by Will Durant
women authors, 504
École Royale du Chant, 909
Écossaise, L ’ (Voltaire), 136
Edict of Toleration, Austrian (1781), 357, 361–62
education: in Austria, 343, 352, 358, 360
in Denmark, 652
in England, 681
in France, 3, 863, 895, 900, 914
in Germany, 505–6
in Holland, 647
in Ireland, 759
Islamic, 412
in Italy, 219
Jesuits and, 219
Kant’s theories of, 548–49
in Prussia, 500
Rousseau’s theories on, see Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, EDUCATIONAL THEORIES OF;
in Russia, 432, 453
in Scotland, 763
in Spain, 275–76
in Sweden, 657, 659
in Switzerland, 644, 888
see also schools; universities
Edinburgh: anti-Catholic riots in (1779), 735
Royal Society of, 763
theater in, 740
University of, 763
“Editto sopra gli Ebrei” (Pius VI), 631
Eglinton, Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of (fl. 1760), 779
Egmont, Comte Casimir d’, 883
Egmont, Prince Pignatelli d’, 883
Egmont, Septimanie de Richelieu, Comtesse d’ (1740–73), 883
Egmont (Goethe), 584, 589, 593
Egremont, Sir Charles Wyndham, 2d Earl of (1710–63), 685, 702
Egypt, 21, 411, 415–17
Einstein, Alfred (1880–1952), 385*
Eisen, Charles (1720–78), 116*
Ekaterinoslav, 633
El Azhar, mosque of, 416
Elbe River, 356
Electa, Padre Joaquín de, 299
Elective Affinities (Goethe), 612
“Elegy” (Gray), 837
Elementa metaphysicae (Giannone), 250
Elijah ben Solomon of Wilna (1720–97), 636
Eliot, Edward, later Lord Eliot (1727–1804), 796
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern (1715–97), Queen of Frederick II of Prussia, 495
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1691–1750), Empress, wife of Emperor Charles VI, 235
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 342
Elizabeth Farnese, see Farnese, Elizabeth
Elizaveta (Elizabeth) Petrovna, Empress of Russia (r. 1741–62), 42, 43, 67, 428, 430, 431–32, 466, 530, 654
appearance and habits, 431
death of, 61, 437
Jews expelled by, 632
reign of, 431–37
selects Peter III for heir, 433
Seven Years’ War and, 39
Sweden and, 654–55
Voltaire and, 137
Elizabeth of Valois (1545–68), Queen of Philip II of Spain, 592
Éloge de Colbert (Necker), 865–66,
Éloge de Crébillon (Voltaire), 149
Éloge de Richardson (Diderot), 169
Elysée Palace, 68
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803–82), 551, 658
Émile (Rousseau), 9, 14, 18, 98, 149, 152, 168, 178–99, 531, 644, 881, 887
Archbishop of Paris and, 194–97
atheism denounced in, 183
attitude toward Bible, 185
banning of, 190
breast-feeding stressed in, 180
burnings of, 280, 643
clerical attacks on, 185, 189, 192–99, 205
education of girls, 186
emphasis on freedom, 179–180
influence of, 179, 181, 881
instincts and, 181
marriage in, 186–87
models for characters in, 183
moral instruction in, 180
philosophes and, 182–83, 189
physical training in, 180–81
publication of, 171, 178
religious instruction in, 182–85
role of nature in, 180–81
Rousseau’s earnings from, 178
unitarian beliefs in, 163
Ems, Punctation of (1786), 505
Emilia Galotti (Lessing), 513
Empfindsamkeit cult, 518
Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts, et des métiers (1751 f.), 20, 67, 102, 104, 155, 250, 453, 464, 655, 824, 858, 903, 925
d’Alembert’s contribution to, 123, 132
attempts to suppress 162–63, 193
Catherine II’s offer to print, 447
Choiseul and, 88
Condorcet’s contribution to, 894
Mme. Geoffrin’s aid to, 120
influence of, 94, 220, 280–81, 888
Malsherbes’ aid to, 861
on marriage, 97
publication in Turin, 310
Quesnay’s contribution to, 73
