by Will Durant
84. Ibid., 131.
85. Goncourts, Woman, 321.
86. Musée de Montpellier.
87. Batiffol, 158.
88. Aldis, 198.
89. Toth, 269.
90. Aldis, 287.
91. Ibid., 356.
92. 355.
93. 357.
94. Koven, Anna de, Horace Walpole and Mme. du Deffand, 81; Lespinasse, Julie de, Letters, introd. by Sainte-Beuve, 25.
95. Ségur, Julie de Lespinasse, 129.
96. Bertrand, J., D’Alembert, 101.
97. Ibid., 59-60.
98. 86.
99. Koven, 76.
100. Ségur, Lespinasse, 98.
101. Ibid., 103.
102. 102.
103. 104.
104. 83.
105. 125.
106. Du Deffand, Marquise, Lettres à Voltaire, 12.
107. Ibid., 26.
108. Ségur, Lespinasse, 132.
109. Ibid., 133.
110. 134.
111. In Lespinasse, Letters, 1.
112. Ibid., 33.
113. Mossner, Life of Hume, 4777.
114. Marmontel, Memoirs, I, 259.
115. Miranda in The Tempest.
116. Ségur, Lespinasse, 336.
117. Ibid., 293.
118. 296.
119. 295.
120. Lespinasse, 44 (letter of May 15, 1773).
121. Ibid., 45 (May 23, 1773).
122. In Ford, Miriam de, Love Children, 212.
123. Lespinasse, 52.
124. Ségur, Lespinasse, 211, 321-22.
125. Ibid., 271.
126. Lespinasse, 204.
127. Ségur, 322.
128. Lespinasse, 234 (letter of July 3, 1775).
129. Ségur, 387.
130. Lespinasse, 327.
131. Ségur, 395.
132. Ibid., 398.
CHAPTER V
1. Chaponniè re, Voltaire chez les calvinistes, 202.
2. Parton, Life of Voltaire, II, 262.
3. Ibid., 263-65.
4. Besterman in Voltaire, Love Letters to His Niece, 9.
5. Chaponniére, 203.
6. Parton, II, 475.
7. Letter of July 4, 1782, in Desnoiresterres, Voltaire, VI, 288.
8. Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland, 283.
9. Ibid., 293.
10. 302.
11. Low, D. M., Edward Gibbon, 144.
12. Desnoiresterres, VI, 290; Chaponnière, 202.
13. Parton, Life of Voltaire, II, 481.
14. Ibid.
15. Desnoiresterres, I, 131.
16. Noyes, A., Volatire, 550.
17. Torrey, N. L., The Spirit of Voltaire, 189.
18. Desnoiresterres, VII, 335.
19. Ibid., 335.
20. Parton, II, 480.
21. Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, art. “Malady—Medicine.”
22. Moliè re, Le Malade imaginaire.
23. Chaponnière, 202; Parton, II, 480.
24. Voltaire, art. “Malady.”
25. Parton, I, 529.
26. Chaponnière, 202.
27. Brandes, Voltaire, II, 312.
28. Parton, II, 263.
29. Desnoiresterres, V, 324.
30. Parton, II, 471.
31. Chaponnière, 202.
32. Lanson, Voltaire, 197.
33. Desnoiresterres, VII, 482.
34. Torrey, Spirit of Voltaire, 201.
35. Faguet, Literary History of France, 507.
36. Lanson, Voltaire, 197.
37. Torrey, 34.
38. Lanson, 197.
39. Voltaire, Oeuvres complètes, XXXIX, 546.
40. Works, VIIIb, 286.
41. Philosophical Dictionary, art. “Ancients and Moderns.”
42. Michelet, Histoire, V, 426.
43. Parton, II, 489.
44. Brunetière, 361.
45. Torrey, 176.
46. Letter of Mar. 12, 1766.
47. Voltaire, Age of Louis XV, II, Ch. xxxix.
48. Lanfrey, L’Église et les philosophes, 335.
49. Letter of Frederick to Voltaire, June 10, 1759.
50. Letter of July 2, 1759.
51. Voltaire and Frederick, Letters, 266.
52. Ibid., 358.
53. 363.
54. Brandes, II, 241.
55. Desnoiresterres, VI, 391.
56. Phil. Dict., art. “Peter the Great.”
57. Robespierre, speech of 18 Floréal, Year II, in Hazard, European Thought, 265.
58. Parton, II, 260.
59. Chaponnière, 238.
60. Gibbon, Memoirs, 154n.
61. Parton, II, 556.
62. Voltaire, Mémoires, in Parton, I, 141.
63. Letter to Frederick, January, 1737, in Voltaire and Frederick, 41.
64. Phil. Dict., art. “Property.”
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Letter to Dr. Daquir in Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of the 18th Century, I, 228.
