Amritsar 1919
Page 41
42.Ibid., p. 72. The reference was to General Mikhail Skobelev, who commanded the imperial Czarist army during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–8.
43.Ibid., p. 80.
44.Ibid., p. 42.
45.See Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar, pp. 33–43.
46.See Gavin Rand, ‘From the Black Mountain to Waziristan: Culture and Combat on the North-West Frontier’, in Gavin Rand and Kaushik Roy (eds.), Culture, Conflict and the Military in Colonial South Asia (Delhi: Routledge India, 2016), pp. 189–227; and Mark Condos and Gavin Rand, ‘Coercion and Conciliation at the Edge of Empire: State-building and its Limits in Waziristan, 1849–1914’, The Historical Journal, 61(3) (2018), pp. 695–718.
47.Brigadier-General R.E.H. Dyer, The Raiders of the Sarhad (London: H.F. & G. Witherby, 1921).
48.See also Kim A. Wagner, ‘Savage Warfare: Violence and the Rule of Colonial Difference in Early British Counterinsurgency’, History Workshop Journal, 85, 1 (April, 2018), pp. 217–37.
49.Muhammad Ashraf Khan, ACC, p. 109.
50.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 115; and Report of Briggs, in Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, Appendix A, p. 25.
8 Baisakhi
1.Saadat Hasan Manto, ‘Tamasha’ (1936). I am indebted to Maryam Sikander for translating this story.
2.Appendix XIII, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 215; and Dyer to Beynon, 13 April 1919, Evidence, DIC, VI, in Datta, New Light, I, p. 379. See also Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar, p. 251.
3.Irving, Evidence, DIC, III, pp. 6–7.
4.Dyer, ibid., p. 203.
5.Malik Fateh Khan, ibid., p. 67.
6.Sardar Atma Singh, CPI, II, no. 30, p. 74. Having handed over Kitchlew and Satyapal to the authorities at Dharamsala, Rehill had only just returned to Amritsar.
7.Khan, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 67; and Plomer, ibid., p. 39. See also Map 2.
8.Khan, ibid., pp. 66–7; and Plomer, ibid., pp. 36 and 39.
9.Appendix I, ibid., p. 212.
10.Khan, ibid., p. 67.
11.Ibid., p. 68.
12.Appendix II, ibid., p. 212.
13.In the original version of the first proclamation, written by Briggs on 12 April, it says ‘Martial Law’, but the version actually proclaimed says ‘Military Law’, see Appendix I, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 212; and Shaikh Abdul Karim, CPI, II, p. 77.
14.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 128.
15.Ibid., p. 117.
16.Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 15.
17.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 117.
18.Malaviya, Open Rebellion, p. 22; and CPI, I, p. 45.
19.Kitchin, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 158; Plomer, ibid., p. 37; and Irving, ibid., p. 16.
20.Sardar Har Bhajan Singh, CPI, II, no. 58, p. 102. See also Appendix C: ‘List of persons killed in the Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April, 1919 (Pb. Govt. Home-Military-Part B – 1921 – No. 139)’, in Ram, The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, pp. 128–51; List of Statements (persons killed or wounded), nos I–-IV and VIII–XI, in Langley to Montmorency, 22 Dec. 1921, BL, AAS, IOR/L/PJ/6/1650; and Kitchin, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 158.
21.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 170; and Irving, ibid., p. 30.
22.Sardar Atmasingh, CPI, II, no. 30, pp. 74–5.
23.Malik Fateh Khan, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 67. For the Naib Tahsildar’s translation of this part of the proclamation see ibid., p. 71.
24.There also appear to have been slightly different versions of the proclamations, see Appendix I–II, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 212; and Shaikh Abdul Karim, CPI, II, pp. 76–80.
25.Girdhari Lal, CPI, II, no. 1, p. 11.
26.Ashraf Khan, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 199; Jowahir Lal, ACC, pp. 42 and 46.
27.Malik Fateh Khan, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 67.
28.Ibid., pp. 67 and 152; and Dyer, ibid., pp. 116 and 152.
29.Irving, ibid., p. 6.
30.Malik Fateh Khan, ibid., pp. 67–8.
31.Dyer, ibid., p. 116.
32.Plomer, ibid., p. 35.
33.Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 7.
34.Ibid.
35.Seth Gul Mahammad, CPI, II, no. 21, p. 60.
36.Brij Lal, ACC, pp. 65–6.
37.Ibid., p. 66.
38.See Peter Robb, ‘The Challenge of Gau Mata: British Policy and Religious Change in India, 1880–1916’, Modern Asian Studies, 20, 2 (April 1986), pp. 285–319.
39.Lala Sahab Dayal, CPI, II, no. 73, p. 115
40.Thomson Diary, 8 August 1919, and Plomer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 189.
41.Girdhari Lal, CPI, II, no. 1, p. 8.
42.Lala Kanhyalal Bhatia, ibid., no. 29, pp. 73–4.
43.Ibid., p. 73.
44.Sardar Har Bhajan Singh, ibid., no. 58, pp. 101–2.
45.Hari Chand, ibid., no. 62, pp. 105–6.
46.Lala Hari Saran, ibid., no. 67, p. 110.
47.Lala Karam Chand, ibid., no. 23, p. 68.
48.Irving, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 7.
49.Swinson, Six Minutes to Sunset, p. 197.
50.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 116.
51.Report of Briggs, in Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, Appendix A, p. 25.
52.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 201.
53.Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 7.
54.CPI, I, p. 54.
55.Manto, ‘For Freedom’s Sake’, in My Name is Radha, p. 181.
56.Malaviya, Open Rebellion, p. 5.
57.Ibid.
