88. Li Nun, “Uneasy Days—Terrorist Activities Frighten U.S. Personnel Overseas,” Renmin Ribao, 13 August 1999; Williamson Murray, “The Emerging Strategic Environment: An Historian’s Thoughts,” Strategic Review 27, no. 1 (Winter 1999): 34; Robert Fisk, “Clinton Gives Coup Leader an Easy Ride; He Was Expected to Read the Riot Act to Pakistan’s Dictator, but He Only Offered Cliches,” Independent on Sunday (Internet version), 26 March 2000; Charles Babington and Pamela Constable, “Clinton Aided by Decoys, Urges Peace on Pakistan,” Washington Post, 26 March 2000, A-1, A-22; Bill Drogin, “U.S. Details Threats Linked to Clinton Trip,” Los Angeles Times, 23 March 2000, 1.
89. John Unson et al., “Mercado Urges MILF Not to Postpone Talks with Manila,” Philippine Star (Internet version), 29 November 1999; Steve Vogel, “Special Forces Sent to Philippines Fight,” Washington Post, 16 January 2002, 1; Eric Schmitt, “U.S.-Philippine Command May Signal War’s Next Phase,” New York Times, 16 January 2002, 1.
90. Rahul Bedi, “Paying to Keep the High Ground,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 11, no. 10 (October 1999): 27–31.
91. Prem Shankar Jha, “Failure in Kashmir,” Hindustan Times (Internet version), 17 December 1999; Mohammed Ayoub, “South Asia’s Dangers and U.S. Foreign Policy,” Orbis 45, no. 1 (Winter 2001); “Intelligence Services on Fresh Militant Attacks in Kashmir,” Hindustan Times (Internet version), 29 November 1999.
92. Aasha Khosha, “Report: Kashmir Militants Plan to Step Up Activities,” Indian Express (Internet version), 21 November 1999; Samiullah Qureshi, “Freedom Fighters’ Operations against Indian Government,” Radio Pakistan, 25 December 2000; “A Serious Breach,” Pioneer (Editorial), 25 December 2000, 6; “Lashkar Up to Red Fort,” Hindustan (editorial), 25 December 2000, 6; “Unready Citadel,” Telegraph (Editorial), 25 December 2000, 6; “Kashmir Car Bomb Explosion; 11 Killed, 26 Injured,” Deccan Herald (Internet version), 26 December 2000; “The Heart Stopped,” Asian Age (Editorial), 14 December 2001, 12; “Time to (En)Act,” Pioneer (Editorial), 14 December 2001, 6; B. Narayanan, “Terrorist Attack on Parliament House,” All India Radio Home News Service, 14 December 2001.
93. Pamela Constable, “India on the Defensive,” Washington Post, 16 January 2000, A-29, A-33; M. K. Narayanan, “The Iron Grip Tightens Yet Again,” Asian Age, 15 November 1999, 12; Levy and Scott-Clark, “Bin Laden’s Mercenaries Gather for Kashmir’s Jihad”; Parna Panjeri, “Bin Laden Tied to Kashmir Islamic Movement,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 24 March 1999, 4.
94. Constable, “India on the Defensive.”
95. “Security Report, Bin Laden Has Weapons Worth $51 Million, 20 Foreign Bases, and 80 Front Companies,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 2; Margolis, War at the Top of the World, 109; “Indian Minister again Calls for Nuke Ties with Israel,” Middle East Newsline (Internet version), 15 June 2000; Seema Mustafa, “India Seen Moving away from Arab World towards Israel,” Asian Age, 16 June 2000, 1, 2; Robert Marquand, “New Faces Join Fray in Kashmir,” Christian Science Monitor, 2 May 2000, 1.
96. “Security Report, Bin Laden Has Weapons Worth $51 Million, “Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 2; SB, “Terrorism: The Psychological War,” El-Watan (Internet version), 16 November 1999; “Algeria: ‘Around 70’ Killed since Beginning of Ramadan,” AFP, 17 December 1999; “CIA Director Says Casio Watch Is the Hallmark of Every One of Osama Bin Laden’s Operations,” Al-Hadith, 27 December 1999, 5; Anis Rahmani, “Strife within Fundamentalist Groups,” Al-Mustaqillah (Internet version), 31 August 1999, 1, 8; “Bin Laden Advised Algeria’s Radical GIA,” Reuters, 15 February 1999; Rachid B., “The Outcome of the Year 2000,” El-Youm (Internet version), 31 December 2000; “Five Members of One Family Murdered,” El-Youm (Internet version), 21 December 2000; Na’ilah B., “The Security Situation: Bullets Don’t Fast and the Groups Fail to Repent,” El-Youm (Internet version), 7 December 2000, 1, 3; Hassane Zerrouky, “Thousands of People Killed in 2000—The Forgotten of the Concord,” Le Matin (Internet version), 10 January 2001; “330 Killed during Ramadan in Algeria,” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 20, no. 2, (March 2001): 40.
