Smart Mobs

by Howard Rheingold

  12. Rich Ling and Birgitte Yttri, “Hyper-Coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway,” in Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk and Public Performance, ed. Mark Aakhus and James Katz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 143.

  13. Connie Garfalk, “Kids on the Move,” Telenor Xpress 1, 2001, < http://www.telenor.com/xpress/2001/1/kids_move.shtml> (26 January 2002).

  14. Ito et al., conversation with the author.

  15. Ling and Yttri, “Hyper-Coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway,” 153.

  16. “Don’t Leave Home Without It,” J@pan Inc., (4 February 2002).

  17. Dmitri Ragano, “Growing Up in the Age of the Keitai,” TheFeature.com, .

  18. Michael M. Lewis, Next: The Future Just Happened (New York: Norton, 2001).

  19. Rob Guth, “Japan’s NTT Goes Global with New Company,” E-Business World, 29 June 1999, (24 February 2002). See also: Forbes International 500, (24 February 2002).

  20. Mari Matsunaga, The Birth of i-mode (Singapore: Chuang Yi Publishing Pte Lt, 2001).

  21. Ibid., 64.

  22. Ibid., 78.

  23. Ibid., 119.

  24. “Secrets of DoCoMo’s Success,” Wireless World Forum,

  25.July 2001, (4 February 2002). 25. Matsunaga, The Birth of i-mode, 151.

  26. Takeshi Natsuno, interview by author, 17 October 2001, Tokyo.

  27. Ibid.

  28. Michele Yamada, “NTT DoCoMo to Launch Global Positioning Svc on Nov. 27,” Dow Jones, 20 November 2001, (28 January 2002).

  29. Kenny Hirschhorn, interview by author, April 2001, London.

  30. Steve Silberman, “Just Say Nokia,” Wired 7.09, September 1999, (28 January 2002).

  31. Kenneth Klee and Jennifer Bensko, “The Future Is Finnish,” Newsweek International, 24 May 1999, (28 July 2001).

  32. Risto Linturi, interview by author, May 2001, Helsinki.

  33. Ibid.

  34. Klee and Bensko, “The Future Is Finnish.”

  35. Linturi, interview by author.

  36. Helsinki Arena 2000 Project, (28 January 2002).

  37. Geographic Information Systems, (29 March 2002).

  38. David Gelernter, Mirror Worlds, or: The Day Software Puts the Universe in a Shoebox . . . How It Will Happen and What It Will Mean (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).

  39. William Shaw, “In Helsinki Virtual Village . . .,” Wired 9.03, March 2001, 157163, (29 March 2002).

  40. Ilkka Innamaa, interview by author, May 2000, Helsinki.

  41. C. Alexander et al., A Pattern Language (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).

  42. Silberman, “Just Say Nokia.”

  43. Richard Quest, “Nokia Keeps Finland Mobile,” Time, 157, 4 June 2001, (12 October 2001).

  44. Klee and Bensko, “The Future Is Finnish.”

  45. Ibid.

  46. Puneet Gupta, “Short Message Service: What, How and Where?,” Wireless Developer Network, (4 February 2002).

  Cy-beratlas,

  47. Michael Pastore, “SMS Continues to Take Messaging World by Storm,” 4 April 2001, (28 January 2002).

  48. Logica, “SMS to Drive Wireless Internet Forward,” 26 June 2000, (28 December 2001).

  49. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993).

  50. Kasasniemi and Rautianen, “Mobile Culture of Children and Teenagers in Finland.”

  51. Ibid.

  52. Ibid., 171183.

  53. Pasi Mäenpäa, “Mobile Communication as a Way of Urban Life,” in Ordinary Consumption, ed. Jukka Gronow and Allen Warde (London: Routledge, 2001), 107124.

  54. Tuomas Toivonen, unpublished thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, 2001, (22 January 2002).

  55. Ibid.

  56. Ibid.

  57. Alan Goldstein, “Information-Savvy Sweden Offers a Glimpse into the Future of the Mobile Internet,” Dallas Morning News, 29 March 2001, < http://www.mformobile.com/main.asp?pk=13755&pollid=x> (1 August 2001).

  58. Maija Pesola, “Simplicity Seems the Key for Location-Based Mobile Phone Games,” Wireless Word, 20 July 2001.

  59. LunarMobil, (5 February 2002).

  60. Anne Torres, “4 Sme, Txtng is Lyf,” TheFeature, 18 April 2001, < http://www.thefeature.com/index.jsp?url=article.jsp?pageid=10667> (11 January 2002).

  61. Benjamin Pimentel, “Cell Phone Craze May Be Key to Philippines’ Future,” San Francisco Chronicle, 11 February 2001, (24 May 2001).

  62. Ibid.

  63. Torres, “4 Sme, Txtng is Lyf.”

  64. Xinhua News Agency, “Thailand: Mobile Phone Network Paralyzed by Flood of Love Messages,” 15 February 2001, (20 January 2002).

  65. Orange.com, “The Survey Said: Text Messaging the Ultimate Flirting Tool,” 26 March 2001, (15 July 2001).

  66. Leopoldina Fortunati, “The Ambiguous Image of the Mobile Phone,” in Communications on the Move: The Experience of Mobile Telephony in the 1990s, ed. L. Haddon, a report to the COST248 work group, sponsored and published by Telia, AB.

  67. Mark Ashurst, “Africa: Now, a ‘Quiet Revolution’: Mobile Phones Leapfrog an Obstacle to Development,” Newsweek International, 27 August 2001.

  68. Sadie Plant, “On the Mobile: The Effects of Mobile Telephones on Social and Individual Life,” (11 November 2001).

  69. David Bennahum, interview with author, 10 November 2001, New York.

  70. Ibid.

  71. Douglas Century, “Motorola Versus Blackberry: Texting Cultures, A World Divided into Two-Way-Pager Camps,” 14 January 2001, (28 January 2002).

  72. Fushi Tarazu, “DoCoMo’s i-Mode Abroad?,” The Motley Fool, 11 December 2000, (23 February 2001).

  73. Tony Emerson, “The Next Big Thing,” Newsweek, 6 August 2001, (12 January 2002).

  74. Mizuko Ito, email correspondence with author, 14 January 2002.

  75. Julian E. Barnes, “For Cellphone Holdouts, Worry Closes the Sale,” New York Times, 19 September 2001, C6.

  76. Simon Romero, “The Simple BlackBerry Allowed Contact When Phones Failed,” New York Times, 20 September 2001, (28 January 2002).

  77. Stewart Brand, “Founding Father: Interview with Paul Baran,” Wired 9.03, March 2001, (13 May 2001).

  78. Ling and Yttri, “Hyper-Coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway.”

  79. Mark Aakhus and James Katz, eds., Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk and Public Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

  80. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959).

  81. Ling and Yttri,
“Hyper-Coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway,” 159.

  82. Ibid., 158.

  83. Garfalk, “Kids on the Move.”

  84. Alex S. Taylor and Richard Harper, “Talking ‘Activity’: Young People and Mobile Phones,” paper presented at the CHI 2001 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seattle, 31 March5 April 2001, (24 February 2002).

  85. Ling and Yttri, “Hyper-Coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway.”

  86. Alexandra Weilenmann and Catrine Larsson, “Local Use and Sharing of Mobile Phones,” in Wireless World: Social and Interactional Aspects of the Mobile Age, ed. B. Brown et al. (London: Springer-Verlag, 2001), 95.

  87. Marko Ahtisaari, “Social Mobility,” Out of the Blue—The J. Walter Thomp-son Magazine for Europe, Winter 2000/2001, 26.

  88. Leslie Haddon, “The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: Framing Questions,” in The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: The Proceedings from a Seminar About Society, Mobile Telephony and Children, Telenor R&D N 38/2000, eds. Rich Ling and Kristin Trane, 26 June 2000, 26, (31 January 2002).

  89. Erving Goffman, “Alienation from Interaction,” in Communication and Culture, ed. Alfred G. Smith (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966).

  90. Plant, “On the Mobile.”

  91. Leysia Palen, Marilyn Salzman, and Ed Youngs, “Discovery and Integration of Mobile Communications in Everyday Life,” Personal and Ubiquitous Computing Journal, vol. 5 (2001): 109122, (5 February 2002).

  92. Mizuko Ito, email correspondence with author, 14 January 2002.

  Chapter 2

  Epigraph: David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. Ernest C. Mossner (New York: Viking, 1986).

  1. Netscan, (5 February 2002).

  2. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993).

  3. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959).Cooperation

  4. Matt Ridley, The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of (London: Penguin, 1996).

  5. Ibid.

  6. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162 (13 December 1968): 12431248.

  7. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Richard E. Flathman and David Johnston (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).

  8. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1952).

  9. Mancur Olson Jr., The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Group (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965).

  10. Mancur Olson Jr., “The Logic of Collective Action,” in Rational Man and Irrational Society, ed. Brian Barry and Russell Hardin (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1982), 44.

  11. Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

  12. Ibid., 96.

  13. Ibid., 90.

  14. Ridley, The Origins of Virtue.

  15. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 27.

  16. H. Scott Gordon, “The Economic Theory of a Common-Property Resource: The Fishery,” Journal of Political Economy 62 (1954): 124142; Anthony D. Scott, “The Fishery: The Objectives of Sole Ownership,” Journal of Political Economy 65 (1955): 116124.

  17. Charlotte Hess, “Is There Anything New Under the Sun? A Discussion and Survey of Studies on New Commons and the Internet,” presented at Constituting the Commons: Crafting Sustainable Commons in the New Millennium, the Eighth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Bloomington, Indiana, 31 May4 June 2000.

  18. Ostrom, Governing the Commons, 25.

  19. Marc A. Smith, “Mapping Social Cyberspaces: Measures and Maps of Usenet, a Computer Mediated Social Space” (Ph.D. diss., UCLA, 2001), 18.

