Rousseau and Revolution

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Rousseau and Revolution Page 182

by Will Durant


  Milton, John (1608–74), 177, 518, 773, 837, 842

  Mina Löjen (Kellgren), 661

  Minden: battle of (1758), 54–55

  Frederick II reoccupies, 53

  mining, 932

  Ministry of All the Talents, 726

  Minna von Barnhelm (Lessing), 511

  Minorca, 714

  battle of (1756), 42–43, 57

  Spain loses, 273

  Spain recaptures, 290

  Mirabeau (fils), Honoré-Gabriel-Victor Riqueti, Comte de (1749–91), 641, 951–54

  in Club Breton, 939

  criticism of Prussian economic controls, 501

  domestic problems of, 952–53

  early life and education of, 951–52

  edits Courier de Provence, 915

  as Freemason, 939

  French Revolution and, 940

  gains support of Third Estate, 953

  in Holland, 952

  imprisonments of, 952–53

  Jews and, 642

  literary works of, 952–54

  love affairs of, 952–53

  marriage to Émilie de Marignac, 952

  opposition to slavery, 935

  Duc d’ Orléans and, 955

  personality of, 951

  social policies of, 953–54

  in States-General, 957–61

  travels abroad, 953

  Mirabeau (père ), Victor Riqueti, Marquis de (1715–89), 47, 73–74, 78, 657, 898

  appearance of, 951

  economic theories of, 72, 73–74

  Franklin and, 869

  as Freemason, 939

  French Revolution and, 940

  imprisonment at Vincennes, 951

  Jews and, 642

  marries Marie de Vessan, 951

  personality of, 951

  Rousseau’s stay with, 882

  Mirandola, Pico della, see Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni

  Mirepoix, Duchesse de, nee Beauvau (b. 1717), 118

  Mir jafar (1691–1765), plot of, 715

  Mir Mahmud, see Mahmud, Mir

  Mirovich, Vasili (d. 1764), 443

  Mir Vais, see Vais, Mir

  Mirra (Alfieri), 340

  Misanthrope, Le (Molière), 163

  Misenum, 327

  Misón, Luis (d. 1766), 292

  Miss Sara Sampson (Lessing), 509

  Mitridate, re di Ponto (Mozart), 387

  M’ Lehose, Agnes, nee Craig (1759–1841), 776

  Modena, 217, 244

  Moguls, decline of, 58; see also India

  Mohammed (570–632), 796, 808

  Mohammed II, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1451–81), 804

  Mohammedanism: clergy of, 412

  mosques of, 416

  science and, 412

  sects in, 411–12

  skepticism toward, 412

  Mohammed ibn-Abdal-Wahab (1703?–91), 412

  Mohammed Shah, Mogul Emperor of India (r. 1451–81), 419–20

  Mohocks gang, 261

  Moldavia, 411, 483

  Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin; 1622–73), 104, 136, 163, 244, 295, 296, 404, 650, 923

  influence on Goldoni, 242

  Mollwitz, 529

  Molmen Pompeo Gherardo (1852–1928), 243

  Moluccas, 648

  Momolo cortesan (Goldoni), 242

  Monaco, Mme. de, 99

  monarchy: Blackstone on, 737

  Burke’s defense of, 723

  conflict with Jesuits, 226

  Diderot’s opposition to, 95, 897

  philosophes and, 897–898

  Voltaire’s support for, 142–43

  monasteries: in Austria, 343, 358–59

  in France, 902

  in Italy, 225, 250

  regulation in Belgium, 361–62

  in Russia, 452

  in Spain, 275

  Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord (1714–99), 764

  Monckton, Mrs. Jane, 730

  Moñina, José, see Floridablanca, Conde de

  Monitor, The, 786

  Monnier, Sophie de Ruffey, Marquise de (1756–89), 952–53.

  monopolies: in Austria, 344

  in Prussia, 501

  in Russia, 423

  Monrepos, Palace of, 525

  Mons, 361

  Monsieur Nicolas (Restif de La Bretonne), 918, 919

  Montagnana, Domenico (1700–40), 221

  Montagu, Edward (d. 1775), 730

  Montagu, Edward Wortley, see Wortley Montagu, Edward

  Montagu, Elizabeth, nee Robinson (1720–1800), 730, 787, 841

  Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689–1762), 228, 730, 793

  on appearance of Holland, 646

  on Jews in Turkey, 632

  on Mohammedanism, 412

  Montaigne, Michel Eyquern de (1533–92), 23, 125, l79

  Montaigu, Comte Pierre-Auguste de (fl. 1743), 16–17

  Mont Blanc, 645

  Montcalm, Marquis Louis-Joseph de (1712–59), 58

  Montenegro, 411, 414

  Montenegro, Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y (1676–1764), 294

  Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de (1689–1755), 104, 119, 172, 220, 254, 280, 295, 337, 427, 451, 478, 485, 487, 725, 797, 801, 845, 884, 891, 899

  Catherine II and, 435

  at Mme. Geoffrin’s salon, 120

  importance of L’ Esprit des Lois, 808

  influence on Beccaria, 320

  predicts American Revolution, 708

  on Turin, 226

  Montessori, Maria (1870–1952), 888

  Monteverdi, Claudio (1567–1643), 232

  Montgolfier, Étienne (1745–99), 793, 932

  Montgolfier, Joseph (1740–1810), 793, 932

  Montgomerie, Margaret, see Boswell, Margaret

  Montlhéry, riots in, 954

  Montmorency, Duchesse de (fl. 1758), 161

  Montmorin, Comte Armand-Marc de (1745?-92), 953

  Montsauge, Jeanne de (fl. 1772), 128–29

  Monumenti antichi inediti (Winckelmann), 330

  Moors, 283, 287

  Mora, Marquês de, see Mora y Gonzaga, Marquês José de

  Moral Tales (Marmontel), 102, 105

  morals: in Austria, 344

  of Christians, Gibbon’s interpretation, 801

  in England, 682, 730–34

  in France, 19, 97–100, 902–5

  Goethe’s views on, 619–22

  Industrial Revolution and, 682

  Islamic, 416

  in Italy, 225

  of popes;

  540–43

  Rousseau’s views on, 21, 180

  in Scotland, 763

  in Spain, 290–91

  Morand, Dr. (fl. 1765), 200

  Moratín, Leandro Fernández de (1760–1828), 296–97

  Moratín, Nicolás Fernández de (1737–80), 295

  Moravia: Protestants in, 353

  Seven Years’ War in, 53

  Moravian Brethren, 558, 636, 646–47

  Mora y Gonzaga, Marquês José de (1744–74), 127–28, 129, 892

  More, Hannah (1745–1833), 730, 743, 787, 795, 835

  Morellet, André (1727–1819), 80–81, 108, 121, 221, 321, 869, 901, 908

  French Revolution and, 940

  at Mme. Geoffrin’s salon, 120

  in Lespinasse salon, 126

  opposition to revolution, 898

  Morelly (socialist, fl. 1755), 80–82, 83–84

  French Revolution and, 938, 940

  influence of, 94

  Morgan, Thomas (d. 1743), deist, 734

  Morgenstunde. (Mendelssohn), 640

  Moriscos, expulsion from Spain, 287

  Morley, John, Viscount Morley of Blackburn (1838–1923), 725

  Morning Chronicle, The, 377, 786

  Morning Herald, The, 786

  “Morning Song” (Karpiński), 486

  Morocco, 411

  Mort de César (Voltaire), 607

  Morte d’ Arthur, Le (Malory), 768

  Morzin, Count Maximilian von (
fl. 1759), 374–75

  Mosaic Code, 629, 636

  Moscow: plague in, 458

  size and population, 423

  Moscow, University of, 453

  Moslems, 312

  in Corsica, 312

  in Spain, 285; see also Afghanistan;

  Egypt;

  Mohammedanism;

  Persia;

  Turkey

  mosques, 414

  Môtiers-Travers, Rousseau at, 161–65, 170

  Moultou, Paul (fl. 1760), 164

  Mounier, Jean-Joseph (1758–1806), 948, 957

  mountain-climbing, 645, 889

  Mountstuart, John Stuart, Lord (fl. 1765), 782

  Mount Edgcumbe, Emma Gilbert, Countess of,

  Mousiad (Krasicki), 415

  Mozart, Anna Maria, nee Pertl (d. 1778), 382–86, 387, 389–92, 393

  Mozart, Constanze, nee Weber (1763–1842), 391, 394–95, 403, 405–8

  Mozart, Franz Zaver Wolfgang (1791–1844), 407

  Mozart, Johann Georg Leopold (1719–87), 397, 403

  advice to son, 390–92, 396, 400–1

  affection for son, 382

  death of, 404

  exploits son, 383, 390

  Kapellmeister for Colloredo, 393

  opposes son’s marriage, 394–95

  on Parisian cosmetics, 99

  tours with family, 383–85

  on Viennese public, 346

  Mozart, Karl Thomas (1784–1858), Wolfgang’s 2d son, 403

  Mozart, Maria Anna (“Nannerl”; 1751–1829), 382–87, 389, 390, 391

  Mozart, Maria Anna Thekla (1758–1841), 389, 401

  Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–91), 100, 220, 222, 227, 255, 332–34, 342, 358, 367, 373, 376, 380, 382–409, 525, 527, 744, 920, 964

