by Will Durant
Passionei, Cardinal (fl. 1754), 326–27
Passionerna (Thorild), 661
Passionist Order, 225
Pater, Walter (1839–94), 326*
Paton, Betty (fl. 1785), 774
Patriarcha (Filmer), 177
particians in Geneva, 143
Patrick, Saint (389?-461?), 767
Patriot, The (Johnson), 833
Pau, Parlement of, 947
Paul, Lewis (fl. 1738), 673
Paul, Saint (d. 67), 194
Paul I (Grand Duke Paul), Czar of Russia (r. 1796–1801), 441, 462, 465–66, 468, 492, 908
Paul et Virginie (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre), 904, 917
Paul of the Cross, Saint (Paolo Danei; 1694–1775), 225
Pavia, 310
university in, 219
Pavilliard, Pastor (fl. 1753), 797, 804
Paysan perverti, Le (Restif de La Bretonne), 918
Peacock Throne, 419
peasant revolts: in Russia, 423, 455
in Wallachia, 361
peasantry, 12
in Austria, 345
in Egypt, 415
in England, 669–71, 732, 814–16
in France, 859, 861, 902, 954
French Revolution and, 927–31
in Germany, 501, 503
in Hungary, 341
in Italy, 217–18, 249
Mirabeau père’s tribute to, 74
in Poland, 472, 474, 487, 491
in Prussia, 501
revolts of, see peasant revolts; Rousseau’s opinion of, 174
in Russia, 142, 422, 451, 454–56, 469
in Spain, 274, 287
Sturm und Drang movement and, 522
in Sweden, 654–55, 657, 663
in Switzerland, 27
Pechlin, Baron Karl Fredrik von (fl. 1789), 662, 664
Peder Paars (Holberg), 650
Pedro III, King of Portugal (r. 1777–86), 271
Peel, Robert (1750–1830), 678–79
Peel, Sir Robert (1788–1850), 678
Pellegrini, Giovanni Antonio (1675–1741), 235
Pembroke, Lord, 745
Pembroke, Elizabeth Spencer, Countess of, 753
Pennsylvania Assembly, 868
Pentateuch, 629, 639
Penthièvre, Louis de Bourbon, Duc de (1725–1793), 852
Percy, Thomas (1729–1811), 518, 568, 767, 809, 817
Pereira, Dr. Pedro Gonçalves, see Gonçalves Pereira, Pedro
Péreire, Jacob Rodrigue (1715–80), 636
Perekop, 430
Perfektibilisten (secret society), 507
Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista (1710–36), 100, 223, 240, 254, 255–56, 333
Permanent Council, Polish, 485, 487
Persia, 411, 417–21
disorder after Nadir’s death, 420
invasion of India (1739), 419
invasion of Uzbekistan (1740), 420
poetry in, 421
Safavid dynasty in, 417
taxation in, 420
Turkey and, 417–19
war with Russia (1722–23), 419
Persian rugs, 421
Pertl, Anna Maria, see Mozart, Anna Maria
Perugia, 244
perversions in France, 98
Peshawar, 419
Pest, university at, 360
Pestalozzi Johann Heinrich (1746–1827), 888
Peter I the Great, Czar of Russia (r. 1682–1725), 39, 142, 425–26, 433, 456, 632–63
escape from Turks, 414
nobility and, 438
statue of, 467
war with Persia (1722–23), 419
Westernization of Russia, 470–71
Peter II (Piotr Alexeevich), Czar of Russia (r. 1727–30), 429
Peter III (Piotr Feodorovich, orig. Karl Friedrich Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp) Czar of Russia (r. 1762), 432–40, 456
aids Frederick II, 438
Catherine deposes, 61, 439–40
conflicts with Catherine, 435–36, 439
death of, 442
early life and personality of, 432–33
habits of, 435–36
imprisoned by Catherine, 440–42
love affairs of, 436
meets and marries Catherine, 434–35
popular sympathy for, 441
Pugachev’s pretensions as, 45
reforms of, 142, 437–39
reign of, 437–40
unpopularity of, 439
Peterwardein, battle of (1718), 414
Petit, Abbé (fl. 1750), 27
Petit Trianon, 111, 852, 910
Petty, Sir William (1737–1805), see Shelburne, 2d Earl of
Pezay, Alexandre-Frédéric-Jacques Masson, Marquis de (1741–77), 884
