Smart Mobs
Page 34
(23 February 2002).
85. Quentin Hardy, “The Great Wi-Fi Hope,” Forbes, 18 March 2002,
86. Lessig, interview by author.
87. Ibid.
88. David Reed, interview by author, November 2001 (described in Chapter 2).
89. Werbach,“Open Spectrum.”
90. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (1942; reprint, New York: Harper, 1975), 8285.
91. Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, 2nd ed. (London and New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 17.
92. Lessig, The Future of Ideas, 230.
Chapter 7
Epigraph: Vincente Rafael, “The Cell Phone and the Crowd: Messianic Politics in Recent Phillipine History,” 13 June 2001. http://communication.ucsd.edu/people/f_rafael.cellphone.html .
1. Michael Bociurkiw, “Revolution by Cell Phone,” Forbes, 10 September 2001,
2. Ibid.
3. Paul de Armond, “Black Flag Over Seattle,” Albion Monitor 72, March 2000,
4. Alexander MacLeod, “Call to Picket Finds New Ring in Britain’s Fuel Crisis,” Christian Science Monitor, 19 September 2000. See also: Chris Marsden, “Britain’s Labour Government and Trade Union Leaders Unite to Crush Fuel Tax Protest,” World Socialist Web Site, 15 September 2000,
5. Steve Mann and Hal Niedzviecki, Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Po-sibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer (Mississauga: Doubleday Canada, 2001), 177178.
6. Critical Mass,
7. Anne Torres, “4 SME, Txtng is Lyf,” TheFeature.com, 18 April 2001,
8. Bociurkiw, “Revolution by Cell Phone.”
9. Rafael, “The Cell Phone and the Crowd.”
10. Ibid.
11. Arturo Bariuad, “Text Messaging Becomes a Menace in the Philippines,” Straits Times, 3 March 2001.
12. Wayne Arnold, “Manila’s Talk of the Town Is Text Messaging,” New York Times, 5 July 2000, C1.
13. Bariuad, “Text Messaging Becomes a Menace.”
14. Rafael, “The Cell Phone and the Crowd.”
15. Ibid.
16. Richard Lloyd Parry, “The TXT MSG Revolution,” Independent Digital, 23 January 2001,
17. Rafael, “The Cell Phone and the Crowd.”
18. de Armond, “Black Flag Over Seattle.”
19. David Ronfeldt and John Arquilla, “Networks, Netwars, and the Fight for the Future,” First Monday 6, 10 (October 2001),
20. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, eds., Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2001).
21. Jim Lai, “The Future of Infantry,” Mindjack 28, January 2002, < http://www.mindjack.com/feature/landwarrior.html > (1 March 2002).
22. Ian Sample, “Military Palmtop to Cut Collateral Damage,” New Scientist, 9 March 2002,
23. Arquilla and Ronfeldt, eds., Networks and Netwars, 310313.
24. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer and Max Lerner, trans. George Lawrence (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 483484.
25. Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
26. Nick Montfort, “My Pager, My Matchmaker,” Ziff Davis Smart Business, 7 July 2000,
27. “Bleep at First Sight,” Reuters, 15 May 1998,
28. Craig Wilson, “‘Gaydar’ Device Clears Up Mixed Signals,” USA Today, 25 February 2000,
29. Montfort, “My Pager, My Matchmaker.”
30. ImaHima,
31. Diego Ibarguen, “Tracking Celebrities Via Cell Phones, Web Sites,” San Francisco Chronicle, 21 January 2001.
32. Justin Hall, “Mobile Reporting: Peer-to-Peer News,” TheFeature.com, 20 February 2002,
33. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg.
34. Gerd Kortuem et al., “Close Encounters: Supporting Mobile Collaboration through Interchange of User Profiles,” in Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC99), 1999, Karlsruhe, Germany,
35. Neeraj Jhanji, interview by author, October 2001, Tokyo.
36. ImaHima Press Releases,
37. Deborah Mendez-Wilson, “Users Turned to Pagers When Phone Lines Went Down in Crisis,” Wireless Week, 24 September 2001,
38. John Geirland, “Mobile Community,” TheFeature.com, 24 September 2001,
39. Gordon Gould, Alex Levine, and Andrew Pimentel, interview by author, November 2001, New York.
40. ENGwear: Wearable Wireless Systems for Electronic News Gathering,
41. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 175176.
