6. Soudan, “Thus Spoke Osama Bin Laden”; “Strange Fatwas from Government Ulema,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 24 April 2001, 19; Ismail, “Al-Jazeerah, Bin Laden, and I.”
7. Justin Brown, “Risks of Waging Only Risk-Free Wars,” Christian Science Monitor, 24 May 2000; Brooks D. Simpson and Jean V. Berlin, eds. Sherman’s Civil War: Selected Correspondence of William T. Sherman, 1960–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999, 730; Wiley Sword, Southern Invincibility: A History of the Confederate Heart (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1999), 309.
8. “Punish and Be Damned,” Economist.com (Editorial), 28 August 1998; Muhammed Salah, “Bin Laden Front Falls Back and Egyptian Groups Undertake the Mission,” Al-Wasat Magazine, 11–17 January 1999, 14–15; Charles J. Dick, “Conflict Spills into the 21st Century,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 12, no. 12 (December 2000).
9. Auster, “An Inside Look at Terror Inc.”
10. For example, see “Interview with Roland Jaquard, Monitor of International Terrorism,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi.
11. Ranstorp, “Interpreting the Broader Context and Meaning of Bin Laden’s Fatwa.”
12. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1997,” 21; U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1998,” 27; Kozlow, “The Bombing of Khobar Towers: Who Did It? And Who Funded It?”; Atwan, “Interview with Saudi Oppositionist Osama Bin Laden”; Najm, “The Destruction of the Base”; Shiraz, “May 1998 Interview with Bin Laden Reported.”
13. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1997,” 48.
14. Ibid., 25, 51.
15. Islamic Observation Center Web site, 10 September 1999; Adam Geibel, “Khattab’s Audacious Raid (22 December 1997): Prelude to the Second Chechen War,” Central Asia Survey 19, no. 3–4 (September/December 2000): 341–43.
16. Al-Ayyash and Najm, “Behind the Scenes of the American Strike against Bin Laden’s Secret Cells”; U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1998,” 10.
17. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1998,” 6–7; Yusufzai, “World’s Most Wanted Terrorist”; Benjamin Weiser, “Bin Laden Linked to Embassy Blast by an Ex-Soldier,” New York Times, 21 October 2000, 1.
18. “Philippine Forces on Alert after Killing of Muslim Extremist Leader,” AFP; “Many Shoppers Hurt in Southern Philippines Bomb Attack,” AFP, 16 December 1998; U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1998,” 11.
19. Mounassar and Attar, “Yemen Hostages Recover from Horrific Slaughter for Four Friends.”
20. Khalid al-Hammadi, “Kidnapping Said the Result of Bin Laden Fatwa,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 30 December 1998, 1; U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1998,” 23, 55; Kamil al-Tawil, “U.S. Investigators Reportedly Focusing on Bin Laden’s Role,” Al-Hayah (Internet version), 20 January 1999.
21. Phil Kuntz and Hugh Pope, “U.S. Officials, Fearing Retaliation, Close 38 Embassies in Africa,” Wall Street Journal, 18 December 1998; “U.S. Temporarily Closes Six Embassies in Africa,” Reuters, 24 June 1999.
22. David Briscoe, “Americans Are Warned against Terrorist Threats,” Associated Press, 6 August 1999; Ben N. Venzke, “A Year after Embassy Bombings, The Threat of Terrorism Settles In,” Boston Globe, 8 August 1999, E-1.
23. “Uzbekistan Accuses Taliban Leader and Bin Laden Attempting to Assassinate Its President,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 8 March 1999; Gulfira Gayeva, “Bin Laden Suspected of Organizing Tashkent Explosions,” Kommersant, 3 March 1999, 4; Ahmed Rashid, “Afghanistan: Heart of Darkness,” Far East Economic Review, 5 August 1999; Khashim Ibragimov, “Frightening Face of Extremism. Ramified Network of Islamic Terrorists Threaten CIS Countries,” Nevavisimaya Gazeta, 3 February 2000, 5; “So There Will Be War in the Spring,” Delo No, 1 March 2000, 4.
24. Levy and Scott-Clark, “Bin Laden’s Mercenaries Gather for Kashmir’s Jihad”; Ravi Bhatia, “Indian Agencies Keen on the Whereabouts of Bin Laden,” The Times of India (Internet version), 6 July 1999.