58.CPI, I, p. 54. Malaviya, Open Rebellion, pp. 4–5.
59.Estimates of the size of the crowd vary, but see Khushal Singh, CPI, II, no. 34, pp. 82–3; and Girdhari Lal, ibid., no. 1 p. 10.
60.Report by Irving, 4 Aug. 1919, NAI, Home Political, Deposit, Oct. 1919, no. 62, p. 2.
61.Lala Parmanand, CPI, II, no. 47, p. 93.
62.Gholam Jilani, ibid., no. 31, p. 76.
63.Mulchand, ibid., no. 33, p. 80.
64.This is based on an analysis of the two separate records of dead and wounded, see Appendix C: ‘List of persons killed in the Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April, 1919 (Pb. Govt. Home-Military-Part B – 1921 – No. 139)’, in Ram, The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, pp. 128–51; List of Statements (persons killed or wounded), nos I–IV and VIII–XI, in Langley to Montmorency, 22 Dec. 1921, BL, AAS, IOR/L/PJ/6/1650. I am grateful to Amandeep Madra for his help in examining these records.
65.List of Statements (persons killed or wounded), nos I–IV and VIII–XI, in Langley to Montmorency, 22 Dec. 1921, BL, AAS, IOR/L/PJ/6/1650.
66.Lala Karam Chand, CPI, II, no. 23, p. 68.
67.Lala Kishori Lal, ibid., no. 50, p. 95.
68.Swinson, Six Minutes to Sunset, p. 45.
69.Jackie Smyth, ‘The Massacre at Amritsar’, Times Literary Supplement, 20 Feb. 1964.
70.Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 11.
71.Morgan, ‘The Truth about Amritsar: By an Eye Witness’, IWM, 72/22/1, p. 4.
72.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 123.
73.Appendix XIII, ibid., p. 216.
74.Dyer, ibid., p. 203.
75.54th Sikhs (Frontier Force), The Quarterly Indian Army List, April 1919 (Calcutta, 1919), pp. 1239–42.
76.‘Two of our armoured cars in Rambagh Gardens, 19/4/19’, in Percy Chisnall’s photo album, p. 67 (courtesy of Amanda Stacey): http://www.25thlondon.com/pccalbum/67.html (accessed 30 Aug. 2018). See also Major General N.W. Duncan, AFV #9: Early Armoured Cars (London: Profile Publications, 1970); and https://armoredcars-ww-one.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/napier-armoured-car-10-amb-10th.html and https://armoredcars-ww-one.blogspot.co.uk/2011/12/jeffery-rusell-armoured-car-india.html (accessed 7 April 2018).
77.McCallum, CSAS, p. 4.
78.Interview with Thomas Josef Laidlaw, 1976, IWM, sound archive 924, reel 4.
79.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, pp. 116 and 130.
80.Ibid., p. 117.
81.Ibid., p. 203; and Thompson Diary, 8 August 1919.
82.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 122.
83.Girdhari Lal, CPI, II, no. 1, p. 8.
84.Ibid., p. 9. Girdhari Lal uses the blanke
t-term ‘Baluchis’ for the sepoys of the 54th and 59th.
85.Seth Gul Mahammad, ibid., no. 21, p. 61.
86.Ram Saran Singh, ibid., no. 24, p. 69.
87.Hari Chand, ibid., no. 62, p. 111.
88.Lala Kishori Lal, ibid., no. 50, pp. 95–6; Hans Raj, ACC, p. 36; and Ghulam Gilani, ibid., p. 71.
89.‘The Amritsar Resolution, Law Report, 26 May 1924: High Court of Justice’, The Times, 27 May 1924.
90.Hans Raj, ACC, p. 36.
91.Sardar Har Bhajan Singh, CPI, II, no. 58, p. 102.
92.Khushal Sing, ibid., no. 34, p. 82.
93.Lala Guranditta, ibid., no. 45, p. 91.
94.Lala Hari Saran, ibid., no. 67, p. 110.
95.See for instance Seth Gul Mahammad, ibid., no. 21, p. 61; and Sardar Har Bhajan Singh, ibid., no. 58, p. 102.
96.Lala Hardyal Mal, ibid., no. 36, p. 84.
97.Seth Gul Mahammad, ibid., no. 21, pp. 61–2.
98.Singh, Gandhi Rowlatt Satyagraha, p. 67. See also Rajnarayan Chandavarkar Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, c. 1850–1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 180–233.
99.Khushal Singh, CPI, II, no. 34, pp. 82–3.
100.Jowahar Lal, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 152.
101.Ibid., p. 151.
102.See Datta, Jallianwala Bagh, pp. 166–8.
103.Jowahar Lal, ACC, p. 41, and Jowahar Lal, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 152.
104.Jowahar Lal, ACC, p. 41.
105.Khushal Singh, CPI, II, no. 34, p. 82.
106.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 116.
107.Plomer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 37.
108.Report of Briggs, in Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, Appendix A, p. 25.
109.Jackie Smyth, ‘The Massacre at Amritsar’, Times Literary Supplement, 20 Feb. 1964.
110.See map in Thompson Diary, 9 Aug. 1919. See also Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 116; and Plomer, ibid., p. 36.
111.Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 19.
112.‘The Amritsar Resolution, Law Report, 26 May 1924: High Court of Justice’, The Times, 27 May 1924.
113.Girdhari Lal, CPI, II, no. 1, p. 9.
114.Ram Saran Singh, CPI, II, no. 24, p. 70. See also Hans Raj, ACC, pp. 36 and 83.
115.Hans Raj, ACC, p. 83.
116.Gandhi, 6 April 1919, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, vol. 17, p. 187.
9 Massacre
1.Orