Rousseau and Revolution

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Rousseau and Revolution Page 183

by Will Durant


  financial policies of, 949

  pledges personal fortune to state, 949

  policies in States-General, 957–58

  prepares meeting of States-General, 949–51

  THIRD MINISTRY OF (1789–90), 963

  Necker, Suzanne, nee Curchod (1737–94), 103, 107, 118, 126, 353, 656, 797–99, 875

  charity of, 905

  Gibbon and, 865

  marries Jacques Necker, 802, 865

  personality and appearance of, 908

  salon in Paris (1765), 865, 908

  Nedim, Ottoman poet, 412–13

  Negapatam, 648

  Negroes, 732, 935; see also slavery and slave trade

  Nehra, Henriette de (fl. 1784), 953

  Nelson, Horatio, Viscount Nelson (1758–1805), 750

  Nelson’s Festivals and Fasts, 734

  Neuchâtel, 643

  Rousseau’s residence near, 191–92

  Neue teutsche Merkur, 576

  Neues Palais, Potsdam, 523, 524

  Neuf Soeurs Lodge, Freemasons, 869, 939

  Neumann, Johann Balthasar (1687–1753), 238, 426

  Neveu de Rameau, Le (Diderot), 101

  Newbery, John (1713–67), 814

  Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of (1693–1768), 691

  Newcastle, growth of, 681

  Newcomen, Thomas (1663–1729), 674

  “New Doctrine of Motion and Rest” (Kant), 533

  Newgate Gaol, 739

  New Jerusalem Church, 658

  New Marshalsea Prison, 738

  newspapers: in Austria, 346

  in England, 786

  in France, 915

  New Testament, 185, 194

  Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727), 13, 219, 280, 293–94, 532, 616

