Rousseau and Revolution

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Rousseau and Revolution Page 171

by Will Durant


  journey to Litchfield and Oxford, 839

  length of their association, 827

  they meet for the first time, 780

  tour of the Hebrides, 785, 835–36, 840

  writing of The Life of Samuel Johnson, 840–41

  Boswell, John, brother of James, 779

  Boswell, Margaret, nee Montgomerie (1738–89), 784, 842

  botany, Goethe’s work on, 617

  Bouchardon, Edme (1698–1762), 107, 120, 247

  Boucher, François (1703–70), 23, 106, 113, 117, 120, 912

  influences on, 235

  sensuality of, 97

  Boufflers, Duchèsse de, see Luxembourg, Maréchale de

  Boufflers, Marie-Charlotte-Hippolyte de Saujon, Comtesse de (1725-c.1800), 125, 161, 907, 929

  Rousseau and, 161, 209, 213–14, 882

  Boufflers, Marie-Françoise-Catherine de Beau-vau-Craon, Marquise de (1711–87), 161*

  Boulton, Matthew (1728–1809), 675, 734

  Boulton and Watt, engine company, 675–76

  Bourbon, Abbé de (b. 1762), 68

  Bourbon, Duchesse de, 929

  Bourbon, Duc Louis-Henri-Joseph de (1756–1830), 850

  Bourbon monarchs: Hapsburg rivalry with, 273

  restoration in France (1814), 890

  bourgeoisie, see middle class

  Bourgogne (Burgundy), Louis-Joseph de France, Due de (1751–61), grandson of Louis XV, 71, 845

  Bourru bienfaisant, Le (Goldoni), 244

  Bouverie, Mrs. Edward (fl. 1770), 753

  Bowles, Miss, 753

  Boyd, Mary Ann (fl. 1769), 783–84

  Brabant, 342, 361

  Estates of, defiance of Joseph II, 362, 364

  Brabantane, Marquis de (fl. 1766), 209

  Bracci, Pietro (1700–73), 247

  Bragadino, Zuan (fl. 1750), 323

  Brahms, Johannes (1833–97), 381, 399

  Brandenburg, 54, 484

  Brandenburger Tor, 525

  Brandywine, battle of (1777), 869

  Braschi, Giovanni, see Pius VI

  Braut von Messina, Die (Schiller), 604

  Bray-sur-Seine, riots in, 954

  Brazil, Jesuits in, 263

  breast-feeding, 180

  Bremen, duchy of, 653

  Brentano, Bettina, see Arnim, Bettina von

  Brentano, Maximiliana, nee von La Roche, 611

  Brentano, Peter (fl. 1773), 611

  Breslau, 51–52, 60

  Breteuil, Louis-Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de (1730–1807): Diamond Necklace Affair and, 943

  as emigré, 963

  ministry of (1789), 961–63

  on Peter III’s mistreatment of Catherine, 439

  Breton Club, 939

  Brézé, Marquis Henri-Evrard de (1766–1829), 959

  “Bride of Corinth, The” (Goethe), 599

  Bride of Messina, The (Schiller), 604

  Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, 3d Duke of (1736–1803), 670, 672

  Brief Observations Concerning Trade and Interest (Child), 72

  Briefe die neueste Literatur betreffend (issued by Nikolai), 507, 510

  Briefe über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen (Schiller), 595

  Briefe über die Empfindungen (Mendelssohn), 638

  Briefe zur Beförderung der Humanitat (Herder), 580

  Brienne, Mme. de, 929

  Brienne, Loménie de, see Loménie de Brienne, Étienne

  Brighella (comic figure), 241

  Brindley, James (1716–72), 672

  Brindley-Bridgewater canal, 672

  Brion, Friederike (1752–1813), 521, 559–60, 608

  Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre (1754–93), 88, 938–39

  Bristol, George William Hervey, 2d Earl of (1721–75), 282

  Bristol: growth of, 681

  as port city, 669

  theater in, 740

  voting population in, 685

  Britannicus (Racine), 103

  British East India Company: Clive and, 715–16

  corruption in, 716–18

  Hastings trial and, 719–21

  regulation of, 719

  British Museum, 750

  Briton, The (periodical), 702

  Brody, Jews in, 632

  Broglie, Mme. de, 118

  Broglie, Maréchal Due Victor-Francois de (1718–1804), 54, 963

  defeat at Minden, 55

  as secretary of war, 961

  States General and, 960

  Brook Farm, 81

  Brooke, Henry (1703?–83), 786

  Broschi, Carlo, see Farinelli

  Brosses, Charles de (1709–77), 149, 218–20, 250

  Brown, Agnes, 772

  Brown, Lancelot “Capability” (1715–83), 748

  Browning, Robert (1812–89), 658

  Bruges, 361

  Brühl, Count Heinrich von (1700–63), 466

  Brummell, George Bryan “Beau” (1778–1840), 753

  Brummell, William, 753

  Brunetière, Ferdinand (1849–1906), 138

  Brunn, university at, 360

  Brunswick: in League of Princes (1785), 362

  Seven Years’ War in, 60

  Brunswick, Duke Ferdinand of, see Ferdinand of Brunswick

  Brunswick, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of, see Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand

  Brunswick-Bevern, August Wilhelm, Duke of (1715–81), 47, 51

  Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Prince Ludwig Ernst of, see Ludwig Ernst

  Brussels, 342, 361, 364

  Bruto primo (Alfieri), 338

  Bruto secondo (Alfieri), 338

  Brutus, Lucius Junius (fl. 510 B.C.), 912

  Buccleuch, Henry Scott, 3d Duke of (1746–1812), 769

  Buchanan, George (1506–82), 177

  Bucharest, 458

  Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821–62), 769

  Budapest, 341, 364

  Buen Retiro, 288

  Buff, Charlotte, see Kestner, Charlotte

  Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de (1707–88), 73, 99, 147, 353, 636, 908

  clerical attacks on, 902

  death of, 893

  on sensuality, 97

  Bug River, 430

  Bühren, Ernst von, see Biron

  Bulgarelli, Marianna (La Romanina; 1686–1734), 240

  Bulgaria, 411

  bullfights, 291

  Bünau, Count Heinrich von (1697–1762), 326

  Bunbury, Henry, 817

  Buonaparte, Carlo (1746–85), 313

  Buonaparte, Napoleone, see Napoleon I

  Bureau de Roi, 107

  Bürger, Gottfried (1747–94), 519–20

  Burgoyne, John (1722–92), 713

  Burgundy, Duke of, see Bourgogne, Duc de

  Büring, Johann Gottlieb (1723-c.1789), 524

  Burke, Edmund (1729–97), 683, 689–93, 696, 700–1, 121–25, 730, 747–48, 754, 759, 761–62, 828, 832, 839, 897

