled out of bed.

  "Yes, guv'ner."

  "What was it like?"

  "I hardly know what it was like, guv'ner," said Phil, considering.

  "How did you know it was the country?"

  "On account of the grass, I think. And the swans upon it," says Phil, after further consideration.

  "What were the swans doing on the grass?"

  "They was a-eating of it, I expect," says Phil.

  "The country," says Mr. George, plying his knife and fork; "why, I suppose you never clapped your eyes on the country, Phil?"

  "I see the marshes once," said Phil, contentedly eating his breakfast.

  "What marshes?"

  "_The_ marshes, commander," returns Phil.

  "Where are they?"

  "I don't know where they are," says Phil; "but I see 'em, guv'ner. They was flat. And miste."

  Governor and commander are interchangeable terms with Phil, expressive of the same respect and deference, and applicable to nobody but Mr. George.

  "I was born in the country, Phil."

  "Was you, indeed, commander?"

  "Yes. And bred there."

  Phil elevates his one eyebrow, and after respectfully staring at his master to express interest, swallows a great gulp of coffee, still staring at him.

  "There's not a bird's note that I don't know," says Mr. George. "Not many an English leaf or berry that I couldn't name. Not many a tree that I couldn't climb yet, if I was put to it. I was a real country boy once. My good mother lived in the country. Do you want to see the country, Phil?"

  "N-no, I don't know as I do, particular."

  "The town's enough for you, eh?"

  "Why, you see, commander," says Phil, "I ain't acquainted with anythink else, and I doubt if I ain't a-getting too old to take to novelties."

  "How old are you, Phil?"

  Phil's answer is intended to indicate the lack of even mathematical powerin those who, like Phil, never had any training of the imagination, norany other training to define their apperceptive centres of number beyondten.

  "I'm something with a eight in it. It can't be eighty. Nor yet eighteen. It's betwixt 'em somewheres. I was just eight, agreeable to the parish calculation, when I went with the tinker. That was April Fool Day. I was able to count up to ten; and when April Fool Day came round again I says to myself, 'Now, old chap, you're one and a eight in it.' April Fool Day after that I says, 'Now, old chap, you're two and a eight in it.' In course of time I come to ten and a eight in it; two tens and a eight in it. When it got so high it got the upper hand of me; but this is how I always know there's a eight in it."

  The folly of trying to make a man moral by precept alone; the fact thatcharacter is developed by what we do, by true living, by what goes out inaction, not by what comes in in maxims or theories, is shown in MartinChuzzlewit.

  It has been remarked that Mr. Pecksniff was a moral man. So he was. Perhaps there never was a more moral man than Mr. Pecksniff, especially in his conversation and correspondence. It was once said of him by a homely admirer that he had a Fortunatus's purse of gold sentiments in his inside. In this particular he was like the girl in the fairy tale, except that if they were not actual diamonds which fell from his lips, they were the very brightest paste and shone prodigiously. He was a most exemplary man; fuller of virtuous precept than a copy book. Some people likened him to a direction post, which is always telling the way to a place, and never goes there.

  The best of architects and land surveyors kept a horse, in whom the enemies already mentioned more than once in these pages pretended to detect a fanciful resemblance to his master. Not in his outward person, for he was a raw-boned, haggard horse, always on a much shorter allowance of corn than Mr. Pecksniff; but in his moral character, wherein, said they, he was full of promise, but of no performance. He was always, in a manner, going to go, and never going.

  One of the worst results that can follow a system of training is to make aman a hypocrite. It is nearly as b
ad to store a mind with good thoughtsor fill a heart with good feelings without giving the character thetendency by practical experience to carry into effect so far as possibleits good feelings and high purposes. Mr. Pecksniff was a moralmonstrosity. We should create no more Pecksniffs. A different ideal istaught in the remark made by Martin Chuzzlewit to Mary, "Endeavouring tobe anything that's good, and being it, is, with you, all one."

  Executive training is emphasized in Nicholas Nickleby. Old Ralph Nicklebysaid of Nicholas: "The old story--always thinking, and never doing." Thesame thought is expressed very clearly in the pregnant sentence writtenabout Sydney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities: "Sadly, sadly, the sun rose;it rose upon no sadder sight than the man of good abilities and goodemotions, incapable of their directed exercise." The saddest sight in theworld is a man or woman using power for evil. It is nearly as sad to see aman or woman with power, but without power to use it wisely.

  In A Tale of Two Cities he caricatures admirably the class who cling toold customs and conventions, and decline even to discuss changes orimprovements, in his description of Tellson's Bank.