  appearance of, 400

  arrogance toward nobility, 393, 401

  on K. P. E. Bach, 526

  children of, 406–7

  Colloredo and, 389, 393–94

  concerts in London, 384

  concerts in Paris, 384, 392–93

  concerts in Vienna, 385

  on crime in Italy, 319

  death of mother, 392

  dislike of philosophes, 392, 402

  in England, 746

  foresees his death, 408

  on French music, 909

  Grimm and, 384–85, 390, 392

  Haydn and, 376–78, 397–98

  illness of, 385–86

  Joseph II and, 404–5

  lack of formal education, 402

  love affairs of, 390–91, 401

  personality of, 400–2

  polyphony subordinated to melody, 335

  on Wieland, 576

  CHILDHOOD PRODIGY (1756–66): concert tours, 383–85

  exploitation by father, 383

  musical training, 382–83, 385

  parents, 382

  precosity of, 384

  ADOLESCENCE (1766–77): admitted to Accademia Filarmonica, 385–87

  commissions, 388

  concert tours, 385–89

  first opera seria performed, 387

  rivalry with Hasse, 387

  YOUTH (1777–78): love for Maria Anna Thekla Mozart, 389

  in Mannheim, 390

  in Munich, 389

  relations with Weber family, 390–92

  tours with mother, 389–92

  IN SALZBURG AND VIENNA (1779–82): home in Vienna, 402

  marries Constanze Weber, 395

  quits Colloredo’s service, 394

  stagnation in Salzburg, 393

  SUCCESS (1782–87): appointed court Kammermusikus, 404

  birth of children, 403

  increasing income, 402, 404

  spendthrift, 403, 405

  MISFORTUNES (1788–90): death, 408

  grave unknown, 408

  illnesses, 406, 408

  lack of work, 406

  loans, 405–6

  poverty, 405, 407

  COMPOSITIONS: abilities to play and compose, 396–97

  aristocratic context of music, 400

  Barber of Seville, 923

  cantatas, 387

  childhood works, 384

  concertos, 389, 392, 399

  Don Giovanni, 396–97, 404–5

  Eine kleine Nachtmusik, 398

  inspiration from Italy, 395

  influences, 395–97

  Jupiter symphony, 398

  Köchel’s catalogue of, 396

  Magic Flute, 407

  Marriage of Figaro, 403–4

  methods of composing, 396–97

  operas, 387–89, 393, 395, 404, 407

  orchestral music, 389, 398–99

  quintets, 397–98

  religious music, 400

  Requiem, 407

  songs, 399–400

  symphonies, 384, 392, 398, 405

  Muette, La (villa), 853

  Mulai Ismail, Sultan of Morocco (r. 1672–1727), 417

  Müller, Friedrich “Maler” (1749–1825), 522

  Müller, Friedrich von (fl. 1808), 606

  Müller, Johannes von (1752–1809), 642, 645

  Munich, poverty in, 503

  Münnich, Count Christoff von (1683–1767), 429, 430, 438, 442, 459

  Münster, 503

  Münster, Treaty of (1648), 361

  Murano, glass industry of, 230

  Murat, Joachim (1767–1815), 306, 334

  Muratori, Lodovico Antonio (1672–1750), 223, 244

  Murcia, 273, 298

  Murdock, William (1754–1839), 676

  Murray-Pulteney, Sir James (fl. 1797), 772

  Musenalmanach, Der, 598

  Muses galantes, Les (Rousseau), 18

  music: in Austria, 367–408

  church, see church music;

  in England, 368, 746–47

  in France, 100–1, 368, 370–73, 909–10, 915

  Frederick IPs love of, 496, in Germany, 503, 517–18, 525–28, 552

  growth of instrumental, 527

  Islamic, 416–17

  in Italy, 220–24, 226–27, 232–235, 254–58, 332–35, 373

  melody and polyphony in, 335

  Romantic movement in, 399

  in Russia, 425–26, 466

  in Spain, 292

  violin, 221

  musical instruments, 221

  Musset, Alfred de (1810–57), 889

  Mustafa III, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1757–74), 415, 458