42. Ibid., 177178.
43. Hall, “Mobile Reporting.”
44. Henry Jenkins, “Digital Renaissance,” Technology Review, March 2002,
45. Gerd Kortuem et al., “When Peer-to-Peer Comes Face-to-Face: Collaborative Peer-to-Peer Computing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,” 2001 International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P2001), 2729 August 2001, Linköping, Sweden,
46. Gerd Kortuem, telephone interview by author, 27 February 2002.
47. T. G. Zimmerman, “Personal Area Networks: Near-Field Intrabody Communication,” IBM Systems Journal 35, 3&4 (1996),
48. Kortuem et al., “When Peer-to-Peer Comes.”
49. Paul Rankin, “Context-Aware Mobile Phones: The Difference Between Pull and Push, Restoring the Importance of Place,” Philips Research Laboratories, Redhill, Surrey, U.K.
50. Jay Schneider et al., “Auranet: Trust and Face-to-Face Interactions in a Wearable Community,” Technical Report WCL-TR15, July 2001, < http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/research/wearables/Papers/auranet.pdf > (6 March 2002).
51. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959).
52. Jay Schneider et al., “Disseminating Trust Information in Wearable Communities,” 2nd International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC2K), 2527 September 2000, Bristol, England,
53. Gerd Kortuem et al., “When Cyborgs Meet: Building Communities of Cooperating Wearable Agents,” Proceedings Third International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 1819 October 1999, San Francisco, California,
54. Kortuem, telephone interview by author.
55. Natalie S. Glance and Bernardo A. Huberman, “The Dynamics of Social Dilemmas,” Scientific American, March 1994, 7681.
56. Mark Granovetter, “Threshold Models of Collective Behavior,” American Journal of Sociology 83, 6 (1978): 14201443.
57. Mich
ael Suk-Young Chwe, Rational Ritual: Culture, Coordination, and Common Knowledge (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), < http://www.chwe.net/michael/r.pdf > (6 March 2002).
58. Kevin Kelly, Out of Control (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1994),
59. Ibid.
60. William Benzon, Beethoven’s Anvil: Music in Mind and Culture (New York: Basic Books, 2001).
61. William Benzon, email interview by author.
62. William Morton Wheeler, Emergent Evolution and the Development of So-cieties (New York: W. W. Norton, 1928).
63. Ibid.
64. Steven Johnson, Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software (New York: Scribner, 2001).
65. Bernardo Huberman, interview by author, October 2001, Palo Alto, California.
66. Bernardo A. Huberman, “The Social Mind,” in Origins of the Human Brain, ed. Jean-Pierre Changeux and Jean Chavaillon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 250.
67. Kay-Yut Chen, Leslie R. Fine, and Bernardo Huberman, “Forecasting Uncertain Events with Small Groups,” HP Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, 3 August 2001, < http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=278601 > (6 March 2002).
68. Ibid.
69. Norman Johnson et al., “Symbiotic Intelligence: Self-Organizing Knowledge on Distributed Networks, Driven by Human Interaction,” in Artificial Life VI: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life (Complex Adaptive Sytems, No. 6), ed. C. Adami, R. Belew, H. Kitano, and C. Taylor (Cambridge: Bradford Books/MIT Press, 1998).
Intelligence
70. George Dyson, Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997).
71. Johnson et al., “Symbiotic Intelligence.”
Chapter 8
Epigraphs: Langdon Winner, “Whatever Happened to the Electronic Cottage?” Tech Knowledge Review 3.23, 27 July 2001. http://www.oreilly.com/people/staff/stevet/netfuture/2001/Jul2701_121.html #3. 17 March 2002.
Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage, 2000).
1. Rich Ling and Per Helmersen, “It Must Be Necessary, It Has to Cover a Need: The Adoption of Mobile Telephony Among Pre-Adolescents and Adolescents,” in The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: The Proceedings from a Seminar About Society, Mobile Telephony, and Children, Telenor R&D N 38/2000, ed. Rich Ling and Kristin Trane, 26 June 2000, 1923,
2. Nicola Green, “Outwardly Mobile: Young People and Mobile Technologies,” in Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, and Public Performance, ed. by Mark Aakhus and James Katz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
3. Howard Rheingold, “Look Who’s Talking,” Wired 7.01, January 1999,
4. Jane Wakefield, “Watching Your Every Move,” BBC News Online, 7 February 2002,
5. Stuart Millar and Paul Kelso, “Liberties Fear Over Mobile Phone Details,” The Guardian, 27 October 2001,
6. Declan McCullagh, “Call It Super Bowl Face Scan 1,” Wired News, 2 February 2001,
7. Ryan Naraine, “Face Recognition, Via Cell-Phones,” Symobile, 27 March 2002,
8. George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (London: Martin Secker and Warburg, 1949).
9. David Lyon, The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994).
10. Steve Mann, “Smart Clothing: The Wearable Computer and WearCam,” Personal Technologies 1, 1 (March 1997),
11. Steven K. Feiner, “The Importance of Being Mobile: Some Social Consequences of Wearable Augmented Reality Systems,” Proceedings of IWAR 99 (International Workshop on Augmented Reality), San Francisco, California, 2021 October, 1999, 145148,
12. Ibid.
13. Graeme Wearden, “Can 3G Phones Capture Criminals?” ZDNet News, 22 March 2002, < http://zdnet.com.com/21001105867005.html > (27 March 2002).
