by Will Durant
96. II, VII.
97. II, VIII.
98. I, IX.
99. I, VIII.
100. “Forethought” to Of Tyranny.
101. Autobiography, Epoch IV, Ch. viii.
102. Epoch I, Ch. viii.
103. IV, v.
104. IV, xx.
105. IV, xvi.
CHAPTER XIII
1. Gilbert, Prince de Ligne, 29, 57.
2. Ibid., 135.
3. Mowat, R. B., Age of Reason, 96.
4. Frederick the Great, Guerre de Sept Ans, 386.
5. Gooch, G. P., Maria Theresa , 3.
6. Jahn, Mozart, I, 65.
7. Voltaire, Works, XVIa, 167.
8. Gershoy, From Despotism to Revolution, 89.
9. Campbell, Jesuits, 433.
10. Paulsen, F., German Education, 147-49.
11. Schoenfeld, Hermann, Women of the Teutonic Nations, 297.
12. Padover, The Revolutionary Emperor, 100.
13. Casanova, Memoirs, I, 147.
14. Frederick, Guerre de Sept Ans, 387.
15. Renard and Weulersee, Life and Work in Modern Europe, 305.
16. Padover, 20.
17. Stryienski, Eighteenth Century, 64.
18. Ibid.
19. Jahn, I, 67.
20. Frederick, Guerre de Sept Ans, 387.
21. Casanova, 1,148.
22. Enc. Brit., XIII, 151b.
23. Padover, 34.
24. Enc. Brit., i.c.
25. Padover, 34.
26. Ibid., 37.
27. 41.
28. Gooch, Maria Theresa, 14.
29. Padover, 47.
30. Mann, Thos., Three Essays, 165.
31. Gooch, 21-29; Padover, 67.
32. Gooch, 29.
33. Padover, 134.
34. Ibid., 134, 30.
35. 136.
36. 84; Gooch, 29.
37. Padover, 89.
38. Gooch, 65.
39. Ibid ., 66.
40. Padover, 77.
41. Gooch, 41.
42. Padover, 90-93.
43. Lewis, D. B. Wyndham, Four Favorites, 202.
44. pershoy, 89.
45. Riedl, Frederick, History of Hungarian Literature, 77-81.
46. Hazard, European Thought, 109.
47. Padover, 73.
48. Ibid., 74.
49. 81.
50. Gooch, 70.
51. Martin, France, XVI, 392.
52. Ibid., 391.
53. Padover, 94; CMH, VI, 628.
54. Parton, James, Daughters of Genius, 402.
55. Cf. Coxe, History of the House of Austria, III, 485-86.
56. Richard, Ernst, History of German Civilization, 380.
57. Padover, 181.
58. Ibid., 178.
59. 279.
60. 281.
61. 285; Gershoy, 100.
62. Gershoy, 101.
63. Padover, 286.
64. Coxe, House of Austria, III, 491n.
65. Lanfrey, L’ Église et les philosophes, 356.
66. Padover, 212.
67. Jahn, Mozart, II, 401.
68. Padover, 214-15.
69. Ibid.
70. History Today, September, 1955, p. 615.
71. Padover, 246.
72. Coxe, III, 493.
73. Padover, 243.
74. Vambéry, The Story of Hungary, 385.
75. Padover, 299.
76. Ibid., 311.
77. Coxe, III, 526.
78. Padover, 329.
79. Ibid., 345.
80. 373.
81. 360.
82. 364.
83. 383.
84. History Today, September, 1955, p. 620.
85. Gilbert, O. P., Prince de Ligne, 193.
86. Coxe, III, 541.
87. Carlyle, History of Friedrich the Second, VII, 492.
88. Padover, 287.
CHAPTER XIV
1. Jahn, Mozart, II, 202.
2. Weinstock, Herbert, Handel, 268.
3. Rolland, Musical Tour, 208.
4. Rolland, Essays in Music , 176.
5. Einstein, Gluck , 59.
6. In Brockway and Weinstock, The Opera , 66.
7. Einstein, Gluck; Grove’s Dictionary of Music , II, 401.
8. Láng, P. H., Music in Western civilization , 659.
9. Faguet, E., Rousseau Artiste , 191; Einstein, Gluck , 137.
10. Brockway and Weinstock, Opera , 97.
11. Einstein, 138.
12. Faguet, Rousseau Artiste , 191.
13. Grove’s , II, 400.
14. Rolland, Essays , 197-98.
15. Kobbé’s Complete Opera Book , 42.
16. Rolland, Essays , 179.
17. Einstein, 146.
18. Burney, C, History of Music , II, 973.
19. Einstein, 151.
20. Vigée-Lebrun, Mme., Memoirs, 70.
21. Kobbé’s , 52.
22. Grove’s , IV, 174.
23. Einstein, 182.
24. Pratt, W. S., History of Music , 362.
25. Clark, Robert, Herder , 108, 429.
26. Grove’s , II, 566.
27. Geiringer, Karl, Haydn , 44.
28. Grove’s , II, 568.
29. Geiringer, 52-54.
30. Ibid ., 55.
31. Grove’s , II, 570.
32. Jahn, II, 349.
33. Geiringer, 77.
34. Ibid ., 89.
35. 99.
