by Will Durant
101. Lemaître, 322; Macdonald, II, 172.
102. Ibid., II, 171.
103. Morellet, Mémoires, in Mossner, Life of Hume, 575.
104. Ibid., 517.
105. 518.
106. Faguet, Vie de Rousseau, 332.
107. In Burton, Hume, II, 304, 309.
108. Hume, letter to Lord Charlemont, in Mossner, 523.
109. Mossner, 519.
110. Boswell on the Grand Tour: Italy, Corsica, France, 279.
111. But summarized by Col. Robert Isham, who read them before their destruction by the executors.
112. Boswell on the Grand Tour: Italy … , 277-81.
113. Mossner, 521.
114. Ibid., 523.
115. Letter of May 10, 1766, in Hendel, Citizen of Geneva, 336.
116. Letter of Apr. 24, 1766, in Hendel.
117. Josephson, 460.
118. Macdonald, F., II, 186-209.
119. Mossner, 529.
120. Macdonald, II, 171.
121. Ibid., 174.
122. Josephson, 464; Morley, Rousseau, II, 133.
123. Josephson, 467.
124. Morley, II, 135.
125. Ibid.
126. Josephson, 471.
127. Faguet, Vie de Rousseau, 361; Ségur, Julie de Lespinasse, 203.
CHAPTER IX
1. Vaussard, La Vie quotidienne en Italie au xviiie siècle, 27.
2. Ibid., 107.
3. 105.
4. 125.
5. Smith, D. E., History of Mathematics, I, 519.
6. Baedeker, Northern Italy, 471.
7. James, E. E., Bologna, 178-80.
8. Casanova, Memoirs, I, 14.
9. Rolland, Romain, Musical Tour through the Land of the Past, 167.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Réalités, November, 1954, p. 45.
13. Láng, Music in Western Civilization, 354.
14. Grout, D. J., Short History of Opera, 196.
15. Kirkpatrick, R., Domenico Scarlatti, 94.
16. Einstein, Alfred, Gluck, 101.
17. Lee, Vernon, Studies of the 18th Century in Italy, 206.
18. Vaussard, 82.
19. De Sanctis, History of Italian Literature, II, 825.
20. Vaussard, 83.
21. Ibid., 86.
22. 88.
23. Campbell, T. J., The Jesuits, 424.
24. McCabe, Jos., Candid History of the Jesuits, 287.
25. Renard and Weulersee, Life and Work in Modern Europe, 276.
26. Chesterfield, Letters, Feb. 28, 1749.
27. Einstein, Gluck, 15.
28. Gatti-Cazazza Collection, Venice.
29. Private collection, Venice.
30. Ibid.
31. Museo Cívico, Bassano.
32. Voltaire, Works, VIIIa, 5.
33. Molmenti, P., Venice, Part III: The Decadence, I, 37.
34. Ibid., 49.
35. Molmenti, The Decadence, II, 17, 146.
36. Ibid., 48.
37. 49.
38. Rousseau, The Confessions, I, 301; Molmenti, II, 93.
39. Vaussard, 180.
40. Goldoni, Memoirs, 178.
41. Rousseau, The Confessions, I, 292.
42. Molmenti, I, 169; Vaussard, 195.
43. Grove’s Dictionary of Music, 111, 314.
44. Pincherle, Vivaldi, 16.
45. Ibid., 17.
46. Rolland, Musical Tour, 187.
47. Pincherle, 67.
48. E. g., Violin Concerto in E, Concerto Grosso in D Minor.
49. Pincherle, 61.
50. Ibid., 229-32.
51. Time, Nov. 29, 1963.
52. Lord Walpole Collection.
53. Brera Gallery, Milan.
54. Boston Museum of Fine Arts; Wallace Collection.
55. National Gallery, London.
56. Wallace Collection.
57. London, Vienna, Geneva.
58. New York.
59. Turin.
60. Louvre.
61. Duke of Devonshire Collection.
62. Levey, Painting in 18th-Century Venice, 92.
63. Anon., Tiepolo, 34.
64. Ospedaletto, Venice.
65. E.g., Sitwell, S., Southern Baroque Art, 35.
66. Molmenti, Tiepolo, 19; Venturi, L., Italian Painting from Caravaggio to Modi-gliani, 74.
67. Letter of Mar. 13, 1734, in Rolland, Musical Tour, 149.
67a. Goldoni, Memoirs, 184.
68. Casanova, Memoirs, II, 276.
69. Kirkpatrick, Scarlatti, 29; Vaussard, 193.
70. Goldoni, Memoirs, 1, 4.
71. Ibid., 179.
72. 183.