14. Gary T. Marx, “The Surveillance Society: The Threat of 1984-Style Techniques,” The Futurist, June 1985, 2126.
15. Gary T. Marx, Undercover: Police Surveillance in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).
16. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 19721977, ed. Colin Gordon (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 39.
17. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London: Tavistock, 1977), 27.
18. Michel Foucault, “Panopticism,” in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 195228.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Winner, “Whatever Happened to the Electronic Cottage?”
22. Jan English-Leuck et al., The Silicon Valley Cultures Project, < http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/anthropology/svcp/ > (23 March 2002), quoted in Winner.
23. Byron Reeves and Clifford Nass, The Media Equation: How People Treat Computers, Television, and New Media Like Real People and Places (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
24. D. C. Dryer, C. Eisbach, and W. S. Ark, “At What Cost Pervasive? A Social Computing View of Mobile Computing Systems,” IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1999),
25. Mark Pesce, The Playful World: How Technology Is Transforming Our Imagination (New York: Ballantine, 2000). See also: The Playful World,
26. Leslie Haddon, “The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: Framing Questions,” in The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: The Proceedings from a Seminar About Society, Mobile Telephony, and Children, Telenor R&D N 38/2000, ed. Rich Ling and Kristin Trane, 26 June 2000, 26,
27. Leopoldina Fortunati, “The Mobile Phone: New Social Categories and Relations,” in The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: The Proceedings from a Seminar About Society, Mobile Telephony, and Children, Telenor R&D N 38/2000, ed. Rich Ling and Kristin Trane, 26 June 2000, 912,
28. Rich Ling and Birgitte Yttri, “Hyper-Coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway,” in Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, and Public Performance, ed. Mark Aakhus and James Katz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
29. Ibid.
30. Pasi Mäenpäa, “Mobile Communication as a Way of Urban Life,” in Ordinary Consumption, ed. Allen Warde and Jukka Gronow (London: Routledge, 2001), 107.
31. Barry Wellman, “Physical Place and CyberPlace: The Rise of Personalized Networking,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, 2 (2001): 227252,
32. Barry Wellman, “Little Boxes, Glocalization, and Networked Individualism,” forthcoming in Digital Cities II: Computational and Sociological Ap-proaches, ed. Makoto Tanabe, Peter van den Besselaar, and Toru Ishida. Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science: The State of the Art Series (Berlin: Springer- Verlag, 2002).
33. Leopoldina Fortunati, “The Ambiguous Image of the Mobile Phone,” in Communications on the Move: The Experience of Mobile Telephony in the 1990s, ed. L. Haddon, COST248 Report, Telia
, Farsta.
34. Wellman, “Little Boxes, Glocalization, and Networked Individualism.”
35. Haddon, “The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony.”
36. Fortunati, “The Mobile Phone.”
37. Ibid., 17.
38. T. W. Adorno and M. Horkheimer, “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception,” in The Dialectic of Enlightenment, trans. John Cumming (New York: Herder and Herder, 1972).
39. Jean Baudrillard, “Simulacra and Simulations,” in Jean Baudrillard, Selected Writings, ed. Mark Poster (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988), 166184.
40. Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business (New York: Viking, 1985).
41. Robert McChesney, Rich Media, Poor Democracy: Communication Politics in Dubious Times (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
42. John Leyden, “NTT DoCoMo Pays $217m to Put Spam Back in the Can,” The Register, 7 April 2001,
43. Harold Lasswell, in Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, trans. J. Wilkinson (New York: Knopf, 1964), x.
44. Ibid., 8283.
45. Ibid.
46. Lewis Mumford, The Myth of the Machine (New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, 1966).
47. Joseph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976).
48. Martin Heidegger, “The Question Concerning Technology,” in Martin Hei-degger: Basic Writings, ed. David Krell (New York: Harper & Row, 1977).
49. N. Katherine Hayles, How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
50. Mark Dery, Escape Velocity: Cyberculture at the End of the Century (New York: Grove Press, 1996).
51. Raymond Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence (London: Penguin Viking, 1999).
52. Jeremy Lovell, “Briton Wires Nervous System to a Computer,” Reuters, 22 March 2002,