  Mutozilite sect, 411

  Mylius, Christlob (1722–54), 508

  Myron (5th cent, B.C.), 329

  Myslivecek, Josef (1737–81), 227

  Mysteries of Udolpho (Radcliffe), 691

  nabobs, 686

  Nadir Kuli, Shah of Persia (r. 1736–47), 417–20

  Namur, 342, 361

  Nancy, 107, 245

  Nanine (Voltaire), 136

  Nantes: commercial decay of, 58

  shipbuilding in, 932

  Naples, 249–51, 256, 290, 310, 315

  Austria and, 249

  churches in, 224

  conflict with papacy, 317–18

  cultural life of, 250–51

  Enlightenment in, 250–51

  expulsion of Jesuits from, 317

  Freemasons in, 220

  Goethe in, 588–89

  Inquisition in, 252

  Jesuit colleges in, 219

  Jesuits expelled from, 315

  liveliness of, 315

  music in, 232, 254–57

  papal concordat with, 246

  priesthood in, 224

  prostitution in, 218

  social classes in, 249–50

  Spain and, 217, 228, 250, 273, 277–78, 315

  theaters in, 220

  war against papacy (1768), 317

  Naples, University of, 219, 250

  Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (r. 1804–14, 1815), 63, 89, 103, 107, 128, 336, 627, 791, 794, 910

  on battle of Leuthen, 52

  birth of, 313

  bombardment of Vienna (1809) by, 38
0

  Condorcet’s influence on, 895

  David and, 913

  defeats Prussians at Jena (1806), 502, 530, 606

  on Diamond Necklace Affair, 943

  education of, 914

  educational reforms of, 895

  France’s power and, 872

  Goethe and, 606–7, 623

  Haydn and, 380

  Italy and, 311

  Jewish emancipation and, 631

  musical interests of, 334, 380

  papacy and, 319

  plot to assassinate, 726

  religious policy of, 890

  Rousseau’s influence on, 880, 891

  on royal palace in Madrid, 297–98

  Spanish policies of, 306–7

  on The Marriage of Figaro, 925

  Tuscany and, 314

  victory at Austerlitz (1802), 726

  Voltaire’s influence on, 880

  Wieland and”, 576

  Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (r. 1852–71), 89, 107

  Narciso (Scarlatti), 257

  Narcisse (Rousseau), 15, 27, 164

  Nardini, Pietro (1722–93), 332

  Naruszewicz, Adam (1733–96), 485–86

  Narva, 423

  Nascimento, Francisco Manoel do (1734–1819), 269

  Nasrulla (fl. 1739), son of Nadir Kuli, 420

  Nathan der Weise (Lessing), 514–15, 640

  natifs, Swiss, 643–44

  National Assembly, French, 313, 642, 895, 960

  Condorcet in, 895

  feudalism abolished by, 937

  formation of (1789), 958

  honors to Voltaire, 879–80

  liberal leaders in, 939

  middleclass control of, 930

  National Convention, French, 244, 313, 890, 913

  Louis XVI’s trial before, 895

  nationalism and Catholic Church, 316

  National Theater at Hamburg, 511

  Nattier, Jean-Marc (1685–1766), 120

  Natur, Die (Goethe), 565–66, 584

  nature, 889

  Goethe’s love of, 584, 619

  Rousseau’s love of, 11, 14, 180–81

  Natürliche Tochter, Die (Goethe), 580, 604

  Naufrage des îles flottantes (Morelly), 81

  navy, English and French compared, 57

  Necker, Jacques (1732–1804), 98, 865–67, 944, 948–51, 962

  Catherine II and, 870–71

  critique of free trade in grains, 860

  early banking career of, 865

  literary works of, 860, 865–66

  marriage to Suzanne Curchod, 265

  on power of press, 915

  FIRST MINISTRY OF (1777–81), 865–67

  American Revolution and, 869–70

  attempts to eliminate serfdom, 866–67

  Compte rendu au Roi (1781), 870

  financial reforms, 866

  Louis XVI and, 867

  opponents of, 870–71

  penal reforms, 867

  resignation (1781), 871

  SECOND MINISTRY OF (1788–89), 948–51

  controls over grain export, 949

  dismissal of second ministry, 961

  early enthusiasm for, 948–49

  economic policies of, 949, 955

 

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