97. “TNI to Verify Reported Arms Sales to Aceh Separatists,” Jakarta Post (Internet version), 4 March 2000; “Jakarta Police Uncover Network Selling Arms to Gam,” Kompas (Internet version), 3 March 2000; “Exxon-Oil Has Temporarily Halted Exploration and Administrative Activities in Aceh Due to Rising Concerns over Security,” Jakarta Post (Internet version), 7 June 2000; “TNI Reinforcements Deploy to Paso to Repel Christian Attacks,” Republika (Internet version), 7 June 2000; “Interview: Conversation with Terror,” Time, 11 January 1999; “TNI Chief Warns against Growing Separatism in Aceh,” Radio Republik Indonesia, 23 November 1999; Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “A War of Vengeance,” Washington Post, 19 June 2000, A-1; Bertil Lintner, “Centrifugal Forces Stir Indonesia,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 12, no. 6 (June 2000); Marian Trinidad, “MILF Chief Calls for UN-Supervised Referendum,” Manila Times (Internet version), 23 March 2000; Hamid Mir, “Spate of Conspiracies,” Ausaf, 29 September 1999, 2; Mark Galeotti, “Costs of the Chechen War,” Jane’s Intelligence Review 12, no. 4 (April 2000): 8–9; Michael Orr, “Russia’s Chechen War: Second Time Lucky,” Jane’s Defense Weekly 33 (8 March 2000): 32–36.
98. Amba, “Saudi Militant’s Wish: To Die Fighting America”; “U.S. Reportedly Asks Taliban for Bin Laden,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi; “Bin Laden and His Followers Preparing to Move to Yemen Mountains,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 9 March 1998, 1; “Saudi Arabia Denies Citizen Told U.S. of New York Bomb Plot,” AP-Dow Jones; “Aide to Terrorist Bin Laden Helped Bombing Investigators,” Associated Press, 4 August 1997; “Weekly Says Bin Laden Financial Manager to Testify, “AFP.
99. “Over 300 Bin Laden Companions Arrested in Saudi Arabia,” Ausaf, 26 March 1999, 1, 7; “Will Bin Laden Strike within Weeks?” Al-Islah Weekly, June 1998; Shiraz, “May 1998 Interview with Bin Laden Reported.”
100. David S. Cloud, “Can a Tire Repairman from Texas Be the Key to Solving a Terror Plot?” Wall Street Journal, 22 October 1998; and Weiser, “Prosecutors Portray the Strands of a Bin Laden Web of Terror,” A-1.
101. “Egypt Holds Alleged Plotters of Anti-U.S. Strike,” Reuters, 25 June 1998; Alam-al-Din, “Report Links Bin Laden, Nuclear Weapons,” 5; “Citing Confession Made by ‘Albania’ Case Defendant,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 19 February 1999, 1.
102. Pearl, “In Sudanese Bombing, ‘Evidence’ Depends on Who Is Viewing It”; Yusufzai, “World’s Most Wanted Terrorist.”
103. Robin Wright, “Far Reaching Bin Laden Probe Pays Off,” Los Angeles Times, 28 August 1998, A-1, Muhammed Salah, “An Islamic Organization Affirms Bulgaria Handed Over to Egypt a Jihad Organization Member,” Al-Hayah, 25 August 1998, 5.
104. Grunwald, “Africa Blast Suspects to Stand Trial in the U.S.,” A-1, A-20.
105. “Two Egyptians Connected with Fundamentalist Groups Arrested,” AFP, 29 June 1998; Bennet, “U.S. Cruise Missiles Strike Sudan and Afghan Targets Tied to Terrorist Network”; Esmat Saleheddin, “Islamists Say Albania Extradited Militants to Egypt,” Reuters, 2 August 1998; Muhammed Salah, “‘Returnees from Albania Case’ Aimed at Eliminating Jihad Group,” Al-Hayah, 15 December 1998, 5.
106. Benjamin Weiser and James Risen, “The Masking of a Militant: A Special Report,” New York Times, 1 December 1998, A-1.
