31. Georgi Milkov, “How the Top Terrorist Is Extending His Tentacles into Bulgaria,” Chasa, 21 March 1999, 7; John Pomfret, “Bosnian Officials Involved in Arms Trade Tied to Radical States,” Washington Post, 22 September 1996, A-26.
32. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1994,” 15; U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1995,” 17–18; Engelbert et al., “One Man and a Global Web of Violence.”
33. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1994,” 31.
34. “A Strange Sudanese,” Le Point; “Secrets of the Worldwide Campaign Chasing Osama Bin Laden,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, MENA, 31 December 1992.
35. Pomfret, “Bosnian Officials Involved in Arms Trade Tied to Radical States”; Salahiz, “Leader of ‘Afghan Arabs’ Killed in African State”; Bennet, “U.S. Cruise Missiles Strike Sudan and Afghan Targets Tied to Terrorist Network.”
36. Bennet, “U.S. Cruise Missiles Strike Sudan and Afghan Targets Tied to Terrorist Network.”
37. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1993,” 28; Miller, “Exclusive Interview with Osama Bin Laden.”
38. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1993,” 6.
39. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1994,” 18.
40. “Fez Court Examines Man Charged with Marrakech Hotel Attack,” MAP Television, 24 September 1994; “Investigation Launched into Killing of Tourists,” RTM Television Network, 24 August 1994; Serge Raffy, “Terrorism; Revelations on the Marrakech Slaughter; How the Islamists Recruit in France,” Le Nouvel Observateur (October 1994), 40–44; Jean-Loup Reverier et al., “Islamic Killers: Leads, Networks,” Le Point, 26 August 1995, 24–31.
41. “Philippine Forces on Alert after Killing of Muslim Extremist Leader,” AFP.
42. “Secrets of the Worldwide Campaign Chasing Osama Bin Laden,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi.
43. Bennet, “U.S. Cruise Missiles Strike Sudan and Afghan Targets Tied to Terrorist Network”; Risen, “Bin Laden Was Target of U.S. Raid Plans since Spring”; Ali Mu’in, “European Security Organs Get Ready to Dismantle Bin Laden’s Network,” Al-Zaman, 28 August 1998, 1.
44. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1994,” 4.
45. International Policy Institute for Counterterrorism (Internet), 26 July 1998; Khalid Sharaf-al-Din, “Surprises from the Trial of the Largest International Terrorist Group in Egypt,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 6 March 1999, 5; “‘Confessions’ of Mubarak Plot Suspects,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 21 June 1996.
46. Adrian Levy and Kathy Scott-Clark, “Bin Laden’s Mercenaries Gather for Kashmir’s Jihad,” Sunday Times (Internet version), 4 October 1998; Roger Howard, “Wrath of Islam: The HUA Analyzed,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 9, no. 10 (October 1997): 466–68.
47. “Secrets of the Worldwide Campaign Chasing Osama Bin Laden,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi; “French Sources: Bin Laden Financed All Operations in French Cities Last Year,” Al-Ahram, 4 January 1996; Andreu Mansera, “Algiers Accuses the Saudi Millionaire Bin Laden of Paying GIA Terrorists,” El Pais (Internet version), 8 October 1998; Macleod, “The Paladin of the Jihad”; Herve Brusini, “Police Believe GIA Orchestrator of Paris Attacks Identified,” France-2 Television Network, 26 December 1995.
48. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1994,” 9; Igor Alborghetti, “The Time Bomb in Rijeka,” Globus, 3 October 1995, 2–4; Muhammed Salah and Kamil al-Tawil, “Egyptian ‘Group’ Threatens to ‘Retaliate’ against Croatia,” Al-Hayah, 23 September 1996, 1, 6; Muhammed Salah, “Vanguards of Conquest Threaten Croatia with Revenge if It Extradites al-Qasimi,” Al-Hayah, 25 September 1995, 1, 6; Muhammed Salah, “Islamic Group: Al-Qasimi Still in Croatia; His Extradition to Egypt Would Not Pass without Retaliation,” Al-Hayah, 26 September 1999, 1, 6.
49. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1995,” 22, 38; Macleod, “The Paladin of Jihad”; Arnett, “Osama Bin Laden: The Interview.”