Phaedrus, (1st cent. A.D.), 486
Phaidon (Mendelssohn), 638–39
Phèdre (Racine), 169
Philalethie (Basedow), 507
Philanthropinum of Dessau, 506
Philidor, François-André Danican- (1726–95), 16, 100
Philip, Duke of Parma, see Felipe, Duke of Parma
Philip II, King of Spain (r. 1556–98), 279
Philip IV, King of Spain (r. 1621–65), 297, 305
Philip V, King of Spain (r. 1700–46), 273, 276–79, 297, 298, 301
centralization of Spanish state, 277
death of, 279
Farinelli and, 278–79, 296
he becomes insane, 278–79
international conflicts of, 277–78
marriages of, 276–77
personality of, 276–77
presides over auto-da-fé, 276
Philip of Orléans, Regent, see Orléans, Philippe II, Duc d’
Philippe-Égalité, see Orléans, Louis-Philippe-Joseph, Duc d’
Philippines, population of, 273
philosophes, 94–95, 280, 286, 487, 536, 549, 867, 889
American Revolution and, 867–68, 872
Archbishop of Paris and, 193
atheism and, 183
attitudes toward religion and morality, 183, 902–3
Brienne and, 945
Catherine II and 446–50, 452–53
Choiseul and, 88, 89
classical ancient ideals of, 898
clergy and, 901
deaths of, 892–97
declining influence of, 170
fear of revolutionary action, 898
Frederick II and, 496–98
French Revolution and, 890–91, 897–99, 937–38, 940
friendships with monarchs, 897–98
Joseph II and, 353
last of 894–97
Louis XVI and, 867
Mme. de Pompadour’s friendship for, 67
moderate views of, 95, 897–98
Mozart’s dislike of, 392
on music, 100
Paris Parlement and, 90
physiocrats and, 75
Pombal and, 267–68
prudence of, 31
Robespierre’s rejection of, 890–91
Rousseau and, 162–65, 182–83, 195, 214
Russia and, 140
Turgot and, 78–79, 858–59, 863, 865
views on communism, 82; see also names of individual philosophes
Philosophes, Les (Palissot), 120
Philosophical Dictionary (Voltaire), see Dictionnaire philosophique
Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of the Sublime and Beautiful, A (Burke), 691
Philosophie rurale (Mirabeau père), 74
Philosophische Briefe (Schiller), 572
Philosophische Gespräche (Mendelssohn), 638
Phocaeans, 312
physiocrats, 356, 455, 678, 858
influence of, 76–77, 287, 769–71
philosophes and, 75
theories of, 71–77
Physiognomische Fragmente, 563, 645
Piacenza, 278
piano: importance in musical evolution, 527
mechanical improvements in, 525
pianoforte: improvement of, 332
invention of, 221
Piazza di Spagna, 247
Piazzetta, Giovanni Battista (1682–1754), 235–36
Piccini, Niccolò (1728–1800), 100, 291, 333, 334, 373, 386, 388, 875
death of, 333
personality of, 333
rivalry with Gluck, 371–72, 908
sympathy for French Revolution, 333
writes musical score to Metastasio’s Olimpiade, 333
Piccolomini, Die (Schiller), 601–2
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (1463–94), 620
Pied de Fanchette, Le (Restif de La Bretonne), 918
Piedmont, Jesuit colleges in, 219
Pietism, 465, 531, 636
Pigage, Nikolaus von (1723–96), 525
Pigalle, Jean-Baptiste (1714–85), 106, 107, 280, 908, 911
Pilâtre de Rozier, Jean-François (1756–85), 932
Pinto, Isaac (1715–87), 630
Piozzi, Gabriel Mario (1740–1809), 837–38
Piozzi, Hester Lynch, see Thrale, Hester Lynch
Piranesi, Giovanni Battista (1720–78), 248, 479, .747
Pirna, siege of (1756), 45
Piron, Alexis (1689–1773), 121
Pisa, 312
university in, 219
Pisano, Benedetto, 323
Pisiani library, 219
Pitt, William, the Elder, Earl of Chatham (1708–78), 342, 683, 725, 741, 794, 812, 842
accepts peerage as Earl of Chatham, 700
American Revolution and, 689, 708, 710–12