Rousseau and, 3, 25, 33
suppression of, 94, 164
Turgot’s contribution to, 78
Encyclopédie des citations (Dupré), 97*
Endymion (Keats), 810
Engels, Friedrich (1820–95), 880
England (Great Britain), 364, 669–842
agriculture in, 670–71, 680, 682, 816
alliance of European powers against (1779–80), 713–14
American Revolution and, see American Revolution; amusements and sports in, 729–30
architecture in, 747–48
army in, 686
art in, 750–58, 888
Austria and, 277–278
banking in, 670
books and bookshops in, 786–87
Catholics in, 684, 735–36
clergy and religion in, 64, 142, 684, 735–36
crafts and furniture in, 744, 748–50
Denmark and, 713
economy of, 72, 456, 668–71, 709, 719
education in, 681
France and, 39, 89, 669, 713, 761
Freemasons in, 938
free trade in, 670–71
French Revolution and, 683, 721–26
gardens and parks in, 748
guilds in, 670
health and public sanitation in, 728
historical writing in, 795–808, 815
Holland and, 277, 648, 669, 714
Industrial Revolution in, see Industrial Revolution;
influences on German culture, 507
Ireland and, 671, 759–62
Jews in, 635, 684
labor unions in, 679–80
land enclosures in, 670–71
literature in, 518, 786–95, 808–42, 889
lusty vigor of, 733
manners and morals in, 682, 707, 728–34, 786
music in, 223–24, 368, 746–47
natural resources of, 671
navy of, 40, 57, 669
opera in, 223–24
pauperism in, 684
periodicals in, 786
population of, 43, 684
Portugal and, 259
prisons in, 737–38
prostitution in, 731–32
radicals in, 704
riots in, 700, 735–36
Romantic movement in, 170
Rousseau in, 209–14
Russia and, 432, 456, 458, 460–61, 700, 713
‘salons in, 729
Scotland and, 699, 762
skepticism in, 734
slave trade and, 693, 732–33
social classes in, 669–71, 676–82, 684–85, 706, 728, 732, 734, 814–16
Spain and, 273, 277–78, 390, 669, 713, 761
Sweden and, 713
taxation in, 686
theater in, 695–96, 739–43
Turkey and, 363
urbanization of, 670–71, 681
Voltaire and, 144, 881
War of the Spanish Succession and, 669
women in, 728, 730–31, 787
EMPIRE OF: command of the seas and, 669
expansion of, 57–59, 63, 669
French rivalry, 39, 57–59
see also American colonies; Canada; India
; FOREIGN ALLIANCES AND AGREEMENTS: with Prussia (1756 f.), 39–40, 46, 53, 60–61, 432
in Quadruple Alliance (1718), 278
with Russia (1755), 39
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN: Bute ministry, 698–700, 702–3
conflict of George III with Parliament, 687–88, 697–701
corruption in, 707,733, 848
democracy in, 681, 706–7
development of parliamentary government in, 683–84, 709, 718
Fox-North coalition ministry, 715, 718
Grafton ministry (1768–70), 700, 703, 705–6, 710
Grenville ministry, 700, 709–10
legal reform in, 736–38
Newcastle ministry, 698
North ministry, 700–1, 706, 710–14, 761
Pitt the Elder, de facto ministry of, 700
Pitt the Younger, ministry of, 718–19
political structure in England, 683–87
Rockingham ministries, 700, 703, 710, 714, 761
Shelburneministry, 714–15
see also names of British monarchs
SEVEN YEARS’ WAR (1756–63), 798
aid to Frederick II, 50, 53
declares war on France (1756), 43
diplomacy leading to, 38–44
dismissal of Pitt the Younger, 46
England’s naval growth and, 669
expansion of Empire and, 57–59, 63
naval operations against France, 42–43
peace negotiations, 62
regiments in Hanover, 47–48, 50
results of conflict, 63–64
English America, see American colonies
English East India Company, see British East India Company
English Palace at Peterhof, 468
engraving, 750
Enlightenment: American Revolution and, 867