36. Grove’s , II, 574.
37. Geiringer, 108.
38. Ibid ., 110.
39. 121.
40. Jacob, H. E., Joseph Haydn , 222.
41. Ibid ., 267.
42. Geiringer, 168.
43. Ibid ., 167.
44. McKinney and Anderson, Music in History , 465.
45. Grove’s , II, 582.
CHAPTER XV
1. Jahn, Mozart , II, 437.
2. Ibid ., I, 21n.
3. I, 28.
4. 33.
5. Blom, Mozart , 26.
6. Biancolli, Mozart Handbook , 129.
7. Jahn, I, 39.
8. Ibid ., 107.
9. 119.
10. 129.
11. 132.
12. 137.
13. Ibid .
14. Wyzewa and Saint-Foix, W. A. Mozart , I, 470.
15. Ibid ., 474.
16. Jahn, I, 149.
17. Ibid ., 344.
18. Anderson, E., Letters of Mozart , I, 403.
19. Ibid ., 395.
20. Einstein, Mozart , 41.
21. Anderson, II, 686-88.
22. Ibid ., 695.
23. 681-83.
24. 700-09.
25. Einstein, Mozart, 30-31.
26. Anderson, II, 925.
27. Blom, 88; Jahn, II, 65-66.
28. Letter of May 6, 1781, in Einstein, 54.
29. Jahn, II, 171.
30. Ibid ., 176.
31. 179.
32. 184.
33. Anderson, II, 1100.
34. Letter of July 25, 1781, in Anderson, II, 1121.
35. Anderson, III, 1166-69.
36. Einstein, 458.
37. Jahn, II, 413.
38. Ibid ., 419.
39. 420.
40. 439.
41. 337, 422.
42. Einstein, 238.
43. Letter of Leopold Mozart, Feb. 14, 1785, in Anderson, III, 1321.
44. Anderson, 1329.
45. Letter of Apr. 10, 1784, in Einstein, 265.
46. Grove’s , III, 563.
47. Einstein, 223.
48. Biancolli, 345.
49. Einstein, 214.
50. Biancolli, 355.
51. Ibid ., 374.
52. 367-69; Blom, 183.
53. Einstein, 280.
54. Goethe, Poetical Works , 120. In Works .
55. “His Master’s Voice” Record C 2736.
56. Jahn, II, 440; Nettle, Paul, Mozart and Masonry , 112.
57.
Biancolli, 132.
58. Rolland, Essays , 246.
59. Ibid .
60. E.g., in the letter of Nov. 5, 1777: “I wish you good night, but first shit into your bed.” And on Nov. 13: “I’ve been shitting, so ’tis said, nigh twenty-two years through the same old hole, which is not yet frayed one bit.” (Anderson, II, 525, 546).
61. Letter of Jan. 31, 1778.
62. Letter of Sept. 26, 1777.
63. Nettle, 122.
64. Jahn, II, 269-71.
65. Ibid.
66. E.g., letters of Apr. 13, 1789, and Sept. 30, 1790.
67. Letter of June 7, 1783.
68. Letter of Feb. 20, 1784.
69. Letter of July 31, 1782.
70. Anderson, II, 826.
71. Nettle, 115; Ghéon, In Search of Mozart, 216.
72. Anderson, III, 1450.
73. Jahn, II, 304; Nettle, 120.
74. Einstein, 57.
75. Jahn, II, 295.
76. Ibid.
77. 298.
78. Einstein, 57.
79. Anderson, III, 1253.
80. Ibid., 1206.
81. In Biancolli, 138.
82. Jahn, II, 412.
83. Einstein, 442.
84. Jahn, III, 134.
85. Ibid., 140.
86. Goethe to Schiller, Dec. 30, 1797.
87. Anderson, III, 1360.
88. Blom, 138.
89. Ibid.
90. Letters of Dec. 14, 1789, in Anderson, III, 1383-85.
91. Brockway and Weinstock, Opera, 91.
92. Anderson, III, 1398-99.
93. Jahn, II, 278-80.
94. Nettle, 116.
95. Biancolli, 421.
96. Jahn, III, 285.
97. Einstein, 363.
98. Grout, Short History of Opera, 294.
99. Biancolli, 554.
100. Nettle, 117.
101. Stendhal in Clark, B. H., Great Short Biographies of the World, 999.
CHAPTER XVI
1. Montagu, Lady Mary W., Letters, I, 372; cf. Macdonald, Duncan, The Religious Attitude to Life in Islam, 126.
2. Lane, Edward W., Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, I, 148; Macdonald, Duncan, Development of Muslim Theology, 283; Wherry, E. M., Commentary on the Quran, I, 281.
