Notes
Preface to the Second Edition
1. Hilaire Belloc, The Great Heresies (Rockford, IL: Tan Books and Publishers, Inc., 1991), 73–76.
Preface
1. “Transcript of Osama bin Laden Video Tape,” CNN Web site, accessed 13 December 2001.
2. James Risen, “Al Qaeda Still Able to Strike U.S., Head of CIA Says,” New York Times, 7 February 2002, 1.
3. Mark Helprin, “We Beat Hitler. We Can Vanquish This Foe, Too,” Wall Street Journal, 12 September 2001.
Acknowledgments
1. Mark Helprin, “Statesmanship and Its Betrayal: The Definition of a Politician,” Vital Speeches of the Day 64, no. 20 (1 August 1998).
2. Ibid.
Introduction
1. Abu Shiraz, “May 1998 Interview with Bin Laden Reported,” Pakistan, 20 February 1999. (Interview was conducted in May 1998 but was not then published.)
2. Ronald Steel, “Blowback. Terrorism and the U.S. Role in the Middle East,” New Republic, 28 July 1996.
3. Robert Fisk, “As My Grocer Said: Thank You Mr. Clinton for the Fine Words …,” Independent, 22 August 1998, 3.
4. Interview of Undersecretary of State Thomas Pickering, Frontline, April 1999.
5. Hamid Mir, “Interview of Osama Bin Laden,” Pakistan, 18 March 1997.
6. Muhammed Salah, “Bin Laden Front Falls Back and Egyptian Groups Undertake the Mission,” Al-Wasat Magazine, 11–17 January 1999, 14–15.
7. “Laden Declares Jihad against U.S. Forces,” News, 28 May 1998.
8. “Egypt’s Jihad Asked by Bin Laden to Turn Guns on U.S.,” Agence France-Presse (hereafter AFP), 24 February 1999.
9. Kamal Azfar, “Bin Laden Warns of ‘Full Fledged’ Action against U.S.,” Ausaf, 9 January 1999, 1, 4.
10. John Miller, “Greetings America: My Name Is Osama Bin Laden. Now That I Have Your Attention … A Conversation with the Most Dangerous Man in the World,” Esquire (Internet version) (February 1999).
11. Abd-al-Bari Atwan, “Bush War and What Will Follow,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 8 October 2001.
12. “First War of the Century: Statement by Al Qaeda Leader Osama Bin Laden,” Al-Jizarah Satellite Channel Television, 27 December 2001.
Chapter 1
1. James Turner Johnson, The Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions (University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1997), 19.
2. Ibid., 15, 32, and 133.
3. Thomas Luxon, “John Bunyan in Context (Review),” Journal of Religion 78, no. 1 (January 1998): 121.
4. Ken Chowder, “The Father of American Terrorism,” American Heritage 51, no. 1 (February 2000): 81.
5. David W. Blight, “John Brown’s Triumphant Failure,” The American Prospect 11, no. 9 (13 March 2000): 44.
6. Emory M. Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 1861–1865 (New York: Harper and Row, 1979), 3.
7. G. A. Fine, “John Brown’s Body: Elites, Heroic Embodiment, and the Legitimization of Political Violence,” Social Problems 46, no. 22 (1999).
8. “Osama Says Taliban Rejected US Billions for Arrest,” Ausaf, 28 December 1998, 1, 7.
9. Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 495, 500.
10. James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 210; David W. Blight, “John Brown’s Triumphant Failure,” The American Prospect 11, no. 9 (13 March 2000): 40.
11. The edition of Bunyan’s classic work used in this study is John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress (Uhrichsville, OH: Barbour Publishing Co., 1988), 303.
12. Ibid., 82, 128.
13. Ibid., 36, 37.
14. Ibid., 284.
15. Fine, “John Brown’s Body.”
16. Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress, 301.
17. John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat. Myth or Reality? 3d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 279; “Double Standard of the United States,” Nawa-i-Waqt (Editorial), 13 August 1999, 6.
18. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 203.
19. Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence.
20. William J. Bennet, ed., Our Sacred Honor: Words of Advice from the Founders in Stories, Letters, Poems, and Speeches (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 34–35.
21. Esposito, The Islamic Threat, 278.
22. Fine, “John Brown’s Body.”
23. Ikram Sehgel, “Osama Bin Laden Syndrome: Freedom Fighter or Terrorist,” The Nation (Lahore edition; Internet version), 29 August 1998.
24. Issam Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts Arab al-Ansar Lions’ Lair (Masadah) Battles in Afghanistan (Cairo: no publisher, 1991).
25. Qari Naved Masood Hashmi, “Osama Bin Laden—A Man as Strong as a Rock,” Pakistan, 10 June 1998, 10.
26. “Declaration of Jihad against the United States,” Al-Islah, 2 September 1996, 1.