  Newton, John (1725–1807), 811

  Newton, Lord, 766

  New York, anti-British riots in, 710

  New Zealand, 669

  Ney, Michel, Maréchal (1769–1815), 606

  Nicholas II, Czar of Russia (r. 1894–1917), 468*

  Nicolai Klimii Iter subterraneum (Holberg), 650–51

  Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776–1831), 253, 808

  Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn (1757–1841), 486

  Niemetschek, 396

  Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844–1900), 29*

  Nikolai, Christoph Friedrich (1733–1811), 507, 510, 567, 638

  Nivernois, Louis-Jules Mancini Mazarini, Duc de (1716–98), 208

  Noailles, Maréchal Duc Adrien-Maurice de (1678–1766), 648

  Noailles, Vicomte Louis-Marie de (1756–1804), 898, 939

  nobility: in Austria, 351

  in Austrian Netherlands, 362

  Burke’s defense of, 723

  in Denmark, 649, 653

  in England, 669–70, 684, 732

  in France, 84, 280, 849, 850, 863, 872, 898–99, 903–4, 936, 944–48, 956–61

  Frederick II’s views on, 497

  French Revolution and, 899, 927–30

  in Germany, 497, 503, 504

  in Hungary, 341

  in Italy, 230, 249–50

  love of music, 367

  Mozart’s disdain for, 393, 401

  in Poland, 472–74, 476–77, 480–82, 484–85, 491

  in Portugal, 263–65, 268

  in Prussia, 497

  Rousseau attacks, 17

  in Russia, 422, 425, 429–30, 438, 443, 454–56, 470

  in Spain, 274, 290

  Sturm und Drang movement and, 522

  in Sweden, 654–55, 657, 663–64

  noble savage, legend of, 31

  Nollekens, Joseph (1737–1823), 750, 817

  Noot, Henri van den (1750–1827), 364

  Nordenflycht, Hedvig (1718–63), 659–60

  Normandy, bread riots in, 934

  North, Frederick, Lord, 2d Earl of Guilford (1732–92), 700–1, 794, 803

  American Revolution and, 711, 713–14

  Irish policies of, 761

  ministry of, 700–1, 706, 710–14, 761

  ministry with Fox, 715, 718

  on parliamentary debates, 701*

  policies toward American colonies, 710–11

  policy toward Catholics, 735

  policy toward India, 716

  resignation from government, 714

  North Briton, The, 702–3, 705, 786

  Norway, population of, 649

  Notebook (Boswell), 841

  Notes on Russian History (Catherine II), 463

  Notte, La (Parini), 335

  Nottingham, theater in, 740

  Nouveaux Essais sur l’ entendement humain (Leibniz), 534

  Nouvelle Héloïse, La (Rousseau), see Julie, ou La Nouvelle Héloïse

  Nouvelles de la république des lettres, 253–54

  Nouvelles littéraires, 34

  novel, development of, 842

  Noverre, Jean-Georges (1727–1810), 100, 255, 368

  Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1744–1818), 464–65, 469

  Nozze di Figaro, Le (Mozart), 404

  Nugent, Dr. Christopher (d. 1775), 827

  Nuits de Paris, Les (Restif de La Bretonne), 903, 919

  Nuncomar (d. 1775), 717

  nunneries: in Austria, 343, 358–59

  in France, 900

  in Russia, 452

  Nuri-Osmanieh, mosque of, 414

  Nymphenburg, 523

  Nystad, Peace of (1721), 653

  Oberkirch, Henriette-Louise, Baroness d’, 908

  Oberon (Wieland), 576

  Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (Kant), 534

  Observations sur le gouvernement … des Étatsunis d’ Amérique (Mably), 903

  Ochakov, 415, 430

  siege of, 460

  Ochs, Peter (fl. 1797), 645

  Oehlenschläger, Adam Gottlob (1779–1850), 650

  “Ode by Samuel Johnson to Mrs. Thrale upon Their Supposed Nuptials” (Boswell), 837

  Ode to Joy (Schiller), 574–75

  “Ode to the Duty” (Derghavin), 464

  Oder River, 356

  Odessa, 459

  Odoardo II Farnese, Duke of Parma, 276

  Oeben, Jean-François (1685–1765), 107

  Oedipe a Colone (Sacchini), 334

  Oedipus (Sophocles), 604

  Oeser, Adam Friedrich (1717–99), 523, 557

  Oeuvres du philosophe de Sans-Souci (Frederick the Great), 59

  Ohio River Valley, French control of, 57

  O Hissope (Cruz e Silva), 269

  Olavide, Pablo (1726–1803), 280, 285–86, 288

  Old Believers, 438, 455

  Old Pretender, see Stuart, James Francis Edward

  Old Testament: Rousseau and, 185

  Voltaire’s attitude toward, 150

  Oldenburg, Duke of, 523

  Oleg (Catherine II), 463

  oligarchies: in Holland, 142

  in Switzerland, 142

  Olimpiade (Metastasio), 333

  Olimpiade, L ’ (Pergolesi), 256

  Oliva, “Baronne” d’ (fl. 1785), 942–43

  “Olney Hymns” (Cowper), 811

  “O my luve’s like a red, red rose” (Burns), 777

  “On Cannibals” (Montaigne), 23

  On Ecclesiastical and Civil Tolerance (Tamburini), 316

  On Grace and Dignity (Schiller), 594

  On Grace in Works of Art (Winckelmann), 328

  “On Instructions of Her Imperial Majesty … for the Drawing up of Laws” (Diderot), 448

  Only Possible Ground for Proving the Existence of God, The (Kant), 534

  On Mendelssohn and the Political Reform of the Jews (Mirabeau), 642

  On Music (Iriarte y Oropesa), 295

  Onslow, Col. George, later 1st Earl of Onslow (1731–1814), 706–7

  Ontario, Lake, French control of, 58

  “On the Contest Between the Good and Evil Principles for the Control of Man” (Kant), 545

  “On the Effects of Poetry upon the Customs and Morals of the Nations” (Herde
r), 577–78

  On the Failure of All Philosophical Attempts at Theodicy (Kant), 544

  “On the Power of the Mind to Master the Feeling of Illness by Force of Resolution” (Kant), 549