basic policies of, 57, 689
de facto ministry of. 700
death of, 713
personality of, 688–89
refuses peerage, 698
SEVEN YEARS’ WAR (1756–63): 40, 698
denounces convention of Kloster-Zeven, 50
dismissal of Pitt (1757), 46, 60–61
refuses French peace feelers, 60
support for Frederick II, 39, 698–99
Pitt, William, the Younger (1759–1806), 461, 680, 696–97, 718–19, 734, 750:
Adam Smith’s influence on, 772
consumption of alcohol, 726
death of, 726
duel with Tierney, 732
early life and education of, 696–97
economic policies of, 719, 726
enters Parliament, 697
establishes “cabinet government,” 718
forms ministry, 718–19
leads war against revolutionary France, 726
personality of, 697
policies toward India, 719–20
policies toward Ireland, 726
resoluteness of, 697
Samuel Johnson and, 833
support for American colonies, 714
Pittoni, Giambattista (1687–1767), 235
Pittsburgh region, French forts in, 57
Pius VI (Giovanni Angelo Breschi), Pope (r. 1775–99), conflict with Joseph II, 359–60
Jews and, 631
Ricci imprisoned by, 314
Pius VII (Luigi Barnaba Chiaramonti), Pope (r. 1800–23), 319
Plains of Abraham, battle of (1759), 58
Plan for a Dictionary of the English Language (Johnson), 821
Plan of a University for the Government of Russia (Diderot), 892
Planché, John Robinson (1796–1880), 576
Plassey, battle of (1757), 58, 716–17
Plato (427?–347 B.C.), 171, 177, 188, 251–52, 294, 435
Platon (Peter Levshin; 1737–1812), 465
Plautus, Titus Maccius (254?–184 B.C.), 241, 508, 650
plays, see theater
Pleyel, Camille (1788–1855), 380
Pleyel, Ignaz (1757–1831), 380
Plus Beaux Monuments de la Grèce, Les (Le Roy), 110
Plutarch (46?–120? A.D.), 435
pocket boroughs: in England, 685, 733
in Ireland, 760
Pococke, George, Admiral (fl. 1758), 58
Podolia, 492, 634
Podstatsky, Count (fl. 1767), 386
Poesie drammatiche (Metastasio), 369
poetry: in Denmark, 652
in England, 518, 808–17
in France, 104, 889
in Germany, 511, 517–21, 557–58, 564–65, 584–86, 590, 595, 599, 601, 603, 608–11, 623–25
Islamic, 412–13, 421
in Italy, 220, 335–36
Jewish, 641
opera and, 223
in Persia, 421
in Poland, 485–86
in Portugal, 269–70
in Russia, 427–28, 464
in Scotland, 767–68
in Spain, 295–96
in Sweden, 659–62
Poetry and Truth (Goethe), 626
Poggio Bracciolini, Giovanni Francesco (1380–1459), 804
Poisson, Mme. (d. 1745), 86
Poland, 89, 656
agriculture in, 472–73
army in, 485, 487
art in, 479
Austria and, 475, 482–83
clergy and religion in, 472, 480–81
constitution adopted for (1791), 487–88
culture in, 475
decay of towns, 474
Denmark and, 480
Diet of, 475–76, 479–81, 484, 490–91
dress in, 474
education in, 475, 485
England and, 480, 484
Enlightenment in, 484–87
feudalism in, 472–73, 487
final dismemberment of (1794), 491–92
first partition of (1768–72), 350, 481–85
France and, 476, 482
governmental weakness of, 472–73, 476–77, 480–82, 484–85, 487
in Holy Roman Empire, 341
industry and commerce in, 473–74
Jews in, 472, 475, 482, 632–34, 636, 641
last stand against dismemberment (1794), 491–92
minorities in, 472, 480, 484
morality in, 474
partriarchalism in, 473
population of, 485
Prussia and, 474, 479–84, 487–88, 490–92
religious tolerance in, 481, 487
Rousseau’s constitution for, 178; 884–85
Russia and, 430, 456, 470, 474, 479–84, 487–92
Saxon kings of (1697–1763), 475–77
second partition of (1792), 490–91
size of, 472
social classes in, 472–74, 476–77, 480–82, 484–85, 487, 491
Sweden and, 475–76