  Tellson's Bank by Temple Bar was an old-fashioned place, even in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty. It was very small, very dark, very ugly, very incommodious. It was an old-fashioned place, moreover, in the moral attribute that the partners in the house were proud of its smallness, proud of its darkness, proud of its ugliness, proud of its incommodiousness. They were even boastful of its eminence in those particulars, and were fired by an express conviction that, if it were less objectionable, it would be less respectable. This was no passive belief, but an active weapon which they flashed at more convenient places of business. Tellson's (they said) wanted no elbowroom, Tellson's wanted no light, Tellson's wanted no embellishment. Noakes and Co.'s might, or Snooks Brothers' might: but Tellson's, thank heaven!

  Any one of these partners would have disinherited his son on the question of rebuilding Tellson's. In this respect the house was much on a par with the country; which did very often disinherit its sons for suggesting improvements in laws and customs that had long been highly objectionable, but were only the more respectable.

  Every child should get into his consciousness by experience, not bytheory, the idea that he is expected to do his share in the improvement ofhis environment. The worst conception he can get is that "whatever is isright"; that things can not be improved. Every child should be encouragedto make suggestions for the improvement of his own environment andconditions in the schoolroom, in the yard, in the details of classmanagement, or in anything else that he thinks he can improve.

  The closing sentence of Our School should ring always in the minds ofteachers, especially the last clause: "And will do far better yet."

  Dickens had implicit faith in even weak humanity, and taught the hopefultruth, that every man and every child may be improved, if the men andwomen most directly associated with them are wise and loving. HarrietCarker said to Mr. Morfin:

  "Oh, sir, after what I have seen, let me conjure you, if you are in any place of power, and are ever wronged, never for any wrong inflict punishment that can not be recalled; while there is a God above us to work changes in the hearts he made."

  The Goblin of the Bell said to Toby Veck in The Chimes:

  "Who turns his back upon the fallen and disfigured of his kind; abandons them as vile; and does not trace and track with pitying eyes the unfenced precipice by which they fell from good, grasping in their fall some tufts and shreds of that lost soil, and clinging to them still when bruised and dying in the gulf below, does wrong to Heaven and man, to time and to eternity."

  The influence of Nature on the awakening mind of the child was outlined inA Child's Dream of a Star.

  These children used to wonder all day long. They wondered at the beauty of the flowers; they wondered at the height and blueness of the sky; they wondered at the depth of the bright water; they wondered at the goodness and the power of God who made the lovely world.

  Nature is the great centre of interest to the child, and it may be thechild's first true revealer of God, if adulthood does not impiously comebetween the child and God by trying to give him a word God for hisintellect too soon to take the place of the true God of his imagination.

  Dickens's best characters loved Nature. Esther, when recovering from herillness, said:

  I found every breath of air, and every scent, and every flower and leaf and blade of grass, and every passing cloud, and everything in Nature, more beautiful and wonderful to me than I had ever found it yet. This was my first gain from my illness. How little I had lost, when the wide world was so full of delight to me!

  The deep, spiritual influences of Nature are revealed in the effects oflife in the growing country on Oliver Twist.

  Who can describe the pleasure and delight, the peace of mind and soft tranquility, the sickly boy felt in the balmy air, and among the green hills and rich woods of an inland village! Who can tell how scenes of peace and quietude sink into the minds of pain-worn dwellers in close and noisy places, and carry their own freshness deep into their jaded hearts! Men who have lived in crowded, pent-up streets, through lives of toil, and who have never wished for change; men, to whom custom has indeed been second nature, and who have come almost to love each brick and stone that formed the narrow boundaries of their daily walks; even they, with the hand of death upon them, have been known to yearn at last for one short glimpse of Nature's face; and, carried from the scenes of their old pains and pleasures, have seemed to pass at once into a new state of being. Crawling forth from day to day, to some green sunny spot, they have had such memories wakened up within them by the sight of sky, and hill, and plain, and glistening water, that a foretaste of heaven itself has soothed their quick decline, and they have sunk into their tombs as peacefully as the sun, whose setting they watched from their lonely chamber window but a few hours before, faded from their dim and feeble sight! The memories which peaceful country scenes call up are not of this world, nor of its thoughts and hopes. Their gentle influence may teach us how to weave fresh garlands for the graves of those we love--may purify our thoughts, and bear down before it old enmity and hatred; but beneath all this there lingers, in the least reflective mind, a vague and half-formed consciousness of having held such feelings long before, in some remote and distant time, which calls up solemn thoughts of distant times to come, and bends down pride and worldliness beneath it.