  “On the Spirit of Hebrew Poetry” (Herder), 578

  On the Teachings of Spinoza (Jacobi), 565

  O Oriente (Macedo), 269–70

  opera, 923

  in Austria, 367–73, 376, 379–80

  in England, 223–24, 746

  in France, 25–26, 99, 256, 909–10

  in Germany, 223–24, 525, 527–28

  Gluck’s reforms in, 368–70

  influence of Italian, 224

  in Italy, 222–24, 254–56, 333–35

  melody versus action in, 335

  origins of, 224

  poetry and, 223

  Rousseau’s definition of, 26

  in Russia, 425, 466

  in Spain, 292

  opera buffa, 100, 223, 255, 367

  Opéra-Comique, establishment of, 100

  opera seria, 100, 255, 367

  Opie, Amelia (1769–1853), 787

  opium, 729

  Oppenheimer, Joseph (1692?–1738), 634

  Opticks (Newton), 219, 616

  optics, Goethe’s work on, 615–16

  Opus postumum (Kant), 549–50

  oratory: English, 707

  French, 99

  orchestras, 525–26

  Orfeo ed Euridice, libretto (Calzabigi), 369

  Orfeo ed Euridice (Gluck), 368–69, 371, 373, 909

  Orford, Margaret Walpole, Countess of, 328

  Origin of Species (Darwin), 889

  Orléans, Louis, Duc d’ (1703–52), 17

  Orléans, Louise-Marie de Bourbon-Penthièvre, Duchesse d’ (1753–1821), 955

  Orléans, Louis-Philippe, Duc d’ (1725–85), 94, 123, 850

  Orléans, Louis-Philippe-Joseph (“Philippe-Égalité), Duc d’ (1747–93), 898, 962

  aid to revolutionaries, 955–56

  early life, 955

  exiled by Louis XVI, 946

  as Freemason, 939

  liberalism of, 957

  marriage, 955

  in States General, 960

  Orléans, Philippe II, Duc d’, Regent of France (r. 1715–23), 90, 277, 906, 955

  Orléans, factories in, 932

  Orlov, Alexei Grigorievich (1737–1809), 439, 458

  aids Catherine II coup, 439–40

  in death of Peter III, 442

  Orlov, Feodor Grigorievich (1741–90), 439

  Orlov, Grigori Grigorievich (1734–83), 437, 457, 468

  aids Catherine’s coup, 439–40

  arrests Choglokov, 443–44

  as Catherine’s lover, 442, 445

  Catherine’s rewards, 442

  policies of, 445

  Orphan of China (Voltaire), 103

  Orpheus, 253

  Orry, Jean (1652–1719), 277

  Orsini-Rosenberg, Count Franz (1723–96), 395

  Os Burros (Macedo), 270

  Osorio de Zuñiga, Don Manuel, 305

  ospedali singers, 232

  Ossian, The Works of (Macpherson), 559, 567, 767–68, 809

  Ossory, Lord (fl. 1765), 209

  Ostend, 361

  Ostermann, Count Andrei Ivanovich (1686–1747), 429–31

  Osuna, Duchess of, 291

  Osuna, Duke of, 274, 301

  Oswego, Fort, capture of (1756), 58

  Othello (Shakespeare), 511

  Ottoboni, Pietro, Cardinal (fl. 1708), 256

  Ottoman Turks, 411, 414; see also Turkey

  Otway, Thomas (1652–85), 741

  Oudh, begums of, 718, 720

  Oudh, Nawab of, 718

  Oudry, Jean-Baptiste (1689–1755), 120

  “Outline and Announcement of a Course of Lectures on Physical Geography” (Kant), 533