3. Macdonald, D., Religious Attitude, 126.
4. Doughty, Charles M., Travels in Arabia Deserta, II, 99.
5. Halsband, Robert, Life of Lady Mary Worthy Montagu, 73.
6. Lane-Poole, Stanley, Story of Turkey, 319.
7. Burton, Sir Richard, Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah and Mec-cah, II, 94.
8. Letter of Apr. 18, 1717, in Montagu, Letters, I, 318.
9. Letter of Apr. 1, 1717, in same, 286.
10. Friedländer, L., Roman Life and Manners, II, 201.
11. Frederick, Mémoires, I, 55.
12. Sir Wm. Petty, Political Arithmetic (1683).
13. Halsband, 74.
14. See The Age of Louis XIV, 425-26.
15. Lane, I, 272.
16. Lane-Poole, Cairo, 180.
17. Lane, I, 98.
18. Ibid., 66.
19. Enc. Brit., I, 618a.
20. Ibid., XV, 816d.
21. Toynbee, A Study of History, I, 162.
22. Browne, Edward G., Literary History of Persia, IV, 135.
23. Ibid., 136; Sykes, Sir Percy, History of Persia, II, 260.
24. Ibid., 267.
25. Enc. Brit., XII, 705b; Pope, Arthur U., Survey of Persian Art, IV, 470, 497-506.
26. Sykes, II, 201.
27. Pope, Arthur U., Introduction to Persian Art, 140.
28. Browne, E. G., IV, 282.
29. Ibid., 292-96.
CHAPTER XVII
1. Frederick the Great, Mémoires, I, 207.
2. Lyashchenko, Peter, History of the National Economy of Russia, 271-73.
3. Ibid.
4. Réau, Louis, L’Art russe, II, 88.
5. Florinsky, M. T., Russia: A History and an Interpretation, I, 575.
6. Mavor, James, Economic History of Russia, I, 477.
7. Réau, II, 88.
8. Mavor, I, 498-99.
9. Bernal, J. D., Science in History, 360.
10. Coxe, Wm., Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, I, 281-82.
11. Castéra, J., History of Catherine II, 174.
12. Dorn, Competition for Empire, 70.
13. Florinsky, I, 600; Brückner, A., Literary History of Russia, 113.
14. Coxe, Travels, I, 322.
15. Masson, Memoirs of Catherine II and Her Court, 250.
16. Pougin, Arthur, Short History of Russian Music, 10 f.
17. Réau, II, 55.
18. Brückner, 78.
19. Waliszewski, K., History of Russian Literature, I, 57.
20. Wiener, Leo, Anthology of Russian Literature, I, 224-29.
21. Rambaud, Alfred, History of Russia, II, 170.
22. Waliszewski, Peter the Great, 224.
23. Waliszewski, Russian Literature, 83.
24. Ibid.
25. 85.
26. Catherine the Great, Memoirs , 60.
27. Waliszewski, Romance of an Empress, 47.
28. Ibid.
29. 25.
30. Kluchevsky, V. O., History of Russia, IV, 354.
31. Catherine, Memoirs, 58.
32. Gooch, G. P., Catherine the Great, 11.
33. CMH, VI, 317.
34. Carlyle, History of Frederich the Second, V, 294.
35. Waliszewski, Romance of an Empress, 34.
36. Kluchevsky, IV, 358.
37. Casanova, Memoirs, I, 33-34.
38. CMH, VI, 658.
39. Catherine, Memoirs, 28.
40. Ibid., 44-45.
41. 29-30.
42. 54.
43. 62.
44. 63.
45. 65.
