by Will Durant
85. Reddaway, Frederick the Great , 340.
86. Waliszewski, Romance , 233, 287.
87. Ibid ., 388.
88. Catherine, 377.
89. CMH , VI, 696.
90. Waliszewski, Romance, 237.
91. Wiener, Anthology of Russian Litera-Ture , I, 272-76.
92. Ibid ., 385.
93. 390.
94. 381.
95. Waliszewski, History of Russian Literature , 103.
96. Brückner, Literary History of Russia , 102.
97. Ibid ., 115.
98. 116.
99. 105-07.
100. Waliszewski, Romance of an Empress , 342.
101. Réau, L’art russe , II, 111.
102. Ibid ., 68.
103. Waliszewski, Romance, 349.
104. Enc. Brit ., XIX, 747b.
105. Waliszewski, Romance , 346.
106. Réau, II, 76.
107. Ibid .
108. 79.
109. Masson, Memoirs of Catherine II and Her Court , 93.
110. Gilbert, Prince De Ligne , 143.
111. Brückner , 112.
112. Morley, John, Diderot , II, 128; Rambaud, II, 245.
113. Ibid ., 247.
114. Masson, Memoirs , 303-06.
115. Catherine, 20.
116. Masson, 66.
117. Gooch in introd. to Catherine, Memoirs , 10.
118. Otto Hötzsch in CMH , VI, 701.
CHAPTER XIX
1. Gershoy, From Despotism to Revolution , 37.
2. Goodwin, The European Nobility , 161.
3. Waliszewski, Poland the Unknown , 127.
4. Bain, R. Nisbet, The Last King of Poland, 22; Friedlä nder, L., Roman Life and Manners , II, 162.
5. Bain, 43.
6. Cambridge History of Poland , II, 75.
7. Ibid ., 76-77; Coxe, Wm., Travels in Poland , II, 125.
8. New CMH , VII, 374; Lewinski-Corwin, E. H., Political History of Poland , 286.
9. Staël, Mme. de, Germany , I, 73.
10. Bain, Last King of Poland , 100.
11. Ibid ., 59.
12. 31-32.
13. See The Age of Louis XIV , 374, 385-87.
14. CHP , II, 24.
15. Lewinski-Corwin, 289.
16. Bain, Last King , 55.
17. Ibid ., 56.
18. Aldis, Madame Geoffrin , 248,
19. Florinsky, Russia , I, 517.
20. Aldis, 251.
21. Ibid ., 282.
22. CHP , II, 116; Bain, 161.
23. Bain, Last King , 121.
24. Rambaud, History of Russia , II, 188.
25. CHP , II, 118.
26. CHP , II, 97-98; Bain, 77-78.
27. Rambaud, II, 188.
28. Bain, Last King, 78.
29. CHP, II, 120.
30. Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, art. “Superstition,” Sec. III.
31. Martin, H., Histoire de France, XVI, 267.
32. CHP, II, 102.
33. Ibid., 103.
34. Ibid.; Bain, 108.
35. Bain, Last King, 108.
36. Ibid., 2.
37. Enc. Brit., XVIII, 143d.
38. Treitschke, Life of Frederick the Great, 164.
39. CMH, VI, 670.
40. Lewis, D. B. W., Four Favorites, 202.
41. Gershoy, 180.
42. Morley, John, Life of Voltaire, in Voltaire, Works, XXIb, 346; Florinsky, I, 537.
43. Coxe, Travels in Poland, I, 159.
44. Bain, Last King, 121.
45. CHP, II, 181-82.
46. Bain, 102.
47. CHP, II, 181-83.
48. Ibid., 135.
49. Bain, Last King, 249.
50. Ibid., 278.
51. CHP, II, 155.
CHAPTER XX
1. In Gooch, Frederick the Great, 65.
2. MacLaurin, C, Mere Mortals, 195.
3. Mowat, R. B., The Age of Reason, 61.
4. Gooch, Frederick, 141.
5. Mann, Thos., Three Essays, 213.
6. Sir James Harrison in Gooch, Frederick, 149.
7. In Rolland, Musical Tour, 214.
8. New York Times, Mar. 10, 1929.
9. Frederick, letter of Oct. 30, 1770, in Voltaire and Frederick, Letters, 314.
10. Crocker, Lester, Age of Crisis, 133.
11. Gooch, Frederick, 138.
12. Gershoy, From Despotism to Revolution, 86.
13. Voltaire and Frederick, Letters, 249.
14. Frederick to Voltaire, July 2, 1759, and Oct. 31, 1760, in Letters, 256, 270.
15. Bertaut, J., Napoleon in His Own Words, 463.
16. Treitschke, Life of Frederick, 182.
17. In Hazard, Paul, European Thought in the 18th Century, 333.
18. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of the 18th Century, II, 344.