27. “Bin Laden’s Statement: Circumstances and Implications,” Al-Islah, 2 September 1996, 1, 2.
28. Bennet, Our Sacred Honor, 34–35.
29. Fine, “John Brown’s Body.”
30. “Declaration of Jihad,” Al-Islah; Magnus Ranstorp, “Interpreting the Broader Context and Meaning of Bin Laden’s Fatwa,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 21, no. 4 (1998): 325.
31. Esposito, The Islamic Threat, 280.
32. Paul Glad et al., eds., The Process of American History. Volume 1: Early America (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969), 211; Nelson F. Adkins, ed., Paine. Common Sense and Other Political Writings (Indianapolis, IN.: Bobbs-Merrill, 1953), 55–56.
Chapter 2
1. Miller, “Greetings America: My Name Is Osama Bin Laden. Now That I Have Your Attention”; Robin Fox, “Fatal Attraction: War and Human Nature,” National Interest 51 (Winter 1992/93): 11–20.
2. Fox, “Fatal Attraction”; Mark Helprin, “Defense of the Realm,” Wall Street Journal (Op-Ed, Internet version), 1 August 2000.
3. “Washington: Progress in Investigation into Destroyer Blast in Aden,” Al-Hayah, 19 October 2000, 1.
4. Ibid.
5. “The Century’s First War: Speech by Osama Bin Laden,” Al-Jazirah Satellite Channel Television, 3 November 2001.
6. Williamson Murray, “Clausewitz Out, Computer In: Military Culture and Technological Hubris.” National Interest 48 (Summer 1997).
7. Anatol Lieven, “Nasty Little Wars,” The National Interest 62 (Winter 2000/01): 66.
8. Bruce B. Auster, “An Inside Look at Terror Inc.,” U.S. News & World Report, 19 October 1998.
9. Michael Collins Dunn, “Osama Bin Laden: The Nature of the Challenge,” Middle East Policy 6, no. 2 (October 1998): 24, 28.
10. “The Terrorist and the State,” Frontline Online, April 1999, interview with Larry C. Johnson.
11. Amy E. Wisgerhop, “International Non-state Terrorism and the Translate Paradigm,” Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement 8, no. 2 (Summer 1999): 60–61.
12. Marie Colvin, “The New Face of World Terrorism,” London Sunday Times (Internet version), 30 August 1998.
13. David Gardner, “U.S. Bombing: Moslem Allies Fear Backlash from ‘Afghan Arabs,’” FT.com, 21 August 1998.
14. “Report on the Threat to Arab Countries by Terrorist Bin Laden,” Sawt al-Mar’ah, 31 March 1998.
15. “Declaration of Jihad against the Americans,” Al-Islah.
16. “Text of the World Front’s Statement Urging Jihad against Jews and Crusaders,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 23 February 1998, 3.
17. “Caveman Terrorist Spooks the West,” Observer, 3 January 1998.
18. “Letter from Kandahar,” Associated Press, 16 March 1998; “World Front for Fighting the Jews and the Crusaders, Statement No. 4,”; “World Front for Fighting the Jews and the Crusaders, Statement No. 4,” Al-Hayah.
19. Egyptian Islamic Jihad, “A Bulletin Issued by the Media Office of the Jihad Group-Egypt, No. 43,” 10 December 1998.
20. “Today’s New Cult Hero,” Economist (Editorial), 29 August–4
September 1998.
21. Azfar, “Bin Laden Warns of ‘Full Fledged’ Action against U.S.”
22. Ralph Peters, “We Don’t Have the Stomach for This Kind of Fight,” Washington Post (Op-Ed), 30 August 1998, C-1, C-8.
23. Mary Anne Weaver, “The Real Bin Laden,” New Yorker (24 January 2000): 32; Jim Hoagland, “Turncoat Terrorists,” Washington Post, 16 January 2000, B-7; Milt Bearden, “A Terrorist’s Long Shadow,” New York Times (Op-Ed), 22 December 1999, A-31; Brian M. Jenkins, “This Time Is Different,” San Diego Union Tribune, 16 September 2001.
24. Walter T. Vollman, “Letter from Afghanistan: Across the Divide,” New Yorker, 15 May 2000.
25. Radek Sikorski, Dust of the Saints. A Journey to Herat in Time of War (London: Chatto and Windus, 1989); Robert D. Kaplan, Soldiers of God: With the Mujahedin in Afghanistan (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990); Eric S. Margolis, War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet (New York: Routledge, 2000), 18.
26. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Touchstone, 1997).