46. CMH, VI, 659.
47. Waliszewski, Romance, 78.
48. Ibid.
49. Kluchevsky, IV, 360.
50. Castéra, 122-23.
51. Waliszewski, Romance, 91.
52. Catherine, Memoirs, 203.
53. Castéra, 89.
54. Walpole, H., Memoirs of the Reign of King George III, I, 145.
55. Catherine, Memoirs, 208.
56. Gooch, Catherine, 8.
57. Catherine, 301.
58. Ibid., 240.
59. 255 f:
60. Waliszewski, Romance, 102; Crocker, The Embattled Philosopher, 378.
61. Catherine, 271-74; Waliszewski, Romance, 119.
62. Ibid ., 125.
63. Catherine, 282.
64. Waliszewski, Romance, 145.
65. Brit., XVII, 645b.
66. Castéra, 153.
67. Rambaud, II, 175.
68. Kluchevsky, IV, 366.
69. Castéra, 147, 157.
70. Ibid., 156; CMH, VI, 328.
71. Kluchevsky, IV, 362.
72. Castéra, 152.
73. Waliszewski, Romance, 166.
74. Ibid., 166; Castéra, 158.
75. Waliszewski, 166.
76. Ibid., 164.
77. Gooch, Catherine, 16.
78. Catherine, 343.
79. Ibid.
80. Waliszewski, Romance, 176.
CHAPTER XVIII
1. Letter of Catherine to Potemkin, Aug. 2, 1762, in Catherine, Memoirs, 347.
2. Kluchevsky, IV, 371.
3. Catherine, 345.
4. Kluchevsky, IV, 371.
5. Catherine, 345.
6. Florinsky, I, 502.
7. CMH, VI, 663.
8. Waliszewski, Romance of an E?npress, 199.
9. Ibid.
10. Catherine, 370.
11. Gershoy, From Despotism to Revolution, 303.
12. Rambaud, II, 207.
13. Florinsky, I, 504.
14. Brandes, Voltaire, 253.
15. Florinsky, I, 504.
16. Catherine, 263-72.
&n
bsp; 17. Masson, Memoirs of Catherine II and Her Court, 97.
18. Waliszewski, Romance, 383-88; Gooch, Catherine, 38.
19. Waliszewski, 4-6.
20. Masson, Memoirs, 98.
21. Ibid.
22. Catherine, 360.
23. Ibid., 20.
24. Lewis, D. B. W., Four Favorites, 197.
25. Catherine, 376.
26. Ibid., 48.
27. Gooch, Catherine the Great, 45.
28. Masson, Memoirs, 116.
29. Waliszewski, Romance, 448.
30. Masson, 118.
31. Parton, Life of Voltaire, II, 386; Gooch, 58.
32. Voltaire, letter of May 18, 1767, in Desnoiresterres, VI, 380.
33. Parton, II, 388.
34. Desnoiresterres, VI, 380.
35. Letter of Sept. 7, 1764.
36. Crocker, Embattled Philosopher, 373.
37. Diderot, Oeuvres, 28.
38. In Ellis, Havelock, The New Spirit, 47.
39. Morley, John, Diderot, II, 113.
40. Ibid., 114.
41. In Faguet, Dix-huitième Siècle, 242.
42. Crocker, 380.
43. Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of the 18th Century, II, 215.
44. Padover, Revolutionary Emperor, 161.
45. Sainte-Beuve, II, 216.
46. Catherine, 365.
47. Castéra, 226; cf . Waliszewski, Romance , 371-82.
48. Coxe, Travels in Poland , III, 156; Castéra, 385.
49. Quoted by Voltaire in Philosophical Dictionary , II, 102.
50. Florinsky, I, 511; CMH , VI, 686.
51. In Gooch, Catherine , 69.
52. Voltaire to Catherine, Feb. 26, 1769.
53. In Rambaud, II, 206.
54. Voltaire, Phil. Dict ., art. “Power.”
55. Mavor, Economic History of Russia , I, 241; Rambaud, II, 211.
56. Waliszewski, Romance , 365.
57. Garrison, F., History of Medicine , 400.
58. Castéra, Catherine , 297; Rambaud, II, 212.
59. Mavor, I, 313-14.
60. Ibid ., 472.
61. CMH , VI, 690.
62. Waliszewski, Romance , 298.
63. Lyashchenko, 273.
64. Mavor, I, 204-08.
65. Gershoy, 125.
66. Catherine, Memoirs, 385.
67. Gershoy, 123.
68. Florinsky, I, 567-68.
69. Waliszewski, Romance , 321.
70. Ibid .
71. Rambaud, II, 192; Cambridge History of Poland , II, 103.
72. Gooch, Catherine , 63.
73. Rambaud, II, 192.
74. CMH , VI, 674.
75. Quoted by George Bancroft in Literary and Historical Miscellanies , 359.
76. Gooch, Catherine, 51.
77. Lewis, Four Favorites , 213.
78. Ibid ., 179.
79. 215; Bain, R. N., The Last King of Poland , 175.
80. Florinsky, I, 531.
81. Catherine, 15.
82. Gilbert, Prince De Ligne, 139; Waliszewski, Romance , 209.
83. Castéra, 575.
84. Gooch, Catherine , 96.