25. James Rupert, “U.S. and Britain Close 10 Embassies in Africa,” Washington Post, 26 June 1999, A-13; “U.S. Temporarily Closes Six Embassies in Africa,” Reuters.
26. Shenon, “House Votes $1.4 Billion for Embassy Security,” A-9; Michael Dobbs, “An Obscure Chief in U.S. War on Terror,” Washington Post, 2 April 2000, A-1.
27. David Stout, “Citing Threats, FBI Suspends Public Tours of HQS,” New York Times, 24 July 1999, A-4; Niles Lathan, “Bin Laden’s Lemmings May Target Big Apple,” New York Post, 5 August 1999.
28. Philip Shenon, “Fear of Attack Cancels Cohen’s Trip to Albania,” New York Times, 17 July 1999, A-4; Lathan, “Bin Laden’s Lemmings May Target Big Apple.”
29. “Islamists Claim Responsibility for Yemeni Air Crash,” Arab Daily, 17 August 1998, 8.
30. “Four Gulf Fundamentalists Killed in Dagestan Battles,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 27 August 1999, 7; “Bin Laden Said to Fund Terrorism School in Chechnya,” RIA News Service, 24 August 1999; Nurani, “Terrorist No. 1 Osama Bin Laden Is Funding Islamic Militants,” Zerkala, 19 August 1999, 4; “UBL Urges Mujahedin to ‘Arrest’ Clinton, Shoot U.S. Commandos,” Pakistan, 12 September 1999, 8, 11; Khalaf, “Shamil Basayev: A Terrorist or a National Hero?”
31. Said Hattar, “Pakistan Hands Over 14th Terror Suspect to Jordan,” Jordan Times (Internet version), 18 December 1999; Ismail Khan, “Pakistan Hands Over Bin Laden Aide to Jordan,” News, 18 December 1999, 1, 8; Ahmed Muwaffaq Zaydan, “Pakistan Delivers to Jordan an Islamist Holding U.S. Citizenship,” Al-Hayah (Internet version), 8 January 2000; “Canada to Propose Joint Anti-Terrorist Measures with U.S.,” AFP, 29 January 2000; Ben Barber, “Justice Blames Canada for Terrorist’s Entry,” Washington Times, 21 December 1999, A-1.
32. Sarmad Azim, “Who Is Maulana Masood Azhar?” Pakistan–Sunday Magazine, 2 January 2000, 5, 21; “Azhar Urges Pakistanis to Wage Holy War against India,” News (Internet version), 8 January 2000.
33. “Fear of Terrorism Prevents Festivities in Brussels,” Da Standaard, 1 July 2000, 6; Musallom Ulaymat, “As Part of the Chain of Pressure on Jordan to Agree to Settlement Demands, U.S. Embassy Spreads Word about Existence of Terrorism in Jordan and Sets Up Barricades on Embassy Walls,” Shihan, 8–14 July 2000, 5; “Senior Officials and Ministers are ‘Angry’ with Washington,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 4 July 2000, 4.
34. Dodge Billingsley, “Chechen Rebels Hone Tactics for Long Haul,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 13, no. 2 (February 2001).
35. Igor Trifonov, “12 Killed, 108 Injured by 8 Aug Bomb Blast in Moscow,” ITAR-TASS, 15 August 2000; “Moscow Blast Death Toll Rises to 12,” Moscow NTV, 14 August 2000; Vladimir Yarov, “Fiendishly Precise Calculations. Terrorists Use Simple Bomb to Maximum,” Segodnya, 10 August 2000, 3; “Chechen Suicide Bomber Blows Up Café in Grozny, Kills Nine Russians,” Kavkaz-Tsenter News Agency (Internet version), 22 August 2000.
36. Robin Wright and Bob Drogin, “New Chapter in Terrorism May Have Begun,” Los Angeles Times, 13 October 2000, 1; Ahmad Muhammad Zaydan, “Appearing at a Rally in Afghanistan to Support the Leader of the Islamic Group, Bin Laden, al-Zawahiri, and Rifa’i Taha Pledge to Set Umar Abd-al-Rahman Free,” Al-Hayah (Internet version), 23 September 2000, 6; Rahimullah Yusufzai, “Taliban Arab Sources Say Video Telecast on Qatar TV was Fabricated,” News (Internet version), 25 September 2000; Steve Goldstein, “Many Suspects in Ship Blast,” Philadelphia Enquirer, 13 October 2000, 1; Robin Allen, “Middle East: Gulf States Show Growing Public Hostility to U.S. Presence,” Financial Times (Internet version), 21 November 2000; John F. Burns and Steven Lee Myers, “Blast Kills Sailors on U.S. Ship in Yemen,” New York Times, 13 October 2000, 1; Tarek Issawi, “Bin Laden Applauds Cole Attack,” Washington Post, 2 March 2001, A-16; Ahmad Muwaffaq Zaydan, “Celebrated His Son’s Marriage in Presence of Family Members. Bin Laden Hints at Indirect Role in the Bombing of Destroyer USS Cole,” Al-Hayah, 1 March 2001, 1, 6; “Bin Laden Full of Praise for Attack on USS Cole at Son’s Wedding,” AFP.