  It was a lovely spot to which they repaired. Oliver, whose days had been spent among squalid crowds, and in the midst of noise and brawling, seemed to enter on a new existence there.

  In the story of The Five Sisters of York Alice said to her sisters:

  "Nature's own blessings are the proper goods of life, and we may share them sinlessly together. To die is our heavy portion, but, oh, let us die with life about us; when our cold hearts cease to beat, let warm hearts be beating near; let our last look be upon the bounds which God has set to his own bright skies, and not on stone walls and bars of iron! Dear sisters, let us live and die, if you list, in this green garden's compass."

  Dickens had very advanced opinions in regard to the importance of physicaltraining, especially of play, as an agent not only in physical culture,but in the development of the mind and character. Doctor Blimber's schoolis condemned because the boys were not allowed to play, and DoctorStrong's school is highly commended because the boys "had noble games outof doors" there.

  What splendid runners and jumpers and divers and swimmers those grand boyswere whom Mr. Marton had the good fortune to teach in his second school inThe Old Curiosity Shop!

  Mrs. Crupp recommended David Copperfield to take up some game as anantidote for his despondency during his early love experience.

  "If you was to take to something, si
r," said Mrs. Crupp, "if you was totake to skittles, now, which is healthy, you might find it divert yourmind and do you good."

  Mrs. Chick told Mr. Dombey that Paul was delicate. "Our darling is notaltogether as stout as we could wish. The fact is that his mind is toomuch for him. His soul is a great deal too large for his frame." Yet hisfather paid no attention to the boy's food, and sent him, when but alittle sickly child, to Doctor Blimber's to learn everything--not to play."They had nothing so vulgar as play at Doctor Blimber's."

  One of the most vicious conventions is that which makes vigorous playvulgar and unladylike for girls.

  He called attention in American notes to the advantages possessed by thestudents of Upper Canada College, Toronto, inasmuch as "the town is welladapted for wholesome exercise at all seasons." In the same book he giveshis opinion that American girls "must go more wisely clad, and take morehealthful exercise."

  He praised the free life of the gipsy children in Nicholas Nickleby.

  In Martin Chuzzlewit, when Tom Pinch and Martin had to walk to Salisburyinstead of riding in Mr. Pecksniff's gig, Dickens says it was better forthem that they were compelled to walk. What a breezy enthusiasm he throwsinto his advocacy of walking as an exercise:

  Better! A rare strong, hearty, healthy walk--four statute miles an hour--preferable to that rumbling, tumbling, jolting, shaking, scraping, creaking, villainous old gig? Why, the two things will not admit of comparison. It is an insult to the walk to set them side by side. Where is an instance of a gig having ever circulated a man's blood, unless when, putting him in danger of his neck, it awakened in his veins and in his ears, and all along his spine, a tingling heat much more peculiar than agreeable? When did a gig ever sharpen anybody's wits and energies, unless it was when the horse bolted, and, crashing madly down a steep hill with a stone wall at the bottom, his desperate circumstances suggested to the only gentleman left inside some novel and unheard-of mode of dropping out behind? Better than the gig!

  Better than the gig! When were travellers by wheels and hoofs seen with such red-hot cheeks as those? when were they so good-humouredly and merrily bloused? when did their laughter ring upon the air, as they turned them round, what time the stronger gusts came sweeping up; and, facing round again as they passed by, dashed on, in such a glow of ruddy health as nothing could keep pace with, but the high spirits it engendered? Better than the gig! Why here _is_ a man in a gig coming the same way now. Look at him as he passes his whip into his left hand, chafes his numbed right fingers on his granite leg, and beats those marble toes of his upon the footboard. Ha, ha, ha! Who would exchange this rapid hurry of the blood for yonder stagnant misery, though its pace were twenty miles for one?

  Better than the gig! No man in a gig could have such interest in the milestones. No man in a gig could see, or feel, or think, like merry users of their legs.

  Dickens taught comparatively little about the subjects of instruction orthe methods of teaching them. He dealt cramming its most stunning blow inDoctor Blimber's school, and he criticised sharply the methods of teachingclassics and literature in the same school. He advocated the objectivemethod of teaching number in Jemmy Lirriper's training at home by MajorJackman.