19. Ibid., 347.
20. In Mowat, 105.
21. Morley, in Voltaire, Works, XXIb, 195.
22. Sainte-Beuve, I, 220-21.
23. Voltaire and Frederick, Letters, 282.
24. Carlyle, History of Friedrich the Second, IV, 179n.
25. Frederick to Voltaire, Feb. 10, 1767.
26. Chesterfield to his son, Letters, June 23, 1752.
27. Schoenfeld, Women of the Teutonic Nations, 299.
28. Staël, Mme. de, Germany, I, 106; Gershoy, 75.
29. Paulsen, German Education, 142.
30. Gershoy, 284.
31. Carlyle, Friedrich, VII, 201.
32. Gershoy, 76; Renard and Weulersee, Life and Work in Modern Europe, 297.
33. Ibid., 299.
34. Bruford, W. H., Germany in the 18th Century, 186.
35. CMH, VI, 718.
36. Gershoy, 84.
37. Frederick, Testament (1768), in CMH, VI, 723.
38. Bruford, 22.
39. Casanova, Memoirs, I, 349.
40. Burke, Thoughts on French Affairs, in Reflections on the French Revolution, 296.
41. Pascal, Roy, The German Sturm und Drang, 75-76.
42. Goethe, Truth and Fiction, I, 163.
43. Sime, James, Lessing, II, 131.
44. Schiller, Poems, 219-20. In Works.
45. Eckermann and Soret, Conversations with Goethe, 79.
46. Staél, Mme. de, Germany, I, 44.
47. Bruford, 39.
48. Enc. Brit., IX, 132b.
49. Padover, Revolutionary Emperor, 289; Campbell, Thos., The Jesuits, 611.
50. Smith, Preserved, History of Modern Culture, II, 404.
51. Smith, N. K., Commentary to Kant’s “Critique of Pure Reason ,” 6.
52. Eckermann, introduction.
53. Staël, Mme. de, Germany, I, 118.
54. Ibid., 116-17.
55. Goethe, Truth and Fiction, II, 251. In Works.
56. F. C. Schlosser in Monroe, Paul, Textbook in the History of Education, 580.
57. Morley in Voltaire, Works, XXIb, 153.
58. Nettle, Mozart and Masonry, 9.
59. Robertson, J. M., Short History of Freethought, II, 318.
60. Ibid.
61. 331.
62. Sime, Lessing, I, 27.
63. Garland, H. B., Lessing, 154.
64. Ibid., 118.
65. Lessing, Laocoön, 190; Ch. xxvi, ad. ink.
66. Bosanquet, History of Aesthetic, 221n.
67. Lessing, Laocoön, 56.
68. Ibid., 57.
69. Sime, II, 4.
70. Ibid., 55.
71. Lessing, Hamburgische Dramaturgie, No. 70, in Garland, 64.
72. Lessing, Säamtliche Schriften, X, 53, in Sime, II, 206.
73. Sime, II, 85.
74. Casanova, II, 271.
75. See The Age of Voltaire, 502.
76. Sime, II, 348.
77. Lessing, Education of the Human Race, No. 74 (Harvard Classics, Vol. XXXII, 212).
78. Ibid., Nos. 85-86.
79. Brandes, Goethe, I, 434; Cassirer, Philosophy of the Enlightenment, 190.
/> 80. Sime, II, 300; Brandes, Goethe, I, 434.
81. Sime, II, 346.
82. Ibid., 330.
83. Klopstock, The Messiah, ad finem.
84. Goethe, Truth and Fiction, I, 79; II, 5. In Works.
85. Penguin Book of German Verse, 175.
86. Ibid., 178-90.
87. Goethe, Truth and Fiction, II, 350. In Works.
88. Eckermann, 370 (Feb. 18, 1829).
89. Boehn, Max von, Modes and Manners, IV, 238.
90. Pascal, Roy, The German Sturm und Drang, 5.
91. Ibid., 31.
92. Francke, Kuno, History of German Literature, 312.
93. Ibid., 310.
94. Boehn, 124.
95. Schloss Tiefurt, near Weimar.
96. Schlossmuseum, Weimar.
97. Sanssouci Palace, Potsdam.
98. Winckelmann, II, 36.
99. Leipzig, Museum der Bildenden Künste.
100. Munich, Neue Pinakothek.
101. Dresden Gemäldegalerie.
102. Winterthur, Museum des Kunstvereins.
103. Schlossmuseum, Weimar.
104. Dresden Gemäldegalerie.
105. Weimar Museum.
106. Jahn, Mozart, III, 235.
107. Láng, P. H., Music in Western Civilization, 589.
108. Grove’s Dictionary of Music, I, 175.
109. Jahn, II, 65.
110. Grove’s, I, 145-55, 177-81.
111. Gooch, Frederick, 298.
112. Frederick, Mémoires, I, 56 f.
113. Gooch, 309.
114. Ibid., 305.
115. 319.