68. Phil. Dict., art. “Equality.”
69. Lacroix, Paul, The Eighteenth Century in France, 47.
70. Phil. Dict. , art. “Country” (“Pays”).
71. Voltaire, L’ A, B, C, in Sée, Les Id é es potinques, 84.
72. Phil. Dict., art. “Laws.”
73. Essai sur les moeurs, xii, 161, in Gay, Voltaire’s Politics, 181.
74. Mérope, Act. II, Sc. ii.
75. Michelet, French Revolution, 47.
76. In Parton, II, 544.
77. Desnoiresterres, VI, 240.
78. Casanova, Memoirs, II, 406-7.
79. Letter of Oct. 28, 1773.
80. Phil. Dict., art. “Democracy.”
81. Letter of Sept. 20, 1760.
82. In Gay, 236.
83. Phil. Dict., art. “Government,” Sec. 3.
84. Ibid., Sec. 6, slightly transposed.
85. Phil. Dict., art. “Equality.”
86. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 415.
87. Quoted in Black, Art of History, 48.
88. Phil. Dict., art. “Law, Civil and Ecclesiastical.”
89. In Hearnshaw, Social … Ideas of Some Great French Thinkers, 157.
90. Art. “Execution.”
91. Art. “Torture.”
92. In Gay, 307.
93. Art. “Wit.”
94. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of the 18th Century, II, 146.
95. Ibid., 228.
96. Black, 29.
97. Candide, last chapter.
98. In Pomeau, 261.
99. Desnoiresterres, V, 24.
100. Brandes, Voltaire, I, 118.
101. Torrey, 10.
102. Letter of Aug. 28, 1751.
103. Brandes, Creative Spirits of the 19th Century, 138.
104. Ibid., 142; Höffding, H., Jean Jacques Rousseau and His Philosophy, 80; Desnoiresterres, VI, 310.
105. Ibid.
106. Mme. de Graffigny in Parton, I, 392.
107. Hume, letter of Apr. 26, 1764, in Gay, 81.
108. Torrey, 131.
109. Letter to Thieriot, Dec. 10, 1738.
110. Torrey, 131.
111. Ibid.
112. Voltaire, English Notebooks, in Gay, 353.
113. Phil. Dict., art. “Solomon.”
114. Desnoiresterres, V, 157; Parton I, 106.
115. See letter of March, 1737, to Moussinot, in Works, XXIa, 190.
116. Parton, II, 520.
117. Ibid., I, 507.
118. Ibid., 144.
119. Morley, Voltaire, in Voltaire, Works, XXIb, 96.
120. Parton, II, 600.
121. In Noyes, Voltaire, 536.
122. Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV, 61.
123. Pomeau, 462.
124. Desnoiresterres, II, 239.
125. In Torrey, 197.
126. Desnoiresterres, VI, 287.
127. Torrey, 91.
CHAPTER VI
1. Rousseau, Émile, p. 371.
3. Josephson, 190.
4. Ibid.; The Confessions, II, 84.
5. The Confessions, II, 88.
6. Diderot, Le Fils naturel, Act. IV, Sc. iii.
7. Brockway, W., and Winer, B., Second Treasury of the World’s Great Letters, 195.
8. Ibid., 201.
9. The Confessions, II, 107.
10. Ibid., 99.
11. Rousseau, Collection Complète Des Oeuvres, I, 424.
12. Ibid., I, 428.
13. 431.
14. 438.
15. 442.
16. 449.
17. 443.
18. Desnoiresterres, V, 141.
19. The Confessions, II, 105.
20. Épinay, Mme. d’, Memoirs, II, 329.
21. Ibid., 334.
22. The Confessions, II, 102.
23. Josephson, 213.
24. The Confessions, II, 114-15, 110.
25. Ibid., 113.
26. 114-16.
27. Josephson, 220.
28. The Confessions, II, 118.
29. Ibid., 121.
30. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of the 18th Century, II, 195.
31. The Confessions, II, 133. Several of Mme. d’Houdetot’s letters to Rousseau survive, and a few of his to her; see Martin, H., France, XVI, 91n.
32. The Confessions, II, 136.
33. Sainte-Beuve, II, 213.
34. The Confessions, II, 144.
35. Ibid., 146.
36. 147.