  20. Thomas Henry Huxley, “The Struggle for Existence in Human Society,” in Evolution and Ethics, and Other Essays (London, 1894), 202218.

  21. Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: AFactor of Evolution (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1989), 78.

  22. Stephen J. Gould, Bully for Brontoaurus: Reflections on Natural History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991).

  23. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, 171.

  24. J. Paradis and G. C. Williams, Evolution and Ethics: T. H. Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics with New Essays on Its Victorian and Sociobiological Context (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).

  25. W. D. Hamilton, “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior,” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7 (1964): 152.

  26. Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976).

  27. Hobbes, Leviathan, 95.

  28. John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944).

  29. William Poundstone, Prisoner’s Dilemma: John von Neumann, Game Theory, and the Puzzle of the Bomb (New York: Doubleday, 1992).

  30. J. Bronowski, The Ascent of Man (Toronto: Little, Brown, 1973).

  31. Herman Kahn, On Thermonuclear War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960).

  32. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ADiscourse on Inequality (London: Penguin, 1984).

  33. Merrill M. Flood, “Some Experimental Games,” Research Memorandum RM789 (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 1952).

  34. A. W. Tucker, “On Jargon: The Prisoner’s Dilemma,” UMAP Journal 1 (1950): 101.

  35. Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1985).

  36. Ibid., 12.

  37. Ibid., 31.

  38. Ibid., viiiix.

  39. Ibid., 21.

  40. R. L. Trivers, “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism,” Quarterly Review of Biology 46 (1971): 3537.

  41. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation.

  42. G. S. Wilkinson, “Reciprocal Food Sharing in the Vampire Bat,” Nature 308 (March 8, 1984): 181184.

  43. Manfred Milinski, “TIT FOR TAT in Sticklebacks and the Evolution of Cooperation,” Nature 325 (29 January 1987): 433435.

  44. P. Farb, Man’s Rise to Civilization as Shown by the Indians of North America from Primeval Times to the Coming of the Industrial State (New York: Dutton, 1968).

  45. Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1984).

  46. J. H. Saltzer, D. P. Reed, and D. D. Clark, “End-to-End Arguments in System Design,” ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2 (November 1984): 277288.

  47. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000).

  48. Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet (New York: Touchstone, 1998).

  49. Levy, Hackers.

  50. Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late.

  51. J.C.R. Licklider and R. W. Taylor, “The Computer as a Communication Device,” Science and Technology (April 1968): 2131.

  52. William Henry Gates III, “An Open Letter to Hobbyists,” Altair Users’ Newsletter, 3 February 1976.

  53. Dennis M. Ritchie, “The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System,” AT&TBell Laboratories Technical Journal 63 (October 1984): 15771593.

  54. Nick Moffit, “Nick Moffit’s $7 History of Unix,” (29 January 2002).

  55. Ritchie, “The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System.”

  56. Moffit, “Nick Moffit’s $7 History of Unix.”

  57. Richard Stallman, “The Free Software Definition,” The GNU Project, Free Software Foundation, 2000, (17 June 2001).

  58. Ibid. See also: Michael Stutz, “Freed Software Winning Support, Making Waves,” Wired News, 30 January 1998, (5 February 2002).

  59
. Eric Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary (Sebastopol, Calif.: O’Reilly and Associates, 1997). See also: (29 January 2002).

  60. BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), (16 January 2002).

  61. Network Working Group, ed. B. Carpenter, “Architectural Principles of the Internet,” June 1996, (26 November 2001).

  62. Ibid.

  63. Tim Berners-Lee, “Information Management: A Proposal,” 1989, < http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html> (29 January 2002).

  64. Andy Server, “It Was My Party—and I Can Cry If I Want To,” Business 2.0, March 2001, (12 August 2001).

  65. Daniel Dern, “A Real Brief History of Usenet,” BYTE Magazine, 4 September 1999.

  66. Smith, “Mapping Social Cyberspaces,” 12.

  67. Ibid., 11.

  68. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House, 2001).

  69. “FCC Launches Proceeding to Promote Widespread Deployment of High-speed Broadband Internet Access Services,” 14 February 2002, < http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Common_Carrier/News_Releases/2002/nrcc0202.html> (24 February 2002).

  70. “Cable TV Lobby, Including Comcast, Tells FCC: Give Us a “Closed” Broadband Net,” Center for Digital Democracy, 15 February 2002, < http://www.democraticmedia.org/news/washingtonwatch/cableletter.html> (25 February 2002). See also: Cable Industry FCC Lobbying Document, Center for Digital Democracy, 8 February 2002, (25 February 2002).

  71. “FCC Sides with Cable Net Firms,” Associated Press, 14 March 2002, (29 March 2002).

  72. L. Garton, C. Haythornthwaite, and B. Wellman, “Studying Online Social Networks,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3, 1 (1997): 1.

  73. Barry Wellman, “Physical Place and CyberPlace: The Rise of Personalized Networking,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, 2 (2001):227252,