116. 323.
117. Frederick, Mémoires, I, 56.
118. Gooch, Frederick, 319.
119. Ibid., 280.
120. 292.
121. 287.
122. 287.
123. 291.
124. 89.
125. 294.
126. In Hauser, Arnold, Social History of Art, II, 602.
127. Pascal, Roy, Sturm und Drang, 42.
128. MacLaurin, Mere Mortals, 201.
129. Gooch, Frederick , 110.
CHAPTER XXI
1. Paulsen, Immanuel Kant, 26n.
2. Überweg, F., History of Philosophy, II, 139.
3. T. M. Greene in introd. to Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, xxviii.
4. Ibid., xxx.
5. Paulsen, Kant, 37.
6. Wilson, E. C, Immanuel Kant, 3.
7. Herder, Briefe zur Beförderung der Hu-manitat, in Paulsen, Kant, 40.
8. Williams, H. S., History of Science, III, 27-28.
9. Lovejoy, Arthur, The Great Chain of Being, 266.
10. Harlow Shapley in Wilson, Immanuel Kant, 51.
11. Kant, Critique of Judgment, II, 78; Paulsen, 272n.
12. Überweg, II, 150.
13. Paulsen, 272n.
14. In Smith, N. K., Commentary, xix.
15. Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 1st ed., 13 (preface).
16. Critique of Judgment, I, 3.
17. Pure Reason, 1st German ed., 10 (preface) .
18. Pure Reason, 2d German ed., xliii.
19. Ibid., xxx, xxxiv.
20. Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, 9 (preface).
21. In Paulsen, 96.
22. Pure Reason, 1st Germ, ed., 112.
23. Ibid., 125; Prolegomena, No. 36.
24. Pure Reason, 42.
25. Ibid., 307, 375.
26. Pure Reason, 2d Germ, ed., 131-33, 136, 139, 143.
27. Ibid., 428.
28. First ed., 622-23.
29. Ibid., 627.
30. 671-73, 675.
31. 468.
32. 683-92, 698.
33. 700.
34. Karl Reinhold in Paulsen, 114.
35. Prolegomena, 13 (preface).
36. Pure Reason, first ed., 298, 752.
37. Robertson, J. M., Short History of Freethought, II, 337.
38. Pure Reason, 2d ed., xxx, xxxiv.
39. Kant, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Ethics, 35.
40. Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, 313.
41. Ibid., 248, 259.
42. 142.
43. Fundamental Principles, 68.
44. Ibid., 57.
45. Practical Reason, 108-9, 146.
46. Pure Reason, 2d ed., 571-73.
47. Ibid., xxviii, 566-69, 580-81; Practical Reason, 164 f.
48. Ibid., 259 f.
49. 260.
50. Pure Reason, 1st ed., 819.
51. Cassirer, Rousseau, Kant, and Goethe, 25.
52. Heine, H., Religion and Philosophy in Germany, in Paulsen, 8a.
53. Critique of Judgment, I, 18, 15.
54. Ibid.
55. 46.
56. Critique of Judgment, II, 89.
57. Ibid., 117.
58. Kant, Werke, VI, 129, in Cassirer, Rousseau, Kant, and Goethe, 39.
59. Überweg, II, 141.
60. Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, 3.
61. Ibid., 8.
62. 8.
63. 28.
64. 29.
65. Kant, Education, No. 19.
66. Kant, Religion, 35.
67. Kant, “Conjectural Beginning of the History of Man,” in Überweg, II, 186.
68. Kant, Religion, 51.
69. Ibid., 147, 159-61.
70. 142-43.
71. 91.
72. 63.
73. 117.
74. 57, 134.
75. 186.
76. 183-85.
77. 153, 164-65, 168, 112.
78. Ibid., xxxiv.
79. Kant, A Philosophical Treatise on Perpetual Peace, 10.
80. Ibid., 28.
81. 32.