50. MENA, 28 December 1996; “Press Report on Presence of Osama Bin Laden and ‘Afghan Arabs’ in Yemen,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi.
51. Islamic Observation Center Web site, 10 September 1999; Gall and de Waal, Chechnya, Calamity in the Caucasus, 308.
52. Sharaf-al-Din, “Surprises from the Trial of the Largest International Terrorist Group in Egypt”; Mahmud al-Hadari, “Al-Jihad Foiled Attempt on Mubarak Motorcade Detailed,” Al-Ahali, 20 December 1995, 1, 4; Nabil Abu-Sayt, “Report on Egypt Islamic Jihad,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 6 February 2000, 6.
53. “Press Report on Presence of Osama Bin Laden and ‘Afghan Arabs’ in Yemen,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi; Smyth, “Culture Shock.”
54. Atwan, “Interview with Saudi Oppositionist Osama Bin Laden.”
55. Ibid.; Edward Shirley, “The Etiquette of Killing Mr. Bin Laden,” Wall Street Journal (Op-Ed), 27 August 1998; “Sudan: Two Suspects in February Attack on Mosque Confess on Television,” BBC Monitoring Service, 14 March 1994.
56. Macleod, “The Paladin of Jihad.”
57. “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih,” Frontline Online; Weaver, “Blowback”; Colum Lynch, “Plan to Kill Bin Laden Described in Court,” Washington Post, 21 February 2001, A-19; Benjamin Weiser, “Plot to Kill Bin Laden Disclosed,” New York Times, 21 February 2001.
58. “Unattributed Biography of Osama Bin Laden,” Frontline Online.
59. “Prisons: The Dwelling of Our Scholars,” Nida’ul Islam 21 (December 1997/January 1998).
60. Atwan, “Interview with Saudi Oppositionist Osama Bin Laden.”
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.; Yusufzai, “World’s Most Wanted Terrorist”; Robert Fisk, “Talks with Osama Bin Laden: How an Afghan ‘Freedom Fighter’ Became ‘America’s Public Enemy Number One,’” Nation 267, no. 8 (21 September 1998); “Bin Laden Begins the Struggle,” Al Sha’b (Internet version), 15 September 2001.
63. Arnett, “Osama Bin Laden: The Interview.”
64. “Bin Laden’s Shadowy Empire,” Indigo Publications Intelligence Newsletter, 28 November 1996; Naim, “Osama Bin Laden, the Banker of the Jihad.”
65. Sudan was placed on the U.S. government’s list of state sponsors of terrorism in August 1993. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1993,” 25; Naim, “Osama Bin Laden, the Banker of the Jihad.”
66. “An Interview with the Secretary of the Sudanese Information Ministry,” Nida’ul Islam (Internet version), 17 (February/March 1997).
67. Naim, “Osama Bin Laden, the Banker of the Jihad.”
68. “Report on the Threat to Arab Countries by Terrorist Bin Laden,” Sawt al-Mar’ah.
69. Shiraz, “May 1998 Interview with Bin Laden Reported.”
Chapter 11
1. Ismail Khan, “‘Muslim Extremist Financier’ Reportedly Arrives,” News, 11 July 1996, 12; “Has the Countdown Begun in the Adventure of Osama Bin Laden?” Al-Watan Al-Arabi; “Sanctions against Afghanistan: UN Must Refrain from Acting as a U.S. Appendage,” Al-Akhbar, 18 October 1999, 6; Jabir al-Harmi, “Interview with Gulbuddin Hekmatyar,” Al-Ittihad, 29 August 1999, 11; “Unattributed Biography of Osama Bin Laden,” Frontline Online.
2. Voice of Radio Shariah Network, 2 January 1999; “Afghan Opposition Leader Says Bin Laden Harms Islam,” Associated Press, 28 October 1998.
3. Rory McCarthy, “Taleban’s Superior Forces Threaten Foe’s Supply Route,” Washington Times, 16 December 2000, A-8; Raffaelo Ciriello, “I Will Give You Bin Laden, He Is Only a Terrorist,” Famiglia Christiana, 4 March 2001, 68–69.