trade treaties with Russia, 456
Treaty of Versailles (1756) and, 42
Turkey and, 415, 458, 475, 482
women in, 474
Polignac, Duc Jules-François de (1745–1817), 864–65
Polignac, Yolande de Polastron, Duchesse de (1749?–93), 852–53, 875
Polish Succession, War of the (1733–35), 430, 476, 630
political clubs and French Revolution, 939
political economy, first university chair in, 250
Political Law of the Polish Nation, The (Kollantaj), 486
poll tax in France, 936
Poltawa, battle of (1709), 476
Polzelli, Luigia (1780–1832), 376
Pombal, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Mello, Marquês de (1699–1782), 261–72, 631, 880
attitude toward religion, 268
conflict with Jesuits, 262–68
conflict with nobles, 263–65, 268
reforms of, 142, 268–70
Pomerania, 653
promised to Sweden, 45–46
Seven Years’ War in, 48, 54
Pomfret, Henrietta Louisa, Countess of, 228, 793
Pompadour, Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de (1721–64), 73, 87, 105–7, 111, 137, 858, 920
aid to Mirabeau père, 74
conference with von Starhemberg, 41–42
death of, 68
Diderot on, 69
Falconet and, 109
friendship for philosophes, 67
Kaunitz and, 41
love for L
ouis XV, 85
Maria Theresa and, 40–42, 45, 56
Mozart performs for, 384
physiocrats and, 71
Pigalle and, 108
popular hatred of, 67–69
reforms of, 144
role in French government, 67
Rousseau and, 25
Seven Years’ War and, 40, 41–42, 45, 53, 56
Voltaire on, 69
Pompeii, excavations at (1748–63), 110, 248, 328, 589
Pondicherry, 58–59
Poniatowski, Prince Józef Antoni (1763–1813), 488–92
Poniatowski, Princess Konstantia, nee Czartoryski, 473
Poniatowski, Prince Stanislas (1676–1762), 473
Poniatowski, Stanislas II, see Stanislas II Augustus, King of Poland
Pont-de-Veyle, Antoine de Ferriol, Comte de (fl. 1768), 125
Ponte, Lorenzo da (Emmanuele Caneglianos 1749–1838), 403, 404, 406, 408
Ponteeorvo, 317
Pontejos, Marquesa de (fl. 1785), 301
Pontenuovo, battle of (1769), 313
Pontoise, riots in, 934
Pontverre, Père Benoît de (fl. 1728), 7
Poor Richard’s Almanac (Franklin), 869
Pope, the: in 1740–58, see Benedict XIV;
in 1758–69, see Clement XIII;
in 1769–74, see Clement XIV;
in 1775–99, see Pius VI;
in 1800–23, see Pius VII
Pope, Alexander (1688–1744), 13, 269, 703, 741, 786, 810, 813, 839, 878
opposes slave trade, 732
Samuel Johnson’s views on, 837
Pope ein Metaphysiker! (Mendelssohn), 638
pornography, 98
Porpora, Niccolò (1686–1766), 220, 222, 232, 240, 254, 374
Porson, Richard (1759–1808), 694
Portugal, 259–72
abolition of slavery in, 269
American colonies of, 262–63, 269
breaks relations with Vatican, 267
commerce and industry of, 259–60, 269
control over Church in, 268
culture in, 260–61, 269–70
diplomacy of, 259–60
England and, 259
Enlightenment in, 269–70
expulsion of Jesuits from, 317
Inquisition in, 260, 267–68, 269–70
Italian opera in, 224
Jesuits in, 260, 262–68, 271–72
Jews, in, 260, 631
in League of Armed Neutrality (1780), 457
literature in, 260, 269–70
Negro slavery in, 259
nobles in, 263–65, 268
Old Christians and New Christians in, 268, papal concordat with, 246
Pombal’s dictatorship in, see Pombal;
poverty in, 259
reasons for decline of, 259
reform of Pombal in, 268–70
Seven Years’ War and, 62
Spain and, 262–63, 268
wealth of Church in, 260
Potemkin, Grigori Alexandrovich (1739–91), 322, 444–46, 464, 467, 469
as administrator, 459
death of, 461
generalship against Turks, 459–61
Potemkin villages, 459–60