27. Richard E. Rubenstein and Jarle Crocker, “Challenging Huntington,” Foreign Policy 94 (Fall 1994): 128.
28. Gertrude Himmelfarb, “A Dark and Bloody Crossroads,” The National Interest 32 (Summer 1993): 53.
29. David Welch, “The ‘Clash of Civilizations’ as an Argument and as a Phenomenon,” Security Studies 6, no. 4 (Summer 1997): 216; Fouad Ajami, “The Summoning, ‘But They Will Not Hearken,’” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 4 (September/October 1993): 7; Pierre Haussner, “Huntington’s Clash: 1. Morally Objectionable, Politically Dangerous,” The National Interest 46 (Winter 1996/97): 63.
30. Mark Huband, Warriors of the Prophet: The Struggle for Islam (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999), 138.
31. Mahmood Monshipouri, “The West’s Modern Encounter with Islam: From Discourse to Reality,” Journal of Church and State (Internet version) 40, no. 1 (Winter 1998).
32. Wang Gungwu, “Huntington’s Clash: II: A Machiavelli for Our Times,” The National Interest 46 (Winter 1996/97): 71.
33. “Sermon of Shaykh Yusuf al-Qaradawi,” Qatar Television, 11 January 2002.
34. John Kelsay, Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics (Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1993), 103.
35. “Transcript of Bin Laden’s October [2001] Interview,” CNN.com, accessed 5 February 2002.
Chapter 3
1. Scott Macleod, “The Paladin of the Jihad,” Time, 6 May 1996, 51–52.
2. Michael Grunwald, “Africa Blast Suspects to Stand Trial in the U.S.,” Washington Post, 28 August 1998, A-1, A-20.
3. Lee Michael Katz, “Financial Records Lifting Veil on Bin Laden Network,” USA Today, 1 October 1998.
4. Faiza Saleh Amba, “Saudi Militant’s Wish: To Die Fighting America,” Associated Press, 30 August 1998.
5. Paul R. Pillar, Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2002), 93.
6. “U.S. Aid for Ahmed Shah Masood against Osama,” Jang (Editorial), 29 December 1998, 10.
7. “Unattributed Biography of Osama bin Laden,” Frontline Online, April 1999.
8. Brig. (ret’d) M. Abdul Hafiz, “Growing Legend of Osama Bin Laden,” Frontier Post, 25 August 1999, 6.
9. “Bin Laden’s Statement: Circumstances and Implications,” Al-Islah, 2 September 1996.
10. Fisk, “As My Grocer Said,” 3.
11. Bernard Lewis, “License to Kill: Osama Bin Laden’s Declaration of Jihad,” Foreign Affairs 77, no. 6 (November/December 1998): 18–19.
12. Dunn, “Osama Bin Laden: The Nature of the Challenge,” 28.
13. “Expel the Mushkireen from the Arabian Peninsula,” Abdullah Azzam Home Page, 7 August 1997; Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 27 November 1996; U.S. State Department, “Fact Sheet on Osama Bin Laden,” 14 August 1996; “Report on Bin Laden’s Activities, Wealth,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 4 September 1998, 23–28.
14. Auster, “An Inside Look at Terror Inc.”; “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih,” Frontline Online, April 1999; “Collapse of BCCI Shorts Bin Laden,” UPI, 1 March 2001.
15. Alan Feuer, “Jihad, Inc.: The Bin Laden Network of Companies Exporting Terror,” New York Times, 13 February 2001, C-17.
16. Fayzah al-Sab, “Yemeni Ties with U.S., Bin Laden,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 12 June 1998, 5.
17. “Security Report, Bin Laden Has Weapons Worth $51 Million,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 30 July 1999, 2.
18. “Interview with Roland Jaquard, Monitor of International Terrorism,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 11 April 1997; “Bin Laden Allowed to Conduct Business in Afghanistan,” Frontier Post, 28 December 1998, 1.
19. “Bin Laden Took Advantage of the Situation of the Egyptian Jihad and Islamic Group Organizations to Impose His Control on Them and Form a World Front for ‘Liberating the Holy Places,’” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 20 April 1999, 3.
20. “Interview with Roland Jacquard.”
21. “Report on Bin Laden’s Activities, Wealth,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi; Muhammad al-Shafai, “Curry Restaurants, Car Dealerships, and Mobile Phone Shops Are the New Fronts for Fundamentalists That They Depend on for Their Activities in Britain,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 22 January 2000, 3; Nadiah Mahdid, “Britain Closes Down a Fundamentalist’s ‘Front Company’ and the Muhajiroun Organization Rushes to Open Another One,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 28 January 2000, 3; “Bin Laden Took Advantage,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat.
22. “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online.