37. Épinay, III, 130-32; Josephson, 249.
38. Épinay, III, 140-42.
39. Ibid., 186.
40. The Confessions, II, 154.
41. Josephson, 252.
42. The Confessions, II, 155.
43. Letter of Nov. 26, 1758, in Hendel, Citizen of Geneva, 160.
44. Lemaître, Rousseau, 174.
45. Josephson, 308.
46. The Confessions, II, 165.
47. Rousseau, Politics and the Arts, 7.
48. Ibid ., 121.
49. 125-26.
50. The Confessions, II, 165.
51. Torrey, Spirit of Voltaire, 97, 105.
52. Hendel, Citizen of Geneva, 169; Desnoiresterres, VI, 85.
53. Chaponnière, 169; Josephson, 278.
54. Masson, P. M., La Religion de Rousseau, 111, 33.
55. Josephson, 279.
56. Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques, Part I, LetteI.
57. Letter II.
58. Letter iv.
59. Letter v.
60. Letter xiv.
61. Rousseau juge, p. 139.
62. Ibid., Part IV, Letter xv11.
63. Part V, Letter v.
64. Rousseau juge, p. 186.
65. Ibid., Part V, Letter x.
66. The Confessions, II, 163.
67. In Hendel, J.-J . Rousseau, Moralist, II, 47.
68. Rousseau juge, Part VI, Letter v1.
69. Part V, Letter v.
70. The Confessions, I, 101.
71. Kant, Fragment 618, in Cassirer, Rousseau, Kant, and Goethe, 6.
72. Texte, J., Rousseau and the Cosmopolitan Spirit, 236.
73. Desnoiresterres, VI, 87.
74. Michelet, Histoire, V, 427.
75. Ibid.
76. The Confessions, II, 213.
77. Ibid., 211.
78. Maritain, Three Reformers: Luther, Descartes, Rousseau, 119.
79. Taine, Ancient Regime, 271.
CHAPTER VII
1. Hendel, Citizen of Geneva, 179.
2. Ibid ., 195.
3. Rousseau, Social Contract, Book I, Ch. v.
4. Ibid ., IV, ii.
5. IV, i.
6. I, vii.
7. I, viii.
8. I, vii.
9. II, iv.
10. I, viii.
11. Vaughn, Political Writings of Rousseau, I, 81.
12. Social Contract, Book III, Ch. v.
13. III, iv.
14. III, xv.
15. III, xviii.
16. III, i.
17. I, ix.
18. II, xi.
19. I, end.
20. II, i.
21. Letter to Mme. d’Étang, in Cobban, Rousseau and the Modern State, 193.
22. Cobban, Rousseau, 211.
23. Social Contract, IV, viii.
24. II, vii.
25. IV, viii.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. IV, vi.
31. In Cobban, Rousseau, 55.
32. Émile, p. 157.
33. Ibid.
34. Cobban, In Search of Humanity, 168.
35. Voltaire, Works, XXIb, 332.
36. Havens, Voltaire’s Marginalia, 68, in Gay, Voltaire’s Politics, 268.
37. Cf. Social Contract, II, iv; Taiman, Origin of Totalitarian Democracy; Crocker, Rousseau et la philosophie politique , p. 111.
38. Social Contract, II, v.
39. Faguet, Rousseau penseur, 397.
40. Ibid.
41. Émile, preface.
42. Boyd, Educational Theory of Jean Jacques Rousseau, 297.
43. Rousseau, Émile, 13.
44. Ibid., 216.
45. 26.
46. 256.
47. 118.
48. 133.
49. 27.
50. 92.
51. 50.
52. 21-22, 46.
53. 56-58.
54. 341.
55. 253.
56. 251.
57. 254.
58. 53.
59. 58.
60. 167.
61. 149, 306.
62. 160.
63. Martin, H., France, XVI, 98.
64. Rousseau, Émile, 158.
65. Ibid., 220.
66. 230.
67. 261-62.
68. 263.
69. 257.
70. 272.
71. 232.
72. Ibid.
73. 238-49.
74. 245-47.
75. Letter of Oct. 5, 1758, in Hendel, Citizen of Geneva, 152.
76. Émile , 261.
77. 223.
78. 275.
79. See Robertson, J. M., Short History of Freethought, II, 256.
80. Émile, 272.
81. 271-72.
82. 179.
83. 192.
84. 298-99.
