Through Our Enemies' Eyes
Page 49
10. Ranstorp, “Interpreting the Broader Context and Meaning of Bin Laden’s Fatwa,” 325; “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; Macleod, “Paladin of the Jihad”; Mouna Naim, “Osama Bin Laden, the Banker of the Jihad,” Le Monde, 11 April 1997.
11. “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online.
12. Ibid.; Macleod, “Paladin of the Jihad”; Najm, “The Destruction of the Base”; Abu Shiraz, “May 1998 Interview with Bin Laden Reported,” Pakistan, 20 February 1999.
13. “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online.
14. Ibid.; Dunn and Bradstreet, 1999.
15. Ibid.; Mir, “Interview with Osama Bin Laden,” 1, 7.
16. “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; Naim, “Osama Bin Laden, the Banker of the Jihad”; Said K. Aburish, The Rise, Corruption and Coming Fall of the House of Saud (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 200.
17. Jamal Kashoggi, “Interview with Prince Turki al-Faisal,” Arab News (Internet version), 4–9 November 2001.
18. Burns, “Remote Yemen May Be Key to Terrorist’s Past and Future,” A-1.
19. Christopher Dickey et al., “Making a Symbol of Terror,” Newsweek, 1 March 1998, 40–43; “Closer Look. Portraits of Osama Bin Laden,” Time Daily; Weaver, “The Real Bin Laden”; Ouazani, “The Bin Laden Mystery,” 54–57.
20. Michael Slackman, “Bin Laden’s Family Ties Bind and Bedevil a Syrian Clan,” Los Angeles Times, 13 November 2001; “Statement by Mother of Osama Bin Laden,” Arab News (Internet version), 9 December 2001; Dr. Khalid Muhammad Batarfi, “Denying She Is Angry with Him, Saying She Prays to Guide Him on the Right Path, Mother of Osama Bin Laden Says: I Do Not Agree with My Son,” Al-Madinah, 8 December 2001, 1.
21. Ouazani, “The Bin Laden Mystery”; Cooley, Unholy Wars, 117; “Biography of Osama Bin Laden,” Islamic Observation Center (Internet version), 22 April 2000.
22. Mir, “Interview with Osama Bin Laden.”
23. Dickey, “Making a Symbol of Terror.”
24. Najm, “The Destruction of the Base.”
25. Kiyohito Kokita and Yuji Moronaga, “Terrorist Asks Writer to Compile a Biography—Testimony of Pakistanis Who Have Met Bin Laden,” AERA, 8 October 2001, 16–18.
26. Bassam al-Umash, “The Mentality of Osama Bin Laden,” Al Ra’y, 16 August 1999, 30; Mir, “Interview with Osama Bin Laden”; Timothy R. Furnish, “Bin Laden: The Man Who Would Be Mahdi,” Middle East Quarterly 9, no. 2 (Spring 2002): 56.
27. Mir, “Interview with Osama Bin Laden”; “Interview (Written) of Osama Bin Laden,” Ghazi Magazine.
28. “A Strange Sudanese,” Le Point, 12 March 1994.
29. Rahimullah Yusufzai, “In the Way of Allah,” Pakistan (Internet version), 15 June 1998.
30. “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih,” Frontline Online.
31. “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; “Bin Laden Full of Praise for Attack on USS Cole at Son’s Wedding,” AFP, 1 March 2001. “Today’s Harvest,” Al-Jizarah Satellite Channel Television, 28 February 2001.
32. “Interview (Written) of Osama Bin Laden,” Ghazi Magazine.
33. NEWSWEEK.com, 4 January 1999; “Interview (Written) of Osama Bin Laden,” Ghazi Magazine.
34. Atwan, “Interview with Saudi Oppositionist Osama Bin Laden.”
35. “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih,” Frontline Online; Rahimullah Yusufzai, “From the Horse’s Mouth,” News (Internet version), 27 August 1998; Edward Giradet, “A Brush with Laden on the Jihad Front Line,” Christian Science Monitor, 31 August 1998, 19; Ian Henderson, “Interview with Peter Bergen,” Yemen Observer (Internet version), 9 December 2000.