107. William Droziak, “Bin Laden Aide Denies Link to Embassy Bombing,” Washington Post, 21 September 1998, A-22; Girard, “On Osama Bin Laden’s Trail,” 6; “Massive Retaliation Feared,” Munich Focus, 21 September 1998, 11; U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1998,” p. 16; Grunwald, “Africa Blast Suspects to Stand Trial in the U.S.”; and Bonner, “Seeking Bombs? No, Wife, Arab Suspect Tells FBI,” A-4.
108. Girard, “On Osama Bin Laden’s Trail”; “Seven Arrested in London Linked to Bin Laden,” London Press Association, 23 September 1998; Muhammed Al-Shafai’i, “UK Court to Review the Detention of Alleged Bin Laden Aide,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 29 October 1998, 1; Samir al-Mubarak, “Report on Islamic Movements in Britain,” Al-
Watan Al-Arabi, 12 December 1997, 4–8; Rahimi Afridi, “Islamic Affairs: Report on Fundamentalist ‘War’ on West in Gulf,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 19 July 1996, 16–18; Muhammed Salah, “In Response to British Ruling to Extradite Two Egyptian Fundamentalists to the United States, Al-Zayyat Warns of Reprisal Operations against U.S. Interests,” Al-Hayah, 5 May 2000, 5; Larry Neumeister, “Two Egyptians Held in London Added to Embassy Bombing Indictment,” Associated Press, 9 May 2000.
109. Waller, “Inside the Hunt for Osama”; Muhammed Salah, “Interrogation of al-Zawahiri’s Deputy Revealed the Jihad and Al Qaeda Secrets,” Al-Hayah, 18 March 1999, 5; Bolger and Black, “The Western Nightmare: Saddam and Bin Laden Versus the World”; “71 Egyptian ‘Terrorists’ Referred to Military Court,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 7 July 1999, 2; Muhammad al-Shafai, “Egypt’s Military Judiciary to Try Soon the Returnees from Azerbaijan, South Africa, and Kuwait Case Involving 77 Fundamentalists,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 12 August 1999, 4; “Excerpts from Muntasir al-Zayyat’s ‘Ayman al-Zawahiri as I Knew Him,’” Al-Hayah, 13 January 2002, 15.
110. Lodovico Poletto, “Wanted Terrorist Escapes Dragnet,” La Stampa (Internet version), 5 October 1998; ‘L. pol.,’ “We Know Nothing about These Weapons,” La Stampa, 6 October 1998, 1, 6.
111. Cloud, “Can a Tire Repairman from Texas Be the Key to Solving a Terror Plot?”; Weiser, “U.S. Says It Can Tie Bin Laden to Embassy Bombings,” A-3; Benjamin Weiser, “U.S. May Ask Death Penalty in Bombings,” New York Times, 9 October 1998, A-10; Weiser, “Prosecutors Portray the Strands of a Bin Laden Web of Terror”; Riyad Alam-al-Din, “Cash Couriers Linked to Bin Laden,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 4 February 2000, 18–20.
112. “Egyptian Linked to Bin Laden Commits Suicide,” Radio Tirana Network, 25 October 1998; Nur-al-Din Salih, “Campaign in Albania and Bosnia to Track Down Fundamentalist Networks,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 27 October 1998, 1; “Report by Al-Quds Al-Arabi Bureau in Tirana, Albania,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 26 October 1998, 1; al-Ayyash and Najm, “Behind the Scenes of the American Strike against Bin Laden’s Secret Cells”; “Jihad Group Threatens to Take Revenge against the United States,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 8.
113. Muhammed al-Shifai’i, “The Vanguards of Conquest Case Will Be Referred to Egypt’s Military Judiciary,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 28 May 1999, 4; Salih, “Campaign in Albania and Bosnia to Track Down Fundamentalist Networks”; “71 Egyptian ‘Terrorists’ Referred to Military Court,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat; al-Shifai’i, “Egypt’s Military Judiciary to Try Soon the Returnees from Azerbaijan, South Africa, and Kuwait Case Involving 77 Fundamentalists,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat; Hamdi Marzuq, “Egypt Discovers by Accident the Organization ‘Returnees from Africa’; Three Members of the Jihad Organization Collected Contributions in South Africa,” Al-Wasat Magazine, 30 November–6 December 1998, 28–29.
114. Sadiq, “Cairo Combats Islamists Overseas”; “Kuwait: Fundamentalists’ Families Deported; Measures to Contain Bin Laden Network,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 24 February 1999, 1; “Egypt’s Military Judiciary to Try Soon the Returnees from Azerbaijan, South Africa, and Kuwait Case Involving 77 Fundamentalists,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat.
115. U.S. State Department, “Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1998,” 60; “Philippine Forces on Alert after Killing of Muslim Extremist Leader,” AFP.