4. Sebastian Junger, “The Lion in Winter,” National Geographic Adventure (March-April 2001): 90; James Warren, “Same Battle, New Foe,” Chicago Tribune, 2 March 2001; Reuel Marc Gerecht, “Taking Sides in Afghanistan,” New York Times (Op-Ed), 8 March 2001.
5. Esther Oxford and Khuja Buhawadin, The Sunday Times (Internet version), 25 March 2001; Steven Coates, “EU Invitation to Masood Will Infuriate Taliban, Pakistan: Analysts,” AFP, 2 April 2001; “Afghan Military Commander Masood Recei
ved at French National Assembly,” AFP, 4 April 2001; Marc Delpho, “We Will Keep Fighting,” Le Seoir, 5 April 2001; J.-P. P., “Masood, the Paris Appeal,” Liberation (Internet version), 5 April 2001; Amir Taheri, “A Lion in Paris,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 5 April 2001, 5; “Belgium Foreign Minister Says Masood Better Alternative for Afghanistan,” RTBF La Premiere Radio, 7 April 2001; Adrien Jaulmes, “Masood Gets Support from European Parliament,” Le Figaro, 6 April 2001, 3.
6. Tim McGirk, “The Taliban Allows a Top ‘Sponsor’ to Stay in Afghanistan,” Time, 16 December 1997; “Bin Laden Hiding at Taliban Military Base,” AFP, 17 February 1997; “Taliban Ask Bin Laden to Halt Anti-Saudi Activities,” Nation, 27 March 1997, 1, 11; Julian West, “Western Spies Find Bin Laden in Afghanistan,” Sunday Telegraph (Internet version), 21 March 1999.
7. “Has the Countdown Begun in the Adventure of Osama Bin Laden?” Al-Watan Al-Arabi; Sarhardi Zia, “Assassination Attempt on Osama Bin Laden Foiled in Afghanistan,” Muslimedia International (Internet version), 1 May 1997; Jihad Salah, “Story of Attempt to Assassinate Bin Laden in Jalalabad,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 18 April 1997; Dilip Hiro, “The ‘Afghan Arabs’—America Turns on Its Creation,” Middle East International 582 (4 September 1998): 17–19.
8. “Unattributed Biography of Osama Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; Sarhadi Zia, “Assassination Attempt on Osama Bin Laden Foiled in Afghanistan,” Muslimmedia International (Internet version), 1 May 1997; “Saudi Sought in Bombings Moves to Afghan Militia Capital,” Washington Post, 11 April 1997; Ahmad Muwaffaq Zaydan, “Bin Laden in Kandahar to Keep Him Away from Media, and ‘Out of Concern for His Safety,’” Al-Hayah, 8 April 1997, 1, 6.
9. “Unattributed Biography of Osama Bin Laden,” Frontline Online.
10. Salah, “Secret of the Relationship between al-Zawahiri and Bin Laden,” 30, 31.
11. “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih,” Frontline Online.
12. “Unattributed Biography of Osama Bin Laden,” Frontline Online; “Interview with Sa’d al-Faqih,” Frontline Online.
13. Rahimullah Yusufzai, “A Cult Hero Is Born,” News (Internet version), 1 September 1998.
14. “America’s No. 1 Target: Osama Bin Laden,” Guardian.
15. Hamid Mir, “Osama Bin Laden Dares U.S. Commandos to Come to Afghanistan,” Pakistan, 6 July 1997, 1, 7.
16. “Osama Says Taliban Rejected Billions for Arrest,” Ausaf, 1, 7.
17. “Bin Laden’s Poem,” Ausaf, 3 March 2001, 1, 7; “Taliban Chief Criticizes Outside Pressure on Afghan Issue,” AFP, 23 September 1998.
18. “Taliban Chief Criticizes Outside Pressure on Afghan Issue,” AFP.
19. Zaydan, “Bin Laden Fortifies His Position at Jalalabad and Will Respond with SAM and Stinger Missiles”; “Interview (Written) of Osama Bin Laden,” Ghazi Magazine.