73. Garnett, R., History of Italian Literature, 323.
74. Gozzi, Carlo, Memoirs, II, 110 f.
75. Molmenti, Venice: Decadence, I, 168.
76. Goldoni, Memoirs, 346.
77. Ibid., introd., xi.
78. Gibbon, Edward, Memoirs, 7.
79. Goldoni, Memoirs, xxi.
80. Sitwell, S., German Baroque Art, 70.
81. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, VI, 675.
82. Ranke, History of the Popes, 111, 472.
83. New Cambridge Modern History, VII, 284.
84. Funk, F. X., Manual of Church History , II, 180.
85. Macaulay, Essays, II, 179.
86. De Brosses in McCabe, Jos., Crises in the History of the Papacy , 354.
87. Correspondance De Benoît XIV , II, 268, in McCabe, Crises , 354.
88. CMH , VI, 591.
89. Ford, Miriam de, Love Children , 205.
90. Lanfrey, P., L’Église et les Philosophes, 190.
91. Putnam, G. H., Censorship of the Church of Rome , II, 60.
92. Sime, James, Lessing , I, 92.
93. Stirling-Maxwell, Annals of the Artists of Spain , IV, 1393.
94. Gershoy, Leo, From Despotism To Revolution , 146.
95. CMH , VI, 598.
96. Ibid ., 599.
97. Robertson, Short History Of Freethought , II, 369.
98. Vico, Giambattista, Autobiography , 111.
99. Croce, B., Philosophy Of Giambattista Vico , 252.
100. Vico, The New Science , No. 31.
101. Ibid ., Nos. 916-18; we have ventured to improve the translation.
102. Nos. 922-24.
103. 925-27.
104. Vico, Autobiography , 171.
105. The New Science , No. 1104.
106. 1105.
107. 417-24.
108. 873-80.
109. 361.
110. Autobiography , 173.
111. The New Science , No. 1110.
112. Croce, Philosophy Of Vico , 269.
113. Ibid ., 274.
114. Croce, Filosofia di G. B . Vico (1911).
115. Grout, Opera, 200.
116. Ibid ., 208.
117. Oxford History of Music, IV , 185.
118. Burney, Charles, General History of Music , II, 917.
119. Grove’s Dictionary , II, 785.
120. Ibid .
121. Ibid .
122. Beckford, Wm., Travel Diaries , II, 167.
123. Lee, Vernon, Studies , 194.
124. Kirkpatrick, Scarlatti , 21.
125. Ibid ., 32.
126. 33.
127. Introd. to the Victor Album of Scarlatti’s Sonatas.
128. Kirkpatrick, 58.
129. Ibid ., 103.
130. Especially delightful: Nos. 13, 23, 25, 104, and 338, in the Longo numbering.
131. Coxe, Wm., Memoirs of the Kings of Spain , IV, 231.
CHAPTER X
1. Beckford, Travel Diaries , II, 171.
2. Cheke, Marcus, Dictator of Portugal , 4.
3. Day, Clive, History of Commerce , 186; History Today , November, 1955, p. 730.
4. Frederick the Great, MÉmoires , I, 28; Stirling-Maxwell, IV, 1385.
5. New CMH , VII, 289.
6. Stephens, H. M., Story of Portugal , 354.
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7. Enc. Brit., XX , 981b.