116. Susan Bell, “French Charge Friend of Terrorist Leader,” Times (Internet version), 16 February 1999; “CIA Report on Bin Laden’s Filipino Links,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat.
117. Zaydan, “Amid Conflicting Reports,” 6.
118. “Duo Cites Bin Laden in Bangladesh Attack,” Washington Times, A-9; Kenneth J. Cooper, “Bangladesh: Bin Laden’s Next Target? Militant Seen Aiding New Islamic Force,” Washington Post, 19 February 1999, A-17; Kamal Azfar, “Bangladesh Arrests Two Osama Aides, to Extradite to U.S.,” Ausaf, 25 November 1998; “Bangladesh Police Identify Bank Accounts of Muslim Extremists,” AFP, 29 January 1999.
119. Artan Hoxha, “These Are Ciciku’s Dubious Alternatives,” Gazeta Shqiptare, 17 August 1999, 7; Bledar Zaganjori, “Spies of U.S. Embassy Discovered,” Gazeta Shqiptare, 9 January 1999, 24; “Albanian Held for Spying on U.S. Ambassador,” Reuters, 10 January 1999.
120. Abdullah Ould Mohameddi, “Mauritanians Pursue Afghan Organization, Inquire about Link with Bin Laden,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 12 March 1999, 1; “Mauritania Holds Man with Suspected Bin Laden Link,” Reuters; “Suspected Bin Laden Supporters Held in Mauritania,” AFP.
121. “Arrested Frenchman Thought to Be in Bin Laden Network,” AFP, 3 March 1999.
122. Jimmy Seepe, “RSA, Tanzania in ‘Bitter Row’ over Bomber Handover to U.S.,” Sowetan, 14 October, 1999, 1; “RSA Confirms Talks with Tanzania on Bomb Suspect,” SAfm Radio Network, 14 October 1999; “Man Charged in Bombing of U.S. Embassy in Africa,” New York Times, 9 October 1999, A-4.
123. Jadd al-Hajj, “‘Bin Laden Specter’ Overshadows Preparations for Opening of Olympic Games in Sydney,” Al-Hayah, 4 July 2000, 6; Scott Inglis, “Refugee Hits Back at Terror Claims,” New Zealand Herald (Internet version), 29 August 2000; “Further on New Zealand Police Announcing Plot to Target Sydney Reactor,” AFP, 26 August 2000; “New Zealand Minister Praises Police for Uncovering Sydney Olympics Plot,” Radio New Zealand International, 26 August 2000; and “Australian Government Urged to Shut Down Reactor after Terrorist Plot Uncovered,” Sydney Morning Herald (Internet version), 26 August 2000.
124. Arieh O’Sullivan, “Bin Laden Ring Planned Mass Terror Campaign,” Jerusalem Post, 22 August 2000; Hugh Dellios, “Israelis See Bin Laden’s Hand Creeping into Gaza Strip,” Chicago Tribune, 4 September 2000, 1.
125. Muhammed Salah, “Canada: Egyptian Fundamentalist Questioned over Links with Osama Bin Laden,” Al-Hayah, 7 July 2000, 1, 6; “Report on the Threat to Arab Countries by Terrorist Bin Laden,” Sawt al-Mar’ah, 3; Imtiaz Hussain “Pakistan Arrests Afghan NGO’s Chief for ‘Links’ with Terrorist Groups,” Frontier Post (Internet version), 29 July 2000.
126. Rahimullah Yusufzai, “No Reaction from Bin Laden to Death Penalty for His Men in Jordan,” News, 19 September 2000, 1, 9; “Jordan Dooms 6 Extremists Tied to Plot by Bin Laden,” International Herald Tribune, 19 September 2000.
127. “Abyan Islamic Army Leader Executed,” Al-Jazirah, 17 October 1999.
128. “CIA Arrests Bin Laden Aide in Albania; Sanctions on Taliban Begin; Violent Demonstrations in Kabul,” Al-Hayah, 15 November 1999, 1, 6; “Jordanian Expelled from Albania,” Jordan Times, 15 November 1999, 3; Anila Prifti, “Bin Laden’s Agent: Friend of Gjinushi and Berisha,” Koha Jone, 14 November 1999, 5; Anila Prifti, “Bin Laden’s Man: ‘I Will Sue Albania,’” Koha Jone, 18 November 1999, 7; Tolga Sardon, “Istanbul Is Bin Laden’s Bridge,” Milliyet (Internet version), 17 December 1999.