38. “News Flash,” Philippine Star (Internet version), 28 December 2000; “Latest News.” Jakarta Post (Internet version), 26 December 2000; “At Least 15 People Killed in Christmas Eve Bombings across Indonesia,” Jakarta Post (Internet version) 25 December 2000; Anthony Davis, “Southeast Asia Bombings Betray Islamic Links,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 13, no. 2 (February 2001).
39. “Attacks Are Estimated to Cost Nation 1.8 Million Jobs,” New York Times, 13 January 2002; Fareed Zakaria, “What’s Next?—The New Rules of Engagement,” Newsweek, 31 December 2001–7 January 2002, 91; Tony Capaccio, “Afghan War, Defense Cost $6.4 Bln since Sept. 11, Pentagon Says,” Bloomberg.com, 22 January 2002; Bill Miller, “$37.7 Billion for Homeland Defense Is a Start, Says Bush,” Washington Post, 25 January 2002, 15; Kurt Eichenwald, “Terror Money Hard to Block Officials Find,” New York Times, 10 December 2001, A1.
40. “Message to Our Brothers in Iraq by Usama Bin Ladin, Leader of [the] al-Qaida Organization,” Al-Jazirah Space Channel Television, 11 February 2003.
41. “Statement from Qaeda al-Jihad,” Al-Neda (Internet), 27 April 2002.
42. “You Fight Fire with Fire,” Al-Ansar (Internet), 14 May 2002.
43. Abu-Ubayd al-Qurashi, “America’s Nightmares,” Al-Ansar (Internet), 13 February 2002; and Salim al-Makki, “Believers Exact Sweet Revenge in Mukalla, Faylaka, and Bali,” Al-Neda (Internet), 14 October 2002.
44. “Statement of al-Qaida Organization on the Faylaka Operation,” al-Qal’ah (Internet), 18 October 2002.
45. “Bali Bombing Suspect Proud of Attack,” Washington Times, 13 June 2003, 19.
46. Abu-Ubayd al-Qurashi, “The Moscow Theater Operation,” Al-Ansar (Internet), 6 November 2002; and Fred Weir, “Shifting Tactics in Chechnya,” Christian Science Monitor, 30 December 2002, 1.
47. “U.S. President Says Chechnya ‘Internal Affair,’” Interfax, 21 November 2002; “A Separate War,” New Republic, 2 December 2002, 7; and al-Qurashi, “Moscow Theater Operation.”
48. M. Zaatari, “No Leads Yet in Probe of Murder in Sidon; American Woman Had Been Warned to Stop Proselytizing,” The Daily Star (Internet version), 25 November 2002.
49. Abu-Ubayd al-Hilali, “Mombasa and the Fulfillment of the Promise,” Al-Ansar (Internet), 5 December 2002.
50. Ian Fisher, “Recent Attacks in Yemen Seen as Sign of Large Terror Cell,” New York Times, 3 January 2003; and Faysal Mukarram, “Sanaa: More Signs of Two Killers’ Links to al Qaeda …” Al-Hayat, 3 January 2003, 1, 6.
51. “Deputy Amir of Al-Jawf Province in Northern Saudi Arabia Assassinated,” Ilaf (Internet), 17 February 2003.
52. “Cyanide Sent to Three Missions in New Zealand,” Radio Australia, 25 February 2003; and “New Zealand Police Release Text of Cyanide Threat Letter,” AFP, 26 February 2003.
53. Erik Eckholm, “Pakistani Guards Shot Dead at U.S. Office,” New York Times, 1 March 2003; and Ashraf Khan, “Gunman Kills 2 Police Guards Outside U.S. Consulate in Pakistan,” AFP, 28 February 2003.