in Austria, 343–46
in France, see Encyclopédie;
philosophes;
French Revolution and, 898–99
in Germany, 507–8
Herder’s critique of, 569
in Italy, 220, 230, 250–51
Jews and, 637–42
Kant and, 531
Pope Benedict XIV and, 246–47
in Portugal, 269–70
response of papacy to, 246–47, 316
in Scotland, 764–78
in Sweden, 658–62
in Switzerland, 645
Enquiry concerning the Human Understanding (Hume), 536
Enquiry into the State of Polite Learning in Europe (Goldsmith), 814
Ensenada, Zenón de Somodevilla, Marqués de la (1702–81), 279
Entführung aus dem Serail, Die (Mozart), 395
Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes (Fontenelle), 427
Epaminondas of Thebes (418?–362 B.C.), 52
Epée, Abbé Charles-Michel de L’ (1712–89), 905
Éphémérides , 78
Epictetus (50?–120?), 730
Epicurus (342?–270 B.C.), 251
Épinay, Denis-Joseph Lalive d’, 35
Épinay, Louise-Florence Lalive d’, nee Tardieu d’Esclavelles (1726–83), 35–37, 118, 390, 656, 892
aids Mozart, 392
death of, 893
early life of, 35
Grimm and, 35–37, 156–57, 159–61, 449
Rousseau and, 4, 5*, 18, 26, 36–37, 153, 156–61, 884
salon of, 907
visit to Geneva, 159–61
Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (Pope), 878
Épître à Boileau (Voltaire), 136
Épître au Cardinal Dubois (Voltaire), 148
Éprémesnil, Jean-Jacques Duval d’ (1746–94), 947
equalitarianism: Helvétius’ belief in, 141
Rousseau’s support for, 141
Voltaire’s opposition to, 141–42
see also communist theories
Erasmus, Desiderius (1466?–1536), 806
Erfurt, 606
Erivan, 419
Erlach, Fischer von, see Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernhard
Ermita de Jesús in Murcia, 298
Ermolov, Alexis (fl. 1785), 446
Ernesti, Johann August (1707–81), 33
Erreurs sur la musique dans l’Encyclopédie (Rameau), 25
Erskine, John (1695–1768), 763
Erskine, Thomas (1750–1823), 763
Erziehung der Menschengeschlechts, Die (Lessing), 515
Escorial, 250, 261
espionage, Prussian, 43
Esprit des lois, L’, see Spirit of Laws
Essai sur l’application de l’analyse aux probabilités (Condorcet), 894
Essai sur les moeurs (Voltaire), 137, 528, 630, 781, 797
Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron (Diderot), 892
Essai sur l’étude de la littérature (Gibbon), 798
Essay on the History of Civil Society (Ferguson), 766
Essay on Man (Pope), 703
Essay on the Nature of Commerce (Cantillon), 72
Essay on the Principle of Population, An (Malthus), 896
Essay on the Whole Art … of Painting (Richardson), 751
Essay on Women (Potter and Wilkes), 703
Essays (Montaigne), 179
Estates of Brabant, 362, 364
Esterházy, Count (fl. 1788), 363
Esterházy, Countess, 344
Esterházy, Prince Anton (d. 1795), 377–78
Esterházy, Prince Miklós Jozsef (1714–90), 341, 375–76
Esterházy, Prince Miklós II, 379
Esterházy, Prince Pál (1635–1713), 341
Esterházy, Prince Pál Anton (d. 1762), 375
Esthonia, 422, 653
Esthonia, 422, 653
Estrées, Louis-Charles-César Le Tellier, Maréchal Duc d’, 37, 48
États Généraux, see States-General, French
Ethics (Spinoza), 565
ethics, theories of: Bentham’s, 738–39
Diderot’s, 903–4
Hume’s, 739
Kant’s, 540–43
Adam Smith’s, 769
Etruscans, 312
Études de la nature (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre), 916
Eugene of Savoy (1663–1736), 414–15
Eugénie (Beaumarchais), 922
Euler, Leonhard (1707–83), 532
Euripides (480–406 B.C.), 136, 372, 588
Evelina, or A Young Lady’s Entrance into the World (Burney), 791
“Evening Song” (Karpiński), 486
Evidences of Christianity (Paley), 735
Ewald, Johannes (1743–81), 651–62