23. “Secrets of the Worldwide Campaign Chasing Osama Bin Laden: From Afghanistan to Sudan to Somalia: The Terrorist Who Baffled the World Intelligence Services,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 16 February 1996; Sa’id al-Qubaysi, “Kuwait, UAE Banks Said Tied to Bin Laden,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 31 December 1999, 22, 24; Barry Schweid, “Senior Officials Quietly Join Probe of Terrorism Support,” Associated Press, 8 July 1998; “Press Report Links Bin Laden to Tirana Banks, Companies,” ATA, 6 September 1998.
24. James Risen and Benjamin Weiser, “U.S. Officials Say Aid for Terrorists Came through Two Persian Gulf Countries,” New York Times, 8 July 1999, A-8.
25. John Kentner, “Bombings in East Africa: The Suspect,” New York Times, 14 August 1998.
26. “‘The United States Should Search Itself’: Exclusive Interview with Osama Bin Laden,” Ummat, 28 September 2001, 1, 7.
27. “Report on Bin Laden’s Activities, Wealth,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi.
28. John Mintz, “Bin Laden’s Finances Are a Moving Target: Penetrating Empire Could Take Years,” Washington Post, 28 August 1998.
29. “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih,” Frontline Online.
30. Vladimir Yemelyarenko, “Ahmed Shah Mas’ud: Afghan War Will End in Pakistan,” Izvestiya, 2 December 2000.
31. Khalid Duran, “Cairo: A Torrent of Frightening Disclosures—Holy Terror as the Vanguard of Globalization,” World and I 15, no. 11 (November 2000): 300.
32. “Interview with Sa’id Aburish,” Frontline Online, April 1999.
33. Austere, “An Inside Look at Terror Inc.”; Tim Weiner, “Missile Strikes against Bin Laden Won Him Esteem in Muslim Lands, U.S. Officials Say,” New York Times, 8 February 1999, A-13.
34. Jack Kelley, “Saudi Money Aiding Terrorist Bin Laden,” USA Today, 29 October 1999, 1; “Saudi Executives Give Funds to Bin Laden,” Reuters, 29 October 1999.
35. “Heroin Funds Bin Laden’s War against the West,” Washington Times, 30 November 1998, A-13.
36. Salah Nasrawi, “Osama Bin Laden Reportedly Receiving Millions in Donations,” Associated Press, 6 July 1999.
37. Weiner, “Missile Strikes against Bin Laden Won Him Esteem.”
38. Ranstorp, “Interpreting the Broader Context and Meaning of Bin Laden’s Fatwa,” 325–26.
39. Renaud Girard, “On Osama Bin Laden’s Trail,” Le Figaro, 30 September 1998, 6.
40. Muhammad al-Shafai, “Muhajiroun Movement Leader Confirms Legal Loopholes Were Exploited to Send F
undamentalists for Military Training in the United States. Omar Bakri: Islamic Movement’s Sons Learned Guerrilla Warfare and How to Make Explosives in the Missouri, Michigan, and Virginia Camps,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 30 May 2000, 3; “Scotland Yard Questions Arab Fundamentalist Advocating Assassination of British Prime Minister,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 14 December 2000; Dalip Singh and James Clark, “Britons Take War Holidays in Kashmir,” Sunday Times (Internet version), 21 January 2001.
41. “Report on Bin Laden’s Activities, Wealth,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi.
42. “Mindanao Cops Have Photos of Saudi Tycoon,” Philippine Daily Inquirer (Internet version), 25 August 1998; Rose Miranda, “Philippine Military Monitoring NGOs Used by Bin Laden to Send Support to MILF,” Abante (Internet version), 23 June 2000; “Philippine Military Intelligence Chief Says Bin Laden Gave $3 Million to the MILF,” GMA-7 Television, 19 June 2000; Paolo Romero, “Further on Bin Laden Aid to MILF; Mindanao Rehabilitation Fund Explained,” Philippine Star (Internet version), 20 June 2000.
43. “Heroin Funds Bin Laden’s War against the West,” Washington Times; Jason Burke, “Bin Laden’s Opium War,” Observer (Internet version), 29 November 1998.
44. Soumya Gosh, “Laden to Talibanize Kashmir with Heroin Money,” Pioneer, 21 October 1999, 5; Muhammed Salah et al., “Moscow: Bin Laden Has ‘Links’ with Chechen Narcotics Dealers,” Al-Hayah (Internet version), 18 September 1999, 1, 6; Muhammad Khalaf, “Shamil Basayev: A Terrorist or a National Hero?” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 5 January 2000, 10; Salah Najm and Isam al-Ayyash, “Report Views Bin Laden Operations, Counterterrorism Efforts,” Al-Hawadith, 26 January 2001.
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