20. Zaydan, “Bin Laden Fortifies His Position at Jalalabad and Will Respond with SAM and Stinger Missiles.”
21. Ibid.; “Interview (Written) of Osama Bin Laden,” Ghazi Magazine.
22. Ahmad Muwaffaq Zaydan and Turki al-Dahkil, “New U.S. Strike Expected because of Bin Laden,” Al-Hayah, 21 October 1998, 1; “Afghanistan Is a Free and Nonaligned Country,” Hewad (Editorial), 17 July 1999, 1. 2.
23. “Taliban Will Not Hand Over Bin Laden for the Following Reasons,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi (Editorial), 17 November 1999, 19; Steven Levine et al., “Helping Hand,” Newsweek, 13 October 1997, 22.
24. “Biography of Osama Bin Laden,” Islamic Observation Center; “Laden to Divert Iranian River to Afghanistan,” Nation, 22 July 1997, 1.
25. Mir, “Interview of Osama Bin Laden”; Miller, “Greetings America: My Name Is Osama Bin Laden.”
26. “Bin Laden Says Ties with Taliban ‘Ideological,’” Al-Jazirah, 13 February 1999.
27. “Osama Speaks on Hijrah and the Islamic State,” Al-Jihaad Newsletter (Supporters of Shahriah Web site), 4 (22 June 2000); “Unattributed Biography of Osama Bin Laden,” Frontline Online.
28. “Unattributed Biography of Osama Bin Laden,” Frontline Online.
29. Najm, “The Destruction of the Base.”
30. Ahmed Sadiq, “Interview with Taliban Official Spokesman Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 23 July 1999, 20–22; “Bin Laden Took Advantage of the Situation,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat; Ahmad Muwaffaq Zaydan, “350 of Bin Laden’s Men Fighting North of Kabul,” Al-Hayah, 14 July 1997, 1, 6.
31. Zaydan, “350 of Bin Laden’s Men Fighting North of Kabul.”
32. Lynch, “Taliban Hoping for a Way to Bid Adieu to Bin Laden.”
33. “Bin Laden Building New Bases in the Khandahar Area,” Sunday Telegraph (Internet version), 4 October 1998.
34. Ahmed Rashid, “Taliban Prepares for ‘Decisive’ Attack with Help of Militants,” Washington Times, 22 July 1999, A-13; “Back to the Taliban—Taliban Are Again Proving Afghanistan Pundits Wrong,” News (Editorial; Internet version), 26 September 2000.
35. Iftikhar Mishwani, “India and Israel Helping Northern Alliance, an Exclusive Interview with Afghanistan’s Information Minister, Mullah Amir Khan Motaqi,” Pakistan, 30 August 1999, 9, 11; Sajjad Tarakzai, “Taliban, Hizb-e Islami Hold Talks in Peshawar, Both Groups Agree for Reconciliation,” Jang, 8 May 2001, 1, 7.
36. Ahmad Muwaffaq Zaydan, “Bin Laden Mediates with Afghan Opposition to Stop Imminent Offensive against Taliban,” Al-Hayah, 13 March 1998, 8.
37. Aimal Khan, “Osama Said Mediating between Hekmatyar, Sayyaf,” Frontier Post, 29 December 1998, 1, 7.
38. Ahmad Muwaffaq Zaydan, “Field Commanders Threaten Taliban They Will Withdraw if Taliban Extradite Bin Laden,” Al-Hayah, 22 January 2001, 1, 6.
39. Jamal Mahmud Ismail, “Mullah Omar’s Advisers Tell Al-Sharaq Al-Awsat: Taliban Considers U.S. Reward for Bin Laden’s Arrest a Terrorist Action,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 23 July 1999, 5.
40. Mahmud Sadiq, “Interview with Taliban Official Spokesman Wakil Ahman Mutawakil,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 23 July 1999, 20–22.
41. Ibid.; “Taliban, JUI Threaten AmCits, Any Country Supporting Attacks,” Khabrain, 2 November 2000, 3, 11; Tahir Khalil, “Afghan Foreign Minister Promised ‘Crushing Reply’ if U.S. Attacks,” Jang, 27 October 2000, 7, 8.
42. “Bin Laden Congratulates Pakistan on Its Possession of Nuclear Weapon,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 1 June 1998, 2; Shiraz, “May 1998 Interview with Bin Laden Reported.”