  He took more interest in reading and literature than in any otherdepartment of school study, so far as can be judged from his writings. Hedeplored the practice of allowing children to try to read before theycould recognise the words readily, and understand their meaning in thetraining of Pip and Charley Hexam. At the great party at Mr. Merdle's,

  the Bishop consulted the great Physician on the relaxation of the throat with which young curates were too frequently afflicted, and on the means of lessening the great prevalence of that disorder in the church. Physician, as a general rule, was of opinion that the best way to avoid it was to know how to read before you made a profession of reading. Bishop said, dubiously, did he really think so? And Physician said, decidedly, yes, he did.

  He criticised, too, the reading in the school visited in an American city,because "the girls blundered through three or four dreary passages,obviously without comprehending ten words," and said "he would have beenmuch better pleased if they had been asked to read some simpler selectionswhich they could understand."

  Mr. Wegg, when reading for Mr. Boffin in Our Mutual Friend, "read on byrote, and attached as few ideas as possible to the text."

  He discusses the advantages of reading suitable books in DavidCopperfield, giving to David his own real experience in early boyhood.After describing the cruel treatment of the Murdstones, he says:

  The natural result of this treatment, continued, I suppose, for some six months, was to make me sullen, dull, and dogged. I was not made the less so by my sense of being daily more and more shut out and alienated from my mother. I believe I should have been almost stupefied but for one circumstance.

  It was this. My father had left a small collection of books in a little room upstairs, to which I had access (for it joined my own) and which nobody else in our house ever troubled. From that blessed little room, Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphrey Clinker, Tom Jones, The Vicar of Wakefield, Don Quixote, Gil Blas, and Robinson Crusoe, came out, a glorious host to keep me company. They kept alive my fancy, and my hope of something beyond that place and time--they, and the Arabian Nights, and the tales of the Genii.

  His faith in the influence of reading increased as he grew older. In OurMutual Friend he says: "No one who can read ever looks at a book, evenunopened on a shelf, like one who can not read."

  Dickens taught a useful lesson in Martin Chuzzlewit regarding the wayteachers used to be treated by society. Even yet there is need of a higherrecognition of the teaching profession in its true dignity by acivilization that reverences wealth more than intellectual and spiritualcharacter.

  Tom Pinch's sister was engaged in the family of a wealthy brass founder.She was treated contemptuously by him and his wife, yet they complained toTom that his sister was unable to command the respect of her pupil. Tomwas naturally indignant, and he spoke his mind very clearly to the brassfounder.

  "Sir!" cried Tom, after regarding him in silence for some time. "If you do not understand what I mean I will tell you. My meaning is that no man can expect his children to respect what he degrades."

  "When you tell me," resumed Tom, who was not the less indignant for keeping himself quiet, "that my sister has no innate power of commanding the respect of your children, I must tell you it is not so; and that she has. She is as well bred, as well taught, as well qualified by Nature to command respect as any hirer of a governess you know. But when you place her at a disadvantage in reference to every servant in your house, how can you suppose, if you have the gift of common sense, that she is not in a tenfold worse position in reference to your daughters?"

  "Pretty well! Upon my word," exclaimed the gentleman, "that is pretty well!"

  "It is very ill, sir," said Tom. "It is very bad and mean and wrong and cruel. Respect! I believe young people are quick enough to observe and imitate; and why or how should they respect whom no one else respects, and everybody slights? And very partial they must grow--oh, very partial!--to their studies, when they see to what a pass proficiency in those same tasks has brought their governess! Respect! Put anything the most deserving of respect before your daughters in the light in which you place her, and you will bring it down as low, no matter what it is!"

  "You speak with extreme impertinence, young man," observed the gentleman.

  "I speak without passion, but with extreme indignation and contempt for such a course of treatment, and for all who practise it," said Tom. "Why, how can you, as an honest gentleman, profess displeasure or surprise at your daughter telling my sister she is something beggarly and humble when you are forever telling her the same t
hing yourself in fifty plain, outspeaking ways, though not in words; and when your very porter and footman make the same delicate announcement to all comers?"

  Dickens described a great variety of weak, and mean, and selfish, anddegraded people in order to expose weakness, and meanness, andselfishness, and baseness, so that humanity might learn to overcome them,but he reserved his supreme contempt for those who oppose the generaleducation of "the masses," because it fills their mind with ideas abovetheir station, or disqualifies them for the work they were intended to do.This being interpreted, means in plain language that certain human beingswho, because they possess wealth, or belong to what they arrogantly callthe "upper classes," claim the right to dominate those who have not asufficient amount of money to be independent of them; to fix what theyselfishly call "the sphere of the lower classes"; and to prescribe thelimits beyond which the children of the poor must not be educated, lestthey be lifted beyond tame subserviency to their natural lords andmasters, and fail to abase themselves dutifully or to be sufficientlygrateful to those above them for the pittance they grudgingly give themfor labouring in the menial occupations assigned them.