54. Fawaz Gerges, “Muslims Called to Jihad,” Los Angeles Times, 26 March 2003; and Abu-Ayman al-Hilali, “The Fall of the Iraqi Regime and the Beginning of the Nation’s Rise, Part 1,” Al-Ansar (Internet), 17 April 2003.
55. Christine T. Tjandraningsih and Rudy Madanir, “Jakarta Blast Was against U.S.: Bali Bombing Suspect,” Kyodo World Service, 6 August 2003.
56. “Statement of the Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades,” Quds Press (Internet version), 25 August 2003.
57. Victor Hanson Davis, “Hoping We Fail,” National Review Online, 28 August 2003.
58. “Audio Recording of Ayman al-Zawahiri,” Al-Arabiyah Televsion, 28 September 2003.
59. Ahmed Rafat, “The Spanish Will Not Be Safe Even in Their Homes,” Tiempo de Hoy, 24 March 2003.
60. “Westerners Killed in Saudi Arabia,” BBC News, http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk, 2 May 2004; James Cox, “Saudi Fields Are Vital to World’s Oil Supply,” USA Today, 10 May 2004; and Abdullah al-Shiri, “Explosions Rock Central Riyadh,” Associated Press, 30 December 2005.
61. al-Shiri, “Explosions Rock Central Riyadh.”
62. “Islamist Group Appears to Claim Jakarta Blast,” Associated Press, 10 September 2004.
63. “Egypt Police in Gun Battles with Bomb Suspects,” CNN News, www.CNN.com, 24 August 2005; John Vause and Ben Wedeman, “Death Toll Rises in Egypt Tourist Bombings,” CNN News, www.CNN.com, 9 October 2004; and Sarah el Deeb, “83 Die in Car Bombs in Egyptian Resort,” Chicago Tribune, 23 July 2005.
64. Craig S. Smith, “Dutch Look for Qaeda Link after Killing of Film-maker,” New York Times, 8 November 2004, A10; and “Dutch Muslim Community Targeted after Murder of Filmmaker,” AFP, 8 November 2004.
65. Laith Abou-Raghab, “Bombers Strike Saudi Capital,” Reuters, 29 December 2004; Roger Harrison, et al., “U.S. Consulate Attacked,” Arab News (Internet version), 7 December 2004; and “U.S. on Guard in Saudi Arabia,” CBS News, www.CBSnews.com, 7 December 2004.
66. “Egyptian Identified as Qatar Bomber,” Associated Press, 21 March 2005; “Qatar Looks for Qaeda Link in Theater Suicide Bomb,” Reuters, 20 March 2005; Odai Sirri, “New Lead in Qatar Bombing,” Reuters, 21 March 2005; and “The Advent of Terrorism in Qatar,” www.Forbes.com, 25 March 2005.
67. “Egypt Bomb Attacks Kill at Least 75, Wound 120 (Update 5),” Bloomberg.com, 22 July 2005; and “4 Yanks Hurt amid Cairo Terror Carnage,” www.nypost.com, 8 April 2005.
68. “Saudis Arrest 40 Christians for Praying,” Reuters, 22 April 2005; Steve Coll, “Islamic Activists Sweep Council Elections,” Washington Post, 24 April 2005, A17; “Saudi Soldier’s Journey to Death in Iraq,” Reuters, 20 March 2005; and “Saudi Arabia Braces Itself for Return of Jihadists from Iraq,” AFP, 1 June 2005.
69. Arshad Mohammed, “World Terror Attacks Tripled in 2004 by U.S. Count,” www.washingtonpost.com, 26 April 2005.
70. “Key Events after al-Hariri’s Killing,” AFP, 30 August 2005; and Lucy Ashton, “Syria’s Retreat from Lebanon Emboldens Opposition,” Financial Times, 6 May 2005.
71. “Group Claims Responsibility in Cairo Bombing,” AFP, 30 April 2005; “An Alarming First for Egypt, Women Turn to Militancy,” AFP, 3 May 2005; and “200 Held after Cairo Attacks,” www.CNN.com, 1 May 2005.
72. Newsweek, 9 May 2005 and 23 May 2005.
73. C. J. Chivers, “Survivors and Toe Tags Clues to Uzbek’s Uprising,” New York Times, 23 May 2005; Bagila Bukharbayeva, “Soldiers Fire on Crowd in Day of Clashes in Uzbekistan,” Associated Press, 13 May 2005; Andrew Stoehlin, “Uzbekistan: The Andijon Uprising,” International Crisis Group, http://www.crisisgroup.org, 25 May 2005; “Death Toll Soars in Uzbekistan,” CBS News, www.cbsnews.com, 16 May 2005; and “Central Asia: Weekly News Wrap,” http://www.irinnews.org, 6 September 2005.