82. Practical Reason, 34m.
83. Perpetual Peace, 78.
84. Paulsen, 351.
85. Perpetual Peace, 29-30; Smith, N. K., Commentary, Ivii.
86. Education, No. 30.
87. Ibid., No. 7.
88. Paulsen, 374.
89. Practical Reason, 326n.
90. Ibid., introd. by T. G. Abbott, xliii.
91. Ibid., xliv.
92. Paulsen, 45.
93. Ibid., 47; Klinke, Kant for Everyman, 105.
94. Stuckenberg, Life of Kant, 340-54, in Robertson, J. M., Freethought, II, 343.
95. Robertson, II, 345.
96. Letter of Apr., 1766, in Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, introd., xxxvi.
97. Paulsen, 52.
98. Vaihinger, The Philosophy of “As if,” 313.
99. Ibid., 316-17.
100. Witte, Schiller, 46.
101. Schiller, Poems, 290.
102. Eckermann, 79 (Apr. 14, 1824).
103. Emerson, lecture of 1842 on “The Transcendentalist,” in Wilson, E. C, Immanuel Kant, 23.
CHAPTER XXII
1. Eckermann, 138 (Apr. 27, 1825).
2. Levvisohn, L., Goethe , I, 134.
3. Schiller to Körner, Aug. 8 and Sept. 10, 1787, in Schiller and Körner, Correspondence, I, 140-43.
4. Brandes, Goethe, I, 307.
5. Staël, Mme. de, Germany, I, 101.
6. Francke, History of German Literature, 253.
7. Wieland, History of Agathon, I, xxiv.
8. Francke, 255.
9. Agathon, I, 123 (Book III, Ch. ii).
10. Ibid., Book III, Ch. iii.
11. In Francke, 258.
12. Eckermann, 285 (Sept. 26, 1827).
13. Mann, Thos., Three Essays, 8.
14. Goethe, Truth and Fiction, I, 385. In Works.
15. Ibid., 155 f.
16. 209-30.
17. 178.
18. 175.
19. 233.
20. 318.
21. Goethe, Works, VII, 27.
22. Truth and Fiction, I, 306. In Works.
23. Ibid., 367.
24. 368.
25. Brandes, Goethe, I, 71.
26. Autobiography of Heinr
ich Jung-Stilling in Lewisohn, I, 49.
27. In Ludwig, Emil, Goethe, 31.
28. Truth and Fiction, I, 407.
29. In Ludwig, 42.
30. Eckermann, 291 (Oct. 8, 1827).
31. E.g., Truth and Fiction, II, 43.
32. Ibid., 75.
33. Letter of June, 1771, in Lewisohn, I, 57.
34. Truth and Fiction, II, 120.
35. Ibid., 143.
36. Brandes, I, 140.
37. Ludwig, 57.
38. Goethe, Gotz von Berlichingen, Act I, Sc. ii.
39. Truth, II, 167.
40. From Kestner’s diary, in Lewisohn, I, 71.
41. Truth, II, 188.
42. Ibid., 214
43. 214.
44. Brandes, I, 273.
45. In Ludwig, 87.
46. Lewisohn, I, 101.
47. Truth, II, 216-17.
48. Eckermann, 52 (Jan. 2, 1824).
49. Goethe, Werther, letters of July 19 and 21 and Aug. 30, 1771.
50. Goethe, letter to Kestner, Nov. 20, 1774, in Lewisohn, I, 105.
51. Sime, Lessing, II, 200.
52. Lewisohn, I, 101.
53. Kestner, letter to Hennings, Nov. 18, 1772, in Pascal, German Sturm und Drang, 108.
54. Truth, Book XII.
55. In Ludwig, 94.
56. Lavater’s diary, June 28, 1774, in Lewisohn, I, 99.
57. Goethe’s letter of Nov. 12, 1816, in Lewisohn, II, 262.
58. Lewisohn, I, 295.
59. Truth, II, 261, 309.
60. Translation in Carus, Paul, Goethe, 245-47.
61. Truth, II, 318, 327.
62. Ibid., 366.
63. Clark, Robert, Herder, 160.
64. Truth, II, 11.
65. Ibid., 16.
66. In Pascal, German Sturm und Drang, 225.
67. Heiseler, B. von, Schiller, 49.
68. Schiller, Poems, 7. In Works.
69. Ibid., 9.
70. Carlyle, Life of Schiller, 15. In Works.
71. Schiller, The Robbers, Act I, Sc. ii.
72. Ibid., II, iii.
73. Ibid.
74. V, i.
75. Heiseler, 47.
76. Ungar, Frederick, Friedrich Schiller, 34.
77. Witte, Schiller, 131.
78. Heiseler, 83.
79. Schiller, Philosophical Letters, p. 376 (Letter 1). In Works.
80. Ibid., 385 (Letter IV).
81. Schiller and Körner, Correspondence, I, 12.
82. Ibid., 13-16.
83. Heiseler, 85.
84. Ibid.
85. Schiller and Körner, Correspondence, I, 30-33.
86. Körner to Schiller, July 8, 1785, in Correspondence, I, 36.
CHAPTER XXIII
1. Einstein, Mozart, 19.
2. Goethe, Truth and Fiction, I, 291. In Works.
3. Schiller to Körner, July 28 and Aug. 29, 1787.
4. Schiller and Körner, Correspondence, I, 85.
5. Ibid., 90, 168.
6. Wieland, Oberon, introd.