36. Jason Burke, “The Making of the World’s Most Wanted Man,” The Observer (Internet version), 28 October 2001.
37. Mir, “Interview with Osama Bin Laden”; Dickey, “Making a Symbol of Terror”; Najm, “The Destruction of the Base”; “Closer Look: Portraits of Osama Bin Laden,” Time Daily; “Khartoum: Secrets of the Rift between al-Turabi and Bin Laden,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 29 December 1995, 30–32; Amir Tahiri, “Interview with Unidentified Algerian Senior Counterterrorism Officer,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 4 November 1997, 16.
38. Weaver, Portrait of Egypt, 261; Huband, Warriors of the Prophet, 2.
39. Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab People (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), xix, 228; John L. Esposito, ed., The Oxford History of Islam (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 300, 675; Malik H. Iftikhar, “Islamic Discourse on Jihad, War and Violence,” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 21, no. 4 (Summer 1998): 66.
40. Adnan Musallam, “Sayyid Qutb’s View of Islam, Society and Militancy,” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 22, no. 1 (Fall 1998): 64–87.
41. “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih,” Frontline Online; Emerson, “Abdullah Azzam, The Man before Osama Bin Laden,” 27; Asaad, Osama Bin Laden: The Whole Story, 75.
42. “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih, Frontline Online; Dickey, “Making a Symbol of Terror”; Najm, “The Destruction of the Base.”
43. “The World Number One Wanted Bin Laden: The Ally Who Became Enemy,” Al-Majallah, 5 September 1998; “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; Frank Smyth, “Culture Shock: Bin Laden, Khartoum, and the War against the West,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 10, no. 10 (October 1998): 22–25.
44. Macleod, “Paladin of the Jihad.”
45. “Closer Look: Portraits of Osama Bin Laden,” Time Daily.
46. “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; Ouazani, “The Bin Laden Mystery”; “Biography of Osama Bin Laden,” Islamic Observation Center.
47. “The World Number One Wanted Bin Laden,” Al-Majallah.
48. “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online.
49. Ibid.; Ouazani, “The Bin Laden Mystery”; “Biography of Osama Bin Laden,” Islamic Observation Center.
50. “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; Dickey, “Making a Symbol of Terror.”
51. Najm, “The Destruction of the Base”; James, “Middle East: Arab Veterans of the Afghan War”; “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online.
52. Amba, “Saudi Militant’s Wish: To Die Fighting America.”
53. Ibid.; “The Opposition,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 8, no. 12 (December 1996).
54. Najm, “The Destruction of the Base”; James, “Middle East: Arab Veterans of the Afghan War”; “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; Kamil Yusuf Husayn, “Osama Bin Laden: Legend of the Century,” Al-Bayan (serialized book), 24–30 November and 1–3 and 5–14 December 1999; “The Most Wanted Terrorist in the World,” Paris Match, 3 May 2001, 26–28.
55. Jamal Kashoffi, “Interview with Prince Turki al-Faisal,” Arab News (Internet version), 4–9 November 2000.
Chapter 7
1. Mary Anne Weaver, “Blowback,” Atlantic Monthly (May 1996): 24–28, 36.
2. “Declaration of Jihad against the Americans,” Al-Islah.
3. Ranstorp, “Interpreting the Broader Context and Meaning of Bin Laden’s Fatwa.”
4. Miller, “Greetings America: My Name Is Osama Bin Laden.”
5. Al-Karim and al-Nur, “Interview with Saudi Businessman Osama Bin Laden.”
6. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts; Weaver, “The Real Bin Laden.”
7. Macleod, “Paladin of the Jihad.”
8. Najm, “The Destruction of the Base.”
9. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts; Robert Fisk, “Anti-Soviet Warrior Puts His Army on the Road to Peace,” Financial Times, 6 December 1993, 10.