74. Chris Brummitt, “Indonesia Christians Bury Their Dead,” Associated Press, 29 May 2005; Beawiharta and Nuri Sybil, “Indonesia Blasts Have Qaeda Similarities,” Reuters, 29 May 2005; and Dean Yates, “Criticism Grows of Indonesia Security after Blasts,” Reuters, 31 May 2005.
75. Sofiane Ait-Iflis, “Terrorist Attack in Mauritania: Salafist Group for Call and Combat Claims Responsibility,” Le Soir d’Algerie, 8 June 2005; “A Statement by al-Qaida Organization [in Iraq],” www.jihad-algerie.com, 16 June 2005; and Ibrahim Sylla, “Mauritania Blames al-Qaeda Ally for Deadly Raid,” Reuters, 5 June 2005.
76. Elaine Sciloino and Dale Van Natta Jr., “British Intelligence Downgraded Terror Threat before Attacks,” San Francisco Chronicle (Internet version), 19 July 2005.
77. “Police Hold Four July 21 Bombers,” BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk, 30 July 2005.
78. Deeb, “83 Die in Car Bomb Blasts at Egyptian Resort”; “Egypt Bomb Attacks Kill at Least 75, Wound 120 (Update 5)”; “Deaths in Sinai Sweep, Sharm Attacks Linked,” www.gulftimes.com, 29 August 2005;
and Michael Slackman and Mona al-Naggar, “Egypt Sends Huge Force to Terrorist Hunt,” New York Times, 30 August 2005.
79. Nick Tattersall, “Mauritania Shows Risks in U.S. Strategy in Africa,” Reuters, 18 August 2005.
80. Achmad Sukarsono, “Indonesia Cuts Jail Term for Bashir,” Reuters, 17 August 2005.
81. “Serial Blasts Rock Country,” http://nation.ittefaq.com, 17 August 2005; David Montero, “Quiet Bangladesh Woken by Bombs,” Christian Science Monitor, 18 August 2005; and Mamun ar-Rashid, “Countless Militant Networks Like Spider’s Net,” Dainik Janakantha, 19 July 2005, 1, 11.
82. Claude Salhani, “The Aqaba Attack,” http://www.khaleejtimes.com, 26 August 2005; Jamal Halaby, “Al-Zarqawi: Claims Jordan al-Qaida Attack,” Associated Press, 24 August 2005; Megan K. Stack, “Militants’ Rockets Miss 2 U.S. Navy Warships,” Los Angeles Times, 20 August 2005; “Al-Qaida Affiliated Group Claims al-Aqabah, Eilat Rocket Attacks,” AFP, 19 August 2005.
83. “Saudi Dissident Shuts Down Site,” BBC News, http://newsvote.BBC.co.uk, 27 August 2005.
84. “India Offers Kabul Help to Fight Terrorism,” PTI News Agency, 28 August 2005; and Yousuf Azimy, “Karzai Says Better India-Pakistan Ties Vital,” Reuters, 28 August 2005.
85. Joe Avancena, et al., “Hunt for Escaped Gunmen; One of 5 Iraqi Infiltrators Dead,” Saudi Gazette (Internet version), 31 August 2005; “Saudi Security Forces Arrest Iraqi Infiltrators in Jubayl,” Saudi Press Agency, 20 August 2005; and “Saudi Forces Clash with Gunmen in Industrial City,” Reuters, 29 August 2005.
86. Edward Harris, “U.S. Boosts Anti-terror Efforts in Africa,” Associated Press, 25 May 2005; Donna Mills, “New Counterterrorism Initiative to Focus on Saharan Africa,” http://www.defenselink.mil, 16 May 2005; “U.S. Offers to Help Bangladesh Combat Terrorism,” Reuters, 18 April 2005; “U.S. Launches Training in Gulf of Guinea,” Associated Press, 29 June 2005; and Jim Kouri, “Terrorism: U.S. Training South East Asian Security Forces,” http://www.lincolntribune.com, 27 August 2005.
87. Jeffrey Heller, “Israeli Troops Ready to Role out of Gaza,” http://www.swissinfo.html, 10 September 2005.
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