  Dickens despised all Barnacles, and Dedlocks, and Podsnaps, and Dombeys,and Merdles; he ridiculed all who violate the sacred bond of humanbrotherhood; but the vials of his bitterest wrath were poured upon thosewho because a child was born in the home of poor parents would thereforerestrict its education and dwarf its soul.

  Mr. Dombey, after the christening of Paul, called Mrs. Toodle before hisguests, and in a very condescending but rigidly majestic manner told herhe had graciously decided to send her son to the school of the CharitableGrinders. He prefaced his announcement by a brief statement of his viewsregarding education:

  "I am far from being friendly," pursued Mr. Dombey, "to what is called by persons of levelling sentiments, general education. But it is necessary that the inferior classes should continue to be taught to know their position, and to conduct themselves properly. So far I approve of schools."

  In Mr. Dombey's eyes, as in some others that occasionally see the light, they only achieved that mighty piece of knowledge, the understanding of their own position, who showed a fitting reverence for his. It was not so much their merit that they knew themselves, as that they knew him, and bowed low before him.

  There are thousands of Dombeys still. Two Canadian judges recently said inspeaking of education precisely what Mr. Dombey and his class said in thetime of Dickens. One objected to educating the common people because itunfitted them for positions as house servants, and made them sooutrageously independent that they would not bow (bend their bodiesproperly, bow their heads, and look reverently at the floor) when in thepresence of their mistresses. The other said that the very derivation ofthe word "education" meant to lead out, and it was therefore clear that"education should be used to develop a few, 'lead them out,' beyond themasses in order that they might be qualified for leadership." Thenecessary development to be imposed upon all but the favoured few in hissystem of government is willingness to follow leaders, and ignorance isthe only condition that can make this possible. The glory of education isthe awakening of the consciousness of freedom in the soul of the race andthe revelation of the perfect law of liberty--individual right, socialduty. The shackles, physical, intellectual, and spiritual, have fallenfrom humanity, as education has done its true work of emancipating theindividual soul and revealing its own value and its responsibility for itsbrother souls.

  The most brutal of all the characters described by Dickens is Bill Sikes.The most degraded and despicable of his characters is Dennis the hangmanin Barnaby Rudge. Dickens makes Bill Sikes and Dennis use the very samearguments, from their standpoint, that the so-called upper classes haveused and still do use against the education of the masses.

  Bill Sikes, referring to the need of small boys in the trade of burglary,said:

  "I want a boy, and he mustn't be a big 'un. Lord!" said Mr. Sikes, reflectively, "if I'd only got that young boy of Ned, the chimbley sweeper's! He kept him small on purpose, and let him out by the job. But the father gets lagged; and then the Juvenile Delinquent Society comes and takes the boy away from a trade where he was arning money, teaches him to read and write, and in time makes a 'prentice of him. And so they go on," said Mr. Sikes, his wrath rising with the recollection of his wrongs, "so they go on; and, if they'd got money enough (which it's a Providence they haven't), we shouldn't have half a dozen boys left in the whole trade in a year or two."

  And Fagin agreed with Bill Sikes.

  When Hugh was formally admitted as a member of Lord Gordon's mob Dennisthe hangman was much delighted at the addition of such a strong young manto the ranks, and Dickens adds:

  If anything could have exceeded Mr. Dennis's joy on the happy conclusion of this ceremony it would have been the rapture with which he received the announcement that the new member could neither read nor write: those two arts being (as Mr. Dennis swore) the greatest possible curse a civilized community could know, and militating more against the professional emoluments and usefulness of the great constitutional office he had the honour to hold than any adverse circumstances that could present themselves to his imagination.

  Bill Sikes objected to education because it spoiled the boys for the tradefor which he required them; Dennis the hangman objected to educationbecause "it reduced the professional emoluments of his greatconstitutional office," or, in other words, reduced the number who had tobe hanged; and their reasons are just as respectable as the reason givenby any man in any position who objects to free education because it unfitsboys for certain trades, or girls for "service," or because "it fillstheir minds with ideas above their station," or because they have to paytheir just share of its cost, or for any other narrow and selfish reason.Selfishness is selfishness, and it is as utterly loathsome in a bishop asin Bill Sikes, in a judge as in Dennis the hangman.

  Dickens never did any more artistic work than when he painted thearistocratic objectors to popular education in their natural hideousnesswith Bill Sikes and Dennis the hangman for a harmonious background.