10. “Get Personal,” New Republic, 14 and 21 September 1998, 11–12.
11. “Interview with Milt Bearden,” Frontline Online, April 1999.
12. Robin Wright, “Saudi Dissident a Prime Suspect in Blast,” Los Angeles Times, 14 August 1998; Weaver, “The Real Bin Laden”; Lisa Anderson and Step
hen J. Hedges, “Terror Web Pulled into Daylight,” Chicago Tribune, 11 February 2001, 1.
13. “Interview with Larry C. Johnson,” Frontline Online, April 1999.
14. “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; “Interview with Larry C. Johnson,” Frontline Online; “Osama Bin Laden Sends Message to anti-U.S. Conference,” Al-Akhbar, 12 September 1998.
15. Fisk, “Anti-Soviet Warrior Puts His Army on the Road to Peace,”
16. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000); Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
17. “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; Ouazani, “The Bin Laden Mystery.”
18. For bin Laden’s early ties to these leaders, see Weaver, “Blowback”; “Unattributed Biography of Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; “Has the Countdown Begun in the Adventure of Osama Bin Laden?” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 15 May 1997; Colum Lynch, “Taliban Hoping for a Way to Bid Adieu to Bin Laden,” Boston Globe, 21 October 1998; “The World Number One Wanted Bin Laden: The Ally Who Became Enemy,” Al-Majallah.
19. Weaver, “Blowback.”
20. Khamran Khan, “Osama’s Narrow Escape, Camp Hits Reported,” News, 22 August 1998, 1, 8. For a sampling of articles discussing bin Laden’s ties to a wide variety of Islamic militant groups, see “Secrets of the Worldwide Campaign Chasing Osama Bin Laden,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi; Anthony Hyman, “Arab Involvement in the Afghan War,” Beirut Review (Spring 1994): 73–89; Tim Weiner, “Blowback from the Afghan Battlefield,” New York Times Magazine, 13 March 1994; Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts; Anthony Davis, “Foreign Combatants in Afghanistan,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 5, no. 7 (July 1993): 327–31.
21. Isam al-Ayyash and Salah Najm, “Behind the Scenes of the American Strike against Bin Laden’s Secret Cells; Balkan and Afghan Rings Plot against U.S. Interests,” Al-Hawadith, 13 November 1998, 34–38.
22. Fisk, “Anti-Soviet Warrior Puts His Army on the Road to Peace”; “A Strange Sudanese,” Le Point; Sa’id al-Qaysi, “U.S.-Yemen-Bin Laden Relations,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 15 January 1999, 24–26.
23. Hamdi Rizq et al., “Osama Bin Laden, a Millionaire Financially Supporting Terrorism in Egypt and Saudi Arabia,” Rose al-Yusuf, 17 May 1993, 6– 10; Asaad, Osama Bin Laden. The Whole Story, 20.
24. Khan, “Osama’s Narrow Escape, Camp Hits Reported”; “Interview with Sa’d al Faqih,” Frontline Online; “The World Number One Wanted Bin Laden: The Ally Who Became Enemy,” Al-Majallah.
25. Hamdi Rizq, “Jihad Unilaterally Won Over Bin Laden, While the Group Was Content with Financial Support,” Al-Wasat Magazine, 31 August–6 September 1998, 26–27; “CIA Report on Bin Laden’s Filipino Links,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat (Internet version), 22 May 1999.
26. Muhammed Salah, “A Record of Jihad Years from Ayn Shams to Tirana,” Al-Wasat Magazine, 1–7 March 1999, 30, 31; Muhammed Salah, “Secret of the Relationship between al-Zawahiri and Bin Laden: The Jihad Leader Turned Bin Laden into a Mujahid,” Al-Wasat Magazine, 8–14 March 1999, 30, 31.
27. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts; Miller, “Exclusive Interview with Osama Bin Laden”; “Kingdom Sends SR170m Supplies to Kosovars,” Arab News, 26 June 1999; Ismail Khan, “Government Orders Arabs Expelled in Crackdown,” News, 10 April 1993, 1; Rizq et al., “Osama Bin Laden, a Millionaire Financially Supporting Terrorism in Egypt and Saudi Arabia”; Najm, “The Destruction of the Base”; “Peshawar, Which Exports Terrorism to the World,” Al-Musawwar no. 3754 (9 April 1993); James M. Dorsey et al., “Evidence Gap Slows Bid to Freeze Funds,” Wall Street Journal, 30 November 2001, A12.
28. “Islamist Leader Bin Laden Urges Muslims to Kill Britons,” AFP, 25 December 1998; Raymond Bonner, “Seeking Bombs? No, Wife, Arab Suspect Tells FBI,” New York Times, 5 December 1998, A-4.
29. Benjamin Weiser, “U.S. Says It Can Tie Bin Laden to Embassy Bombings,” New York Times, 8 October 1998, A-3; Jamal Mahmud Ismail, “Abu Hafs al-Masri: I Had Nothing to Do with What Happened to the Americans in Kenya,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 6 January 1999, 4; Karl Vick, “Assault on a U.S. Embassy: A Plot Both Wide and Deep,” Washington Post, 23 November 1998, A-1.
30. Al-Ayyash and Najm, “Behind the Scenes of the American Strike against Bin Laden’s Secret Cells; Balkan and Afghan Rings Plot against U.S. Interests”; Salah, “Secret of the Relationship between al-Zawahiri and Bin Laden”; Muhammed Salahiz, “Leader of ‘Afghan Arabs’ Killed in African State,” Al-Hayah, 11 June 1996, 11; Muhammed Salah, “Ali al-Rashidi: The Egyptian Policeman Who Paved the Way for ‘Afghan Arabs’ in Africa and Prepared Them to Take Revenge against the Americans,” Al-Hayah, 30 September 1998, 1, 6; Khalid Duran, “Holy World War,” Gazeta Wyborcza, 11–12 September 1999; Duran, “Cairo: A Torrent of Frightening Disclosures.”
31. Muhammed Salah, “Egypt Supplies United States with Information about ‘Abu Hafs,’” Al-Hayah, 6 December 1998, 5; Rahimullah Yusufzai, “Their Last Sanctuary,” News, 26 January 1999; Salah, “Secret of the Relationship between al-Zawahiri and Bin Laden.”
32. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts; “Secrets of Worldwide Campaign Chasing Osama Bin Laden,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi; “Press Report on Presence of Osama Bin Laden and ‘Afghan Arabs’ in Yemen,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 27 December 1996; Asaad, Osama Bin Laden: The Whole Story, 20; John F. Burns, “Yemen Links to Bin Laden Gnaw at FBI on Cole Inquiry,” New York Times, 26 November 2000, A-1.
33. Ismail Khan, “Alleged Egyptian Terrorist Comments on Plot against Mubarak,” News, 9 May 1996.
34. Various interviews with Frontline Online, April 1999; Miller, “Greetings America: My Name Is Osama Bin Laden”; Arnett, “Osama Bin Laden: The Interview.”
35. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts; Fisk, “Muslim Leader Warns of New Assault on U.S. Forces.”
36. Ibid.; Anthony Davis, “Targeting Bin Laden: The War on Terror Threatens Pakistan,” Asiaweek, 4 September 1998; for summaries of the battle at Zhawar Khili, see Mohammed Yousef and Mark Adkins, Bear Trap: Afghanistan’s Untold Story (Lahore, Pakistan: Jang Publishers Press, 1992), 166–73, and Mark Urban, War in Afghanistan, 2d ed. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 191–95.
37. “The World Number One Wanted Bin Laden: The Ally Who Became Enemy,” Al-Majallah.