  cultural tastes of, 689

  death of, 725

  early life and education of, 689

  economic policies of, 693

  election to Parliament, 692

  esthetic views of, 696

  on German principalities, 503

  Goldsmith and, 817

  in Hastings’ trial, 719–21

  issues Reflections on the French Revolution, 722–23, 806

  Johnson and, 692, 827, 839–41

  on lack of religion in England, 734

  later conservatism of, 690, 692–93, 722–25

  love affairs of, 689

  Marie Antoinette and, 722–23

  marriage to June Nugent, 691

  in ministry, 714–15

  morality of, 694

  opposition to French Revolution, 690, 693, 721–25

  opposition to slave trade, 693, 733

  policy toward Catherine II, 689, 736

  policy toward Catholics, 689, 736

  on Polish constitution, 487–88

  predicts French Revolution, 721–22

  quality as speaker, 692


  rapprochement with George III, 725

  refuses peerage offer, 725

  on religion, 725

  respect for French clergy, 900

  rising career of, 691–92

  on Rousseau, 891

  social, political views of, 692–93

  supports American Revolution, 693, 711–14

  views on property and state, 724–25

  youthful radicalism of, 690

  Burke, June, nee Nugent, 691

  Burke, Richard, brother of Edmund, 719

  Burke, William (fl. 1780), cousin of Edmund, 719

  Burkersdorf, battle of (1762), 61

  Burlador de Seville, El (Tirso de Molina), 404

  Burnes, Agnes, nee Brown, 772

  Burnes, William (d. 1784), 772

  Burney, Charles (1726–1814), 133, 233, 333, 746–47, 790, 828

  description of Gluck, 368

  on Duke of Brunswick, 50

  on Frederick II, 496

  on Gluck-Puccini rivalry, 372

  in “the Club,” 827

  on Venetian music, 220

  on Voltaire’s appearance, 134

  Burney, Fanny (1752–1840), 333, 730, 743, 787, 790–91, 839

  Burns, Gilbert, brother of Robert, 773

  Burns, Jean, nee Armour (d. 1834), 763, 774–77

  Burns, Robert (1759–96), 732, 762, 764, 772–78, 964

  Burr, Margaret, 755

  Burslem, potteries at, 749

  Burton, Robert (1577–1640), 788

  Bury, John Bagnell (1861–1927), 807

  Busoni, Ferruccio Benvenuto (1866–1924), 243*

  Bussy, Mme, de, 118

  Bute, John Stuart, 3d Earl of (1713–92), 61, 688, 693

  conflicts with Wilkes, 702

  ministry of, 698–700, 702

  Samuel Johnson and, 826–27

  Seven Years’ War and, 62, 699

  Bute, Mary, Countess of, nee Montagu (1718–1794), 688

  Buttafuoco, Matteo (1731–1806), 204

  Buttal, Jonathan, 756

  Byng, John, Admiral (1704–57), 42–43

  Byron, George Gordon, Lord (1788–1824), 340, 623, 627

  Rousseau’s influence on, 3

  on Sterne, 790

  Voltaire’s influence on, 880–81

  Byzantine Greeks, 312

  Cabala, 620, 635, 637

  Cabanis, Pierre-Jean (1757–1808), 869

  Cabarrús, Conde Francisco de (1752–1810), 288

  Cabinet Dictionary (Sheraton), 748

  Cadíz, 288–89

  Caduta de’ giganti, La (Gluck), 368

  Caesar, Caius Julius (100–44 B.C.), 48, 529

  Caffarelli (Gaetano Majorano; 1703–83), 254

  Caffè, Il, 320

  Caffieri, Jacques (1678–1755), 106–7

  Caffieri, Jean-Jacques (1725–92), 109, 911

  Cagliostro, “Count” Alessandro di (Giuseppi Balsamo; 1743–95), 321–22, 645

  in Affair of the Diamond Necklace, 322, 942–43

  Cagliostro, “Countess” Seraphina di (Lorenza Feliciani Balsamo), 321–22

  Cagliostro démasqué (author not cited), 322

  cahiers des plaintes et doléances, 950

  Cahusac, Louis de (d. 1759), 33

  Cain, Henri-Louis, see Lekain, Henri-Louis

  Cairo, 415–16

  Calas, Jean (1698–1762), 90, 146, 881

  Calas family, 88, 146, 151, 498, 881

  Calatrava College at Salamanca, 301

  Calcutta: Black Hole of (1756), 715

  English stronghold at, 58

  Caldwell, Thomas, bookseller (fl. 1776), 800

  Caliste (Charrière), 648

  Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de (1734–1802), 943–45, 946

  Calvin, John (1509–64), 143, 177, 360, 881

  Calvinism: in Holland, 646; Rousseau and, 5–6, 27, 177, 185, 192, 195–99

  in Scotland, 763

  Calzabigi, Raniero da (1715–95), 368–70

  Cambis, Mme. de, 118

  Camelford, Lord, 685

  Cameron, Charles, architect, 468

  Camões, Luiz Vaz de (1524–80), 259, 269

  Campan, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette, nee Genêt (1752–1822), 853–57

  Campanelli, Cardinal (fl. 1760), 633

  Campbell, Mary (d. 1786), 775

  Campoformio, Treaty of (1797), 311

  Campomanes, Conde Pedro Rodríguez de (1723–1802), 283, 286, 293, 302

  Canada, 89, 698, 709

  English conquest of, 57, 62, 68

  Canaletto (Antonio Canale; 1697–1768), 236, 332

  Canaletto, Bernardo Bellotto (1720–80), 236

  canals: in England, 672

  in Russia, 456

  in Scotland, 762

  Candide (Voltaire), 34, 155, 825

  Cannabich, Christian (1731–98), 525

  Canova, Antonio (1757–1822), 479, 750

  monument to Alfieri, 340

  Cant, Anna, nee Reuter, 531

  Cant, Johann Georg, 531

  Cantemir, Prince (fl. 1758), 120

  Cantemir, Prince Antioch (1709?–44), 427

  Canterbury, Archbishop of (1737–47), see Potter, John

  Cantillon, Richard (1680?–1734), 72

  Cape Breton Island, 57

  Capion, Étienne (fl. 1720), 650

  capital punishment: abolition in Austria, 356

  —in England, 733

  —in France, 146

  —in Russia, 431, 451

  Voltaire’s opposition to, 145–46

  capitalism: in Austria, 356

  in England, see Industrial Revolution; in France, 70, 936

  in Italy, 218, 230

  physiocratic theory and, 71

  in Prussia, 501

  Adam Smith’s attitude toward, 771

  see also middle class

  Cappella Giulia, 257

  Caps (Swedish party), 654, 656–67

  Caraccioli, Marchese Domenico di (1715–89), 315

  Carinthia, 341, 358

  Carli, Conde Giovanni Rinaldo (1720–95), 312

  Carlisle, Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of (1748–1825), 753

  Carlisle, Georgiana, Countess of, 753

  Carlos, Don (1545–68), son of Philip II, 338

  Carlos of Bourbon, Don, see Charles III, King of Spain

  Carlton House, 748

  Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), 50, 627, 658, 823

  Kant’s influence on, 551

  on Kaunitz, 41

  on Schiller’s The Robbers, 570

  Carmelites, 294

  Carmer, Johann Heinrich Casimir von (fl. 1780), 500

  Carmona, Luis Salvador (1709–67), 298

  Carniola, 341, 358

  carnivals, 232

  Caroline Matilda (1751–75), Queen of Christian VII of Denmark, 652–53

  Caron, Lisette, 921

  Carpenter, Edward (1844–1929), 891

  Carriera, Rosalba (1675–1757), 235, 792

  Carstens, Asmus Jakob (1754–98), 524

  Cartas eruditas y curiosas (Feijóo), 294

  Carter, Elizabeth (1717–1806), 730

  Carthaginians, 312

  Cartwright, Edmund (1743–1823), 673

  Carvajal, Don José de (d. 1754), 279

  Carvalho, Paul de, 267

  Carvalho, Dona Teresa de, nee Noronha (d. 1745), 261

  Calasi-Dugnani, Palazzo, 237

  Casanova, Giovanni Jacopo (1725–98), 219, 310, 322–25

  adventures in Italy and France, 323–24

  on commedia dell’ arte, 241

  death of, 325

  early life and education of, 322

  joins Freemasons, 326

  on Maria Theresa, 344

  occultist interests of, 324

  on Parma, 311–12

  returns to Italy, 325

  on Spanish dancing, 292

  visit to Rousseau, 324

  —to Voltaire, 133, 138, 143, 324

  on Wolfenbüttel library, 512

&nbs
p; writes his Memoirs, 325

  on Württemberg court, 502–3

  Casas y Nova, Fernando de (fl. 1751), 297

  Caserta, palace at, 250

  Casimir III the Great, King of Poland (r. 1333–1370), 475

  Cassel, 525

  Castéra, J. H. (fl. 1800), 444

  on Catherine II, 461–62

  on Elizaveta Vorontsova, 439

  on Peter III, 435–36

  Castile, 288

  Castle of Otranto (Walpole), 691, 794, 809

  castrati in Italy, 222

  Castro, Machado de, see Machado de Castro, Joaquim

  Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England (Walpole), 794

  Catalonia, 288

  Catéchisme du genre humain (Boissel), 938

  Catherine I, Empress of Russia (r. 1725–27), 429

  Catherine II the Great, Empress of Russia (r. 1762–96), 121, 334, 337, 342, 353, 425–28

  passim, 657, 749, 880, 885, 897

  abilities of, 342, 434–35, 442–43, 450–54

  absolutism of, 443

  achievements of, 470–71

  d’Alembert and, 447, 892

  Austria and, 349

  Beccaria’s influence on, 321

  children of, 436–37, 462

  conflicts with Peter III, 435–36, 439

  conspiracies against, 443–44, 469

  death of, 470

  deposes Peter III, 439–40

  Diderot and, 446–50, 462–63, 466, 893

  dismemberment of Poland and, 350, 481–85, 487–92

  Enlightenment and, 34, 446–50, 452–53, 462–63

  early life and education of, 433–34

  early unpopularity of, 441

  economic policies of, 454–56

  Elizabeth Petrovna and, 434

  estimates of, 471

  Falconet and, 109

  foreign policy of, 456–61, 469–70

  Frederick II and, 434, 442, 457–58, 462, 484

  French Revolution and, 465, 469

  Grimm and, 447, 449, 452–53, 463, 466, 894

  illnesses of, 433, 435

  Joseph II and, 363, 483

  journey to Crimea, 459–60

  later years of, 469–70

  literary activities of, 463–64

  love affairs of, 436, 442, 444–46

  marries Peter III, 434–35

  musical interests of, 334

  Necker and, 870–71

  Paul I and, 441

  pers mality of, 461–63

  policy toward Jews, 632–33

  Poniatowski and, 478

  reactionary policies in later life, 469–70

  reforms of, 142, 146, 452–53

  Rousseau and, 173

  Russian culture and, 463–69

  Sweden and, 656, 664

  Voltaire and, 135, 139–40, 434, 442, 447–48, 451, 457–58, 462, 469, 873, 879

  withdraws from Seven Years’ War, 61

  Catholic Church: in Austria, 343, 358–60

  basis of power and influence, 316

  Burke and, 689, 736

  charitable activities of, 905

  conflicts with Catholic monarchs, 317–18

 

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