85. Letter of Nov. 5, 1758, in Hendel, Citizen, 158.
86. In Faguet, Rousseau penseur , III.
87. Émile, 351; Hendel, J.-J. Rousseau, II, 23.
88. Émile, 330, 370.
89. 340.
90. 341, 371.
91. 337. 350.
92. 350.
93. 349.
94. 320.
95. 357.
96. 443.
97. 444.
98. Staël, Mme. de, Germany, I, 125.
99. Seilliè re, J. J. Rousseau, 132, in Maritain, Three Reformers, 125.
100. Rousseau, Collection Complète Des Oeuvres, IXb, 157.
101. Plato, Republic, No. 592.
CHAPTER VIII
1. Hendel, Citizen of Geneva, 232.
2. The Confessions, II, 243.
3. Collection complète, IXa, pp. v-x.
4. The Confessions, II, 253.
5. Collection, IXb, 4.
6. The Confessions, II, 255.
7. In Torrey, Spirit of Voltaire , 110.
8. Masson, P. M., La Religion de Rousseau, III, 33.
9. Voltaire, letter of July 26,1764.
10. In Brandes, Voltaire, II, 97.
11. Ibid., 98; Desnoiresterres, VI, 320-23.
12. Hendel, J.-J. Rousseau, II, 252.
13. The Confessions, II, 257.
14. Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland, 226.
15. In Gooch, Frederick the Great, 138.
16. The Confessions, II, 264.
17. Hendel, Citizen of Geneva, 252.
18. The Confessions
, II, 265.
19. Ibid., 259.
20. 270.
21. 265-66.
22. Letter of July 22, 1764, in Masson, P. M., La Religion, III, 171.
23. In Goncourts, Woman of the 18th Century, 287.
24. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of the 18th Century, II, 138.
25. Masson, III, 73-75.
26. 2 Timothy iii, 1 f.
27. Collection complète, IXa, pp. xi-xiii.
28. Ibid., p. xiii.
29. P. xiv.
30. P. xvi.
31. P. xxxix.
32. 1.
33. 2.
34. 4.
35. 7.
36. 8.
37. 26-28.
38. 55.
39. 63.
40. 65-66.
41. 70-71.
42. 121-22.
43. 8.
44. 15.
45. 42.
46. 44.
47. 47.
48. 50.
49. 83.
50. 86.
51. 87-89.
52. Exodus vii, 9-12.
53. Matthew xxiv, 24.
54. Collection complète, IXa, 201-2.
55. Ibid., 210-12.
56. 244-45.
57. 334.
58. Letter of Mar. 8, 1765, in Masson, P. M., La Religion, III, 206-7.
59. Collection complète, IXa, 184-85.
60. Morley, Voltaire, in Voltaire, Works, XXIb,97.
61. In Faguet, Vie de Rousseau, 318-20.
62. Rousseau juge de J.-J., I, ii-iv.
63. Grimm, Correspondance, May 15, 1763, Dec. 15, 1763, Jan. 15, 1765; see also Masson, P. M., II, 126-40.
64. Boileaux-Despréaux, Nicolas, L’Art poétique, lines 37-38.
65. Goethe, Faust, Part I, Everyman’s Library translation, p. 116.
66. Collection complete, I, 196n.
67. Horace Walpole, letter of Dec. 31, 1769, to Horace Mann.
68. Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switz., 150.
69. Ibid., 215.
70. 217.
71. 219.
72. 229.
73. 230-31.
74. 254.
75. 258-68.
76. In Vaughn, Political Writings of Rousseau, II, 293.
77. Macdonald, Frederika, Jean Jacques Rousseau, II, 118.
78. Vaughn, II, 369n.
79. Ibid., 350.
80. 338.
81. Letter of Feb. 26, 1770.
82. Morley, Rousseau and His Era, II, 94.
83. Letter of Mar. 10, 1765.
84. Letter of Mar. 29, 1765.
85. Macdonald, F., II, 123.
86. The Confessions, II, 301.
87. Ibid.
88. Letter of Oct. 1, 1765.
89. The Confessions, II, 302.
90. Ibid.
91. Rousseau, Reveries, 106.
92. Ibid., 108; cf. The Confessions, 308.
93. Morley, Rousseau, II, 117.
94. The Confessions, II, 312.
95. Hendel, Citizen of Geneva, 326.
96. Burton, Life of David Hume, II, 299.
97. Macdonald, F., II, 166.
98. Ibid., 213-14.
99. Walpole, Letter of Jan. 12, 1766.
100. Macdonald, II, 168.