38. SAUDI-BINLADIN-GROUP.com
39. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts; “Philippine Military Says MILF Force Decimated,” Abante (Internet version), 11 May 2000.
40. Macleod, “The Paladin of the Jihad.” For accounts of the final battle for Khowst, see Bruce Richardson, “Khost Busters: Mujahedin Forces (Finally) Kick Puppets from Provincial Capital,” Soldier of Fortune (November 1991): 60– 65, 73; Ahmed Rashid, “The Khost Story,” Herald, April 1991, 41–43; Salamat Ali, “Bargaining Chip,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 18 April 1991, 21; Kesava Menon, “Fall of Khost,” Frontline, 27 April 1991, 85–87.
41. “America’s No. 1 Target: Osama Bin Laden,” Guardian (Internet version), 26 August 1998.
42. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
43. Macleod, “The Paladin of the Jihad”; Kenneth R. Timmerman, “This Man Wants You Dead,” Reader’s Digest (July 1998): 50–57.
44. Miller, “Greetings America: My Name Is Osama Bin Laden.”
45. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts; Fisk, “Anti-Soviet Warrior Puts His Army on the Road to Peace”; Rizq et al., “Osama Bin Laden, a Millionaire Financially Supporting Terrorism in Egypt and Saudi Arabia”; Jamal Khashuqji, “Al Qaeda Organization: Huge Aims without Programs or Cells,” Al-Hayah, 12 October 1998, 6.
46. Khashuqji, “Al Qaeda Organization”; Al-Karim and al-Nur, “Interview with Saudi Businessman Osama Bin Laden.”
47. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
48. “Secrets of the Worldwide Campaign Chasing Osama Bin Laden,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi; “Confessions from the Last Leader of the Jihad Organization,” Rose al-Yusuf, 24 February 1997; Najm, “The Destruction of the Base”; Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
&nb
sp; 49. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.; Hyman, “Arab Involvement in the Afghan War.”
52. Pamela Constable and Khan Khamran, “U.S. Strike Is Blow to Pakistan’s Rulers; Islamic Ire Upsets Shaky Balance,” Washington Post, 21 August 1998, A-15.
53. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Macleod, “The Paladin of the Jihad.”
57. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
58. Khashuqji, “Al Qaeda Organization”; Emerson, “Abdallah Azzam: The Man before Osama Bin Laden”; Al-Ayyash and Salah, “Behind the Scenes of the American Strike against Bin Laden’s Secret Cells”; Stephen Engelbert et al., “One Man and a Global Web of Violence,” New York Times, 14 January 2001, A-1.
59. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
60. Najm, “The Destruction of the Base.”
61. Ibid.
62. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
63. Ibid.
64. Abu Ubaydah’s support for building an “Islamic Army” capable of fighting across the world is noted in al-Ayyash and Najm, “Behind the Scenes of the American Strike against Bin Laden’s Secret Cells.”
65. Khashuqji, “Al Qaeda Organization.”
66. “Interview with Milt Bearden.”
67. “Interview with Abdul Sattar.”
68. Graham Fuller, “The Threat of Jihad,” CNN/TIME IMPACT (Internet version), 7 April 1997.
69. Yousef and Adkins, Bear Trap.
70. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
71. Ahmad Muwaffaq Zaydan, “Bin Laden Fortifies His Position at Jalalabad and Will Respond with SAM and Stinger Missiles,” Al-Wasat Magazine, 21 February 1999, 16, 17.
72. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
73. Dickey, “Making a Symbol of Terror.”
74. Darraz, Osama Bin Laden Recounts.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. Miller, “Greetings America: My Name Is Osama Bin Laden.”
78. Tariq Masud, “The Arabs and Islam: The Troubled Search for Legitimacy,” Daedalus 128, no. 2 (Spring 1999); “Avoiding Madeleine’s Mine,” News (Internet version), 2 February 2001; Huband, Warriors of the Prophet; Arnett, “Osama Bin Laden: The Interview.”