43. Yusufzai, “World’s Most Wanted Terrorist”; “Osama Says Taliban Rejected US Billions for Arrest,” Ausaf.
44. Qari Naved Masood Hashimi, “Osama Bin Laden—A Man as Strong as a Rock,” Pakistan, 10 June 1998, 10.
45. Ahmad Aziz-ud-Din, “Jehadi Organizations and the Nation-State,” Nation (Lahore edition, Internet version), 10 February 2000; Zahid Hussain, “In the Shadow of Terrorism,” Newsline, 1–29 February 2000, 16–19, 21, 29; Margolis, War at the Top of the World, 39, 43.
46. Bin Laden’s letter is quoted in Ahmad Muwaffaq Zaydan, “Bin Laden’s Gifts Enable Him to Infiltrate Pakistani Media,” Al-Hayah, 12 November 1998, 6.
47. Raja Ashgar, “Bin Laden Sparks Pakistan Duel,” METIMES.com, 98– 136; “Bin Laden Gave Sharif One Billion Rupees,” Al-Akhbar, 19 July 1999, 7, 8; Shiraz, “May 1998 Interview with Bin Laden Reported,” 20; “Bin Laden Pens Letter in Support of Kashmir Jihad,” Wahdat, 8 June 1999, 1, 5.
48. “Hero of Modern Times,” Nation (Lahore edition, Internet version), 21 August 1998.
49. Ismail, “Abu Hafs al-Masri: I had Nothing to Do with What Happened to the Americans in Kenya,” 4.
50. Khamran Khan, “Bin Laden Loyalists Seek Revenge on U.S.,” News (Internet version), 7 March 1999.
51. Ibid.; Khan, “Osama’s Narrow Escape, Camp Hits Reported”; Mahmud Zafar, “Osama Backs Harakatul Ansar against U.S.,” Jang, 20 October 1997, 7, 8; Hashimi, “Osama Bin Laden—A Man as Strong as a Rock,” 10.
52. For a discussion of the deep and cohesive ties between Pakistan and the Taliban, see Adam Garfinckle, “Afghanistanding,” Orbis 43, no. 3 (Summer 1999): 412–13.
53. “U.S. Reportedly Asks Taliban for Bin Laden,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi (Internet version), 11–12 March 1998.
54. Khan, “Bin Laden Loyalists Seek Revenge on U.S.”; Muzami Jaleel, “The Taliban Connection,” Indian Express (Internet version), 2 June 2000; Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Education of a Holy Warrior,” New York Times Magazine, 25 June 2000.
55. “Staff Increase in Pakistan Mission Linked to Bin Laden,” Ausaf, 27 July 1999, 1, 7; William T. Vollman, “Letter from Afghanistan: Across the Divide,” New Yorker (15 May 2000).
56. M. A. Niazi, “Compromising Kashmir,” Nation (Lahore edition, Internet version), 28 December 2001.
57. Humayun Gauhar, “Dare to Win,” Nation (Lahore edition, Internet version), 4 November 2001.
58. “The Hasty Decision to Cooperate with the United States,” Nawa-I-Waqt, 17 September 2001, 6.
59. Rahimullah Yusufzai, “Taliban Hurt by Musharraf’s Statement,” News (Internet version), 6 October 2001.
60. “Statement from Taliban Leader Mullah Omar in Khadahar,” Afghan Islamic News Press Agency, 13 October 2001.
61. Hamid Mir, “U.S. Using Chemical Weapons—Osama Bin Laden,” Ausaf, 10 November 2001, 1, 7; “Letter by Osama Bin Laden to the Pakistani People,” Al-Jazirah Satellite Channel Television, 24 September 2001.
62. “‘The U.S. Should Look for Attackers within Itself’: Exclusive Interview with Osama Bin Laden,” Ummat, 28 September 2001, 1, 7.
Chapter 12
1. “The Real Threat to American Interests in Saudi Arabia,” MediaGen (U.K.) Ltd. (Internet), 21 February 1997; Shiraz, “May 1998 Interview with Bin Laden Reported”; “Osama Speaks on Hijrah and the Islamic State,” Al-Jihaad Newsletter.
2. Atwan, “Interview with Saudi Oppositionist Osama Bin Laden.”
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