8. History Today, November , 1955, p. 731.
9. Campbell, The Jesuits, 431.
10. Cheke, 50.
11. Ibid ., 111.
12. History Today , November, 1955, p. 733.
13. See The Age of Reason Begins , 249-51.
14. Cheke, 106.
15. McCabe, The Jesuits , 262.
16. Lanfrey, L’ÉGlise Et Les Philosophes , 258; Cheke, 114.
17. Our account follows Cheke, 118 f.
18. Lanfrey, 259.
19. Cheke, 132.
20. Lanfrey, 260.
21. McCabe, Jesuits , 263.
22. Campbell, Jesuits , 462.
23. Gershoy, From Despotism to Revolution , 152; Cheke, 140.
24. Voltaire, Works , XVIa, 243.
25. Cheke, 155.
26. Ibid ., 157.
27. Voltaire, XVIa, 243.
28. Gershoy, 153; Cheke, 204.
29. Gershoy, 154.
30. Stephens, Portugal , 367.
31. Lea, H. C, History of the Inquisition In Spain , III, 310n.
32. Bell, Aubrey, Portuguese Literature , 277.
33. Cheke, 251.
34. Ibid ., 268.
35. Ibid .
CHAPTER XI
1. Altamira, R., History of Spain , 482, 466; Ogg, D., Europe in the 17th Century , 22; New CMH , VII, 271.
2. Herr, Richard, The Eighteenth-Century Revolution In Spain , 106; see also Altamira, 467-68.
3. Herr, 96.
4. Altamira, 460; Stokes, Hugh, Francisco Goya , 187.
5. Klingender, F. D., Goya in the Democratic Tradition , 4n.
6. Ibid ., 4-5; Campbell, Jesuits , 424.
7. Kany, C. E., Life and Manners in Madrid , 1750-1800, 375.
8. Vallentin, A., This I Saw , 26.
9. Lea, Inquisition in Spain , III, 308-10; IV, 523.
10. Martin, H., France , XV, 114-15.,
11. Ticknor, Geo., History of Spanish Literature , III, 244.
12. Lea, IV, 530.
13. Buckle, H. T., Introd. to the History of Civilization in England , 11a, 61.
14. CMH , VI, 124.
15. Voltaire, XlXa, 214.
16. Burney, Charles, History of Music , II, 815-16.
17. Kany, 392.
18. Coxe, Memoirs of The kings Of spain, IV, 141-43.
19. Trevor-Roper, Historical Essays , 268.
20. Herr, 75.
21. Letter of d’Alembert to Voltaire, May 13, 1773, in Robertson, J. M., Short History of Freethought , II, 372.
22. Herr, 63.
23. Ibid ., 77.
24. Ségur, Lespinasse , 254.
25. Altamira, 508.
26. Lea, Inquisition , IV, 307.
27. Herr, 210.
28. Michelet, Histoire De France , V, 439.
29. Stokes, Goya , 147.
30. Coxe, Kings of Spain , IV, 235.
31. Letters of an English officer, 1788, in Buckle, 1la, 92.
32. Coxe, IV, 236.
33. Hume, Martin, Spain: its Greatness and Decay , 397.
34. Coxe, IV, 408.
35. Gershoy, From Despotism to Revolution , 163.
36. Coxe, IV, 341.
37. Ibid ., 361.
38. Campbell, Jesuits , 511-12.
39. Ibid .; Lanfrey, L’Église et les philosophes , 280.
40. Coxe, IV, 362.
41. Ibid ., 363.
42. Lanfrey, 282.
43. Campbell, 517-18.
44. Ibid ., 519; Lanfrey, 281.
45. Coxe, IV, 368.
46. Herr, 23.
47. Ibid .
48. 205.
49. 29.
50. 208.
51. Kany, 356-57.
52. Ruckle, 11a, 86; Robertson, Freethought , II, 372.
53. Herr, 210; Robertson, 373.
54. Herr, 35; Trevor-Roper, 264.
55. Coxe, IV, 412-16; Casanova, Memoirs , II, 344.
56. Altamira, 438.
57. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, History of Spanish Literature , 357.
58. Rev. Geo. Edmundsen, in CMH , VI, 384.
59. Vallentin, 5.
60. Herr, 54.
61. Ibid ., 57.
62. Buckle, 11a, 98.
63. Ibid ., 94.
64. Herr, 128.
65. CMH , VI, 383.
66. Herr, 148.
67. Ibid ., 141-42.
68. 150.
69. Kany, 24; Vallentin, 26.
70. Kany, 38.
71. Ibid ., 18.
72. Hume, Martin, Spain , 411.
73. Stokes, 188; Kany, 214.
74. Laborde, Spain , in Buckle, 11a, 114.
75. Kany, 24.
76. Ibid ., 280.
77. Casanova, II, 348.
78. Kirkpatrick, Scarlatti , 132.
79. Altamira, History of Spanish Civilization , 183.
80. Trevor-Roper, 264.
81. Kany, 345; Buckle, 11a, 95.
82. Ticknor, III, 256; Herr, 165.
83. Ticknor, III, 262.
84. Ibid ., 273.
85. Vallentin, 144.
86. Calvert, A. F., Royal Falaces of Spain , 97.
87. Cathedral of Salamanca.
88. Prado.
89. Private collection, Zurich.
90. Prado.
91. Poore, Charles, Goya , 156.
92. Calvert, Goya , 55.
93. Poore, 48.
94. One in Frick Collection, New York.
95. Prado.
96. Prado.
97. Vallentin, 93.
98. Trevor-Roper, 266.
99. Vallentin, 111.
100. Ibid ., 112.
101. E.g., Malraux in Goya, Drawings From the prado , xiv.
102. Lassaigne, J., Spanish Painting: From Velazquez to Picasso , 89.
103. Vallentin, 112.
104. Ibid ., 119.
105. Duke of Alba Collection.
106. Goya, Drawings , Plate 4.
107. Collection of the Hispanic Society, New York.
108. Vallentin, 195.
109. Ibid ., 203.
110. Prado.
111. Vallentin, 183.
112. Academy of San Fernando, Madrid.
113. National Gallery, Washington.
114. Academy of San Fernando, Madrid.
115. Klingender, Goya , 92.
116. Goya, Drawings , 123.
117. Ibid., 130.
118. 170.