129. Zaydan, “Pakistan Delivers to Jordan an Islamist Holding U.S. Citizenship,” 1, 6; Bassam Baddarin, “United States Recruits Arab Intelligence Services in an All-Out Campaign against Bin Laden Aides,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 18– 19 December 1999, 1; Riyad Alam-al-Din and Ahmed Taysir, “Emergency U.S. Meeting on Bin Laden,” Al-Watan Al-Arabi, 31 December 1999, 16–19; Hattar, “Pakistan Hands Over 14th Terror Suspect to Jordan”; Khan, “Pakistan Hands Over Bin Laden Aide to Jordan,” 1, 8; John-Thor Dahlburg, “Some See U.S. as Terrorists’ Next Big Target,” Los Angeles Times, 13 January 2000, A-1; “Reports on the Escape of Fundamentalists to Iraq,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi, 7; David S. Cloud and Christopher Chipello, “Ressam Spent Time in Terrorist Camps Linked to Saudi Dissident Bin Laden,” Wall Street Journal, 21 January 2000, A-20; Steven Lee Meyers, “Failed Plan to Bomb a U.S. Ship Reported,” New York Times, 10 November 2000, A-7; Charles Aldinger, “Yemen Is Told of an Earlier Plot against a U.S. Ship,” Washington Post, 10 November 2000, A-1; Abd-al-Salam Tahir and Steven Lee Myers, “Suspect in Cole Attack Reportedly Says Another U.S. Ship Was Targeted in January,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat (Internet version), 11 November 2000; Ahmed al-Haj, “At Least Three other Anti-U.S. Plots Foiled before Cole,” Associated Press, 11 November 2000.
130. “
Kuwait Announces Arrest of Terrorist Groups; Explosives Seized,” Kuwait Satellite Television Channel, 9 November 2000; “Two More Arrested in Kuwaiti Bomb Plots,” Washington Post, 13 November 2000, A-20; “Explosives for Attacks on U.S. Targets Found,” Los Angeles Times, 12 November 2000, A-4; Muhammed al-Shafai and al-Sa’d Shammari, “Kuwait Arrests 11 Fundamentalists, Among Them Two Police Officers, to Preempt Possible Attacks on U.S. Targets. One of Bin Laden’s Aides Left the Country before His Arrest and the Detainees Include Yemenis, Syrians, and Egyptians,” Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 8 November 2000, 3; Hamud al-Jasir, “Two Kuwait Youths Arrested in the ‘Terrorist Network’ Case. Qatar Extradites to Kuwait an ‘Explosives Expert’ from an Arab Maghreb Country,” Al-Hayah, 13 November 2000, 1, 6; “An Urgent Request to All Human Rights Organizations and Bodies: Kuwaiti Authorities Arrested a Group of Islamists and the Arrests Campaign Is Continuing,” Islamic Observation Center (Internet version), 8 November 2000.
131. Al-Haj, “At Least Three Other Anti-U.S. Plots Failed before Cole.”
132. Georg Mascolo, “Holy Warriors against Europe,” Der Spiegel (Internet version), 24 February 2001; Dipesh Gadher, “MI5 Locates ‘Bin Laden’s London Base,’” Sunday Times, 4 March 2001; Judith Miller and Sarah Lyrell, “Hunting Bin Laden’s Allies, U.S. Extends Net to Europe,” New York Times, 21 February 2001, A-1; Alessandra Stanley, “Italy and Germany Arrest 6 Islamists in Failed 2000 Bomb Plot,” New York Times, 6 April 2000; M. A. Calabro, “They Wanted to Kidnap a Top American Businessman,” Corriere della Sera, 4 April 2001, 15; Pascal Ceaux, “DST Suspects Islamist Militants of Having Prepared Attacks in France,” Le Monde (Internet version), 24 March 2001; Wolfgang Krach and Georg Mascolo, “Highly Alarmed,” Der Spiegel, 9 April 2001, 22–24.
133. Thomas L. Lueck, “Algerian Is Found Guilty in Plot to Bomb Sites in the U.S.,” New York Times, 7 April 2001; Muhammad Muqaddam, “Millennium Explosions: Al-Hayah Reveals Details of Arrest of Wanted Algerian,” Al-Hayah, 28 March 2001, 1, 6; Muhammad Muqaddam, “Algeria Will Not Object to Informing Americans of Dahoumane’s Replies to Questions on His Role in ‘Millennium Plot,’” Al-Hayah, 30 March 2001, 6; Hassan Haider Diab, “The Americans Are Offering Five Million Dollars for the Humanitarians from Zagreb,” Vecernji List, 18 April 2001, 15.
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