  Oxford Symphony (Haydn), 377, 381

  Pacassi, Niccolo (1716–90), 345

  Pacchierotti, Gasparo (1744–1821), 333

  Pacte de Famille (1761), 60, 76, 89

  “Pacte de Famine,” 76

  Padua, 220, 229

  theaters in, 220

  university in, 219

  Paestum, Greek temples of, 248, 327

  Paine, Thomas (1737–1809), 340, 725

  Rousseau’s influence on, 891

  Voltaire’s influence on, 881

  painting: bourgeois, 113–114

  in England, 750–58, 888

  in France, 911–14

  in Germany, 523–24

  in Holland, 647

  in Italy, 227, 235–39, 248, 331–332

  neoclassical, 912–13

  in Portugal, 261

  in Russia, 466–67

  in Scotland, 765

  in Spain, 298–309

  in Sweden, 662

  Paisiello, Giovanni (1740–1816), 334, 388, 466

  Pajou, Augustin (1730–1809), 106, 107, 109, 911

  Palais-Bourbon, 911

  Palais de Justice, 910

  Palais-Royal, 911, 955

  Palatinate, Bavaria united with, 354

  Palatine College in Milan, 321

  Palermo, 589

  university in, 219

  witch-burnings in, 316

  Palestine, 411

  Paley, William (1743–1805), 730, 755

  Palissot de Montenoy, Charles (1730–1814), 108, 120

  Palladio, Andrea (1518–80), 229, 248, 587, 747

  pamphleteering in France, 94, 915 Panckoucke, Charles-Joseph (1736–98), 925

  Panin, Nikita Ivanovich (1718–83), 439, 457, 483

  Panin, Piotr Ivanovich (1721–89), 455

  Pannini, Giuseppe (fl. 1762), 247

  Pantalone (comic character), 232, 243

  pantaloons, 231

  Panthéon, 880

  Paoli, Pasquale di (1725–1807), 207, 3l2–13

  Boswell and, 782–83

  conflicts with French, 313

  early life of, 312

  French depose, 205

  leads rebellion against Genoa, 313

  papacy, 310

  Austria and, 343

  basis of power and influence, 316

  conflicts with Catholic monarchs, 317–18

  factional conflicts in, 317

  Germany and, 504–5

  Goethe on, 316

  internationalism of, 316

  Jesuit expulsions and, 316–18

  Jews and, 631

  material interests of, 316

  Napoleon and, 319

  nationalism and, 316

  Portugal’s break with, 267

  response to Enlightenment, 316

  restoration of Jesuit order by, 319

  Spanish concordat with, 279

  Turkey and, 457

  under Clement XIII, 317

  under Clement XIV, 317–19

  under Pius IV, 319

  Papal States, 217

  congestion of expelled Jesuits in, 317

  Jesuit colleges in, 219

  opera houses in, 223

  popes and, 246–47

  size of, 244; see also papacy

  Rome

  Papin, Denis (1647–1712), 673

  Paradise Lost (Milton), 773, 842

  Paradox of the Actor, The (Diderot), 103

  Paraguay: communistic practices of Jesuits in, 80, 83, 262

  Indian revolt in, 262

  Jesuits in, 281, 283

  Paret y Alcázar, Luis (1746–99), 299

  Paride ed Elena (Gluck), 370

  Parini, Giuseppe (1729–99), 335–36

  Paris: book trade in, 71

  Chamfort on, 915

  dirt in, 933

  economic activity in, 932–33

  great salons in, 118–31

  Hôtel-Dieu, 353

  hunger in, 71, 860, 933, 961

  intellectual life in, 906

  key role in French Revolution, 961–63

  life in, 15, 71

  Louis XVI’s aid to, 857

&nbs
p; morals of, 19, 903

  music in, 368, 370–73

  population of, 71, 933

  press in, 915

  proletariat in, 933

  revolutionary ferment in, 954–57, 959–62

  riots in, 934, 946, 956, 961–63

  stores in, 936

  theater audience in, 241

  wealth of, 71

  Paris, Peace of (1763), 62

  Paris, Treaty of (1782–83), 648, 714

  Paris, Parlement of, 90–91, 353, 849

  alliance with nobility, 944

  banishments of, 91, 946

  burns Émile, 190

  conflicts with Brienne, 946–48

  conflicts with Louis XV, 93–94

  conflicts with Turgot, 861–63

  “Declaration of Rights” of (1787), 947

  Diamond Necklace Affair and, 943

  Diderot’s defense of, 93

  orders arrest of Rousseau, 189–90

  organization of States General and, 949

  prohibits labor unions, 933

  Voltaire’s attack on, 92–93

  Paris Conservatoire de Musique, 909

  Paris-Duverney, Joseph (1684–1770), 920, 922

  Paris-Montmartel, Jean (1690–1766), 936

  Park, Anna (fl. 1790), 777

  parks in England, 748

  parlements, 89–95, 928, 930

  allegiance to nobility, 949

  attack on Cour Plénière (1787), 947–948

  authority of, 849

  conservatism of, 90, 93

  functions of, 90

  hatred of Mme. de Pompadour, 67

  Louis XV and, 90–95

  Louis XVI and, 858, 946–48

  as supporters of nobility, 849; see also Paris, Parlement of

  Parliament, British, 683–707

  buying up of seats in, 670, 685

  demands for annual, 704

  destruction of machines and, 679

  economic policies of, 67

  electoral districts and, 684–85

  forbids labor unions, 680

  George III’s conflict with, 61, 683, 686–88, 693, 697–701

  Irish question in, 760–62

  parlements compared with, 90

  powers of, 686, 709–10

  rotten boroughs and, 685, 733

  taxation of American colonies and, 709–10

  voting procedures in elections of, 685

  Parliament, Irish, 760–61

  Parma, duchy of, 228, 239, 278

  church lands in, 224

  expulsion of Jesuits from, 317

  Inquisition abolished in, 316

  social reforms in, 311–12

  Spanish control of, 217

  Parma, Duke of: in 1748–65, see Felipe, Duke of Parma; in 1765–1801, see Ferdinand III

  Parsons, Nancy, 731–32

  Pascal, Blaise (1623–62), 23, 139, 294, 514, 889, 890

  Pasch, Johan (1706–69), 662

  Pasch, Lorenz, the Elder (1702–66), 662

  Pasch, Lorenz, the Younger (1773–1805), 662

  Pasch, Ulrica (1735–96), 662

  Passek, Lieut. P. B. (fl. 1762), 439

  Passerowitz, Treaty of (1718), 415

 

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