119. Academy of San Fernando.
120. Goya, Drawings, 112.
121. Ibid., 89-117.
122. 118.
123. Vallentin, 223.
124. Both in the Prado.
125. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
126. In Goya, The Disasters of War, No. 23.
127. Ibid., No. 12.
128. No. 44.
129. No. 47.
130. No. 18.
131. These pictures from the Quinta del Sordo are in the Prado.
132. Lassaigne, Spanish Painting: From Vel á zquez to Picasso, 106.
CHAPTER XII
1. Goethe, Letters from Italy, Sept. 16, 1786.
2. Ibid., Sept. 12 and 17, 1786.
3. Gozzi, Carlo, Memoirs, II, 7.
4. Ibid., 100-03.
5. Hazlitt, W. C, The Venetian Republic, 11, 323.
6. Casanova, Memoirs, II, 110.
7. Renard and Weulersee, Life and Work in Modern Europe, 275.
8. Pearson, Hesketh, Johnson and Boswell, 171.
9. Goethe, Letters from Italy, Oct. 25, 1786.
10. CMH, VI, 601.
11. Winckelmann, J., History of Ancient Art, I, 48.
12. Goethe, Letters from Italy, Mar. 17, 1787.
13. Vaussard, 74.
14. Friedländer, Ludwig, Life and Manners under the Early Empire, II, 78.
15. Goethe, Oct. 27, 1786.
16. Vaussard, 84.
17. Ibid., 89.
18. Bury, J. B., History of Free
dom of Thought, 122.
19. McCabe, The Jesuits, 346.
20. E.g., Lanfrey, Histoire politique des papes, 384; id., L’Église et les philosophes, 305.
21. Campbell, Jesuits, 536.
22. McCabe, Jesuits, 346.
23. Ranke, History of the Popes, II, 449-50.
24. Campbell, 538.
25. Ibid., 541.
26. McCabe, 355.
27. Campbell, 563.
28. Mozart, letter of Aug. 4, 1770, in Anderson, Emily, Letters of Mozart, I, 227.
29. Jahn, Life of Mozart, I, 151.
30. Blom, Eric, Mozart, 57.
31. Goethe, Letters from Italy, Nov. 24, 1786.
32. Vaussard, 141-43.
33. Beccaria, Dei delitti e delle pene (1766 ed.), p. 11.
34. Carlyle, “Count Cagliostro,” in Essays (Works, III), 187-92.
35. Goethe, Letters, Apr. 13 and 14, 1787.
36. Casanova, I, 13.
37. Ibid., 14.
38. 123.
39. Introd. xx.
40. 210.
41. 211.
42. 219.
43. 287.
44. 330.
45. 406-7.
46. II, 370, 393.
47. Ibid., 340.
48. Gilbert, O. P., The Prince de Ligne, 157.
49. Winckelmann, I, 3.
50. Ibid., 9.
51. 18.
52. 21.
53. Pater, Walter, The Renaissance, 155.
54. In Brandes, Goethe, II, 244.
55. Winckelmann, I, 31.
56. In Muther, History of Modern Painting, I, 81.
57. Pater, Renaissance, 148.
58. Winckelmann, I, 46.
59. Ibid ., 60.
60. II, 319.
61. 1, 64.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. 1, 70.
66. 287.
67. 77.
68. 76, 84.
69. 86.
70. In Pater, 147.
71. Both in Museo Correr, Venice.
72. Good examples in Morgan Library, New York, and Metropolitan Museum of Art.
73. Levey, Painting in Venice, 103.
74. Poldi-Pezzoli Museum, Milan.
75. Louvre.
76. Ältere Pinakothek, Munich.
77. Muther, I, 86.
78. Winckelmann, 1,407.
79. Prado.
80. Jahn, Mozart, III, 1, 15.
81. Burney, Fanny, Diary, 72-73.
82. Burney, Charles, History of Music, II, 886-91.
83. Einstein, Albert, Gluck, 151.
84. Grove’s Dictionary, IV, 174.
85. Ibid., 509.
86. Einstein, Gluck, 149.
87. Grove’s, I, 650.
88. Translation by Richard Garnett (History of Italian Literature, 300).
89. In De Sanctis, II, 831.
90. Alfieri, Vittorio, Autobiography, Epoch I, Ch. i.
91. Ibid., Epoch II, Ch. iv.
92. III, iii.
93. III, xii.
94. Alfieri, Of Tyranny, 102.
95. Ibid., Book I, Section 1.