Ewige Jude, Der (Goethe), 562
Exposé succinct de la contestation qui s’est élevée entre M . Hume et M. Rousseau (Hume), 214
Exposition of the Catholic Doctrine (Bossuet), 796–97
Exposure of the Jewish Ceremonies (Serafimovich), 633
Ex quo singulari (Benedict XIV), 225
Eybenberg, Marianne von (fl. 1810), 612–13
Fable of the Bees (Mandeville), 770
Fables (Iriarte y Oropesa), 295
Fables and Parables (Krasicki), 485
Fabricius, Johann Albert (1668–1736), 326
factory system: in England, 676–80, 682, 732
in France, 932–33
in Spain, 288
Faguet, Émile (1847–1916), 5*
Falconet, Étienne-Maurice (1716–91), 106–7, 108–9, 467, 911
family life: Industrial Revolution and, 682
in Italy, 218–19
Rousseau’s influence on, 888
Farinelli (Carlo Broschi; 1705–82), 240, 257
early life and fame of, 222–23
in Spain, 278–79, 292, 296
farmers general in France, 935–36
Farnese, Elizabeth (Isabella), Queen of Philip V of Spain (b. 1692-d. 1766), 276–77, 279, 296–97
Fasch, Karl Friedrich Christian (1736–1800), 527
Faubourg St.-Antoine, 962
Faust (Goethe), 557, 585, 608–11, 620, 622, 626:
Sturm und Drang movement and, 522
Faust, ein Fragment (Goethe), 608
Fausts Leben (Muller), 522
Feast of Reason (1793), 899
Febronius, Justinus, see Hontheim, Johann Nikolaus von
Feijóo y Montenegro, Benito Jerónimo (1676–1764), 294
Fel, Mlle. Marie (1713–94), 33, 100
Felipe (Philip), Duke of Parma (r. 1748–65), 311, 348
Felipe, son of Charles III of Spain, 302
Felipe Quinto, see Philip V, King of Spain
fellaheen, Egyptian, 415
Feltre, 229
Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe(1651–1715), 179, 450, 845
Ferdinand, Archduke (b. 1754-d. 1806), Duke of Modena, 346, 350, 387, 847
Ferdinand III, Duke of Parma (r. 1765–1801), 317, 846
Ferdinand IV, King of Naples (r. 1759–1806, 1815–25), King of Sicily as Ferdinand III (r. 1806–15), 315, 334–35, 377
Ferdinand VI, King of Spain (r. 1746–59), 263, 279–81
accession of, 279
becomes insane, 279–80
death of, 258
mild policies toward Jews, 276
Ferdinand VII, King of Spain (r. 1808, 1814–1833), 306–7
Ferdinand of Brunswick, Duke (b. 1721-d. 1792), 50, 53, 54, 60, 507
Ferguson, Adam (1723–1816), 764, 765–66, 767, 775
Fermor, Count William of (1704–71), 53, 60, 435
Ferney, Voltaire, see Voltaire AT FERNEY
Ferrara, 641
Goethe in, 587
Ferrara, Duke of (Tasso’s patron), Alfonso II (r. 1559–97), 244–45
Ferreira, Antônio (d. 1759), 265
Fersen, Count Frederik Axel von (1719–94), 664
Fersen, Count Hans Axel von (1755–1810), 664, 941
Fersen, Sophie von, 941
Festes de Ramire, Les (Rameau, Voltaire and Rousseau), 18
Festin de Pierre, Le (Molière), 404
Festival of the Supreme Being (1794), 890
feudalism: in Austria, 345
in Denmark, 649, 653
in France, 849, 861–63, 872, 927–29, 931, 937, 954
in Prussia, 43, 500–1
in Russia, 424, 451, 454–55
Adam Smith’s critique of, 770
Fiabe (Gozzi), 243, 244
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762–1814), 550–51, 618, 620
Fielding, Henry (1707–54), 723, 835, 842
Fielding, Sarah (1710–68), 787
Filangieri, Gaetano (1752–88), 336
Filippo (Alfieri), 338, 340
Filmer, Sir Robert (d. 1653), 177
Fils naturel, Le (Diderot), 153
Fingal, an Ancient Epic Poem in Six Books, … Composed by Ossian, the Son of Fingal (Macpherson), 767–68
Finland, 422, 460
Gustavus III’s policy toward, 663
Russian acquisition of, 654
Finta Fracastana, La (Leo), 255
Finta giardiniera, La (Mozart), 388
Firdausi, Persian poet (940?–1020?), 613
Firmian, Count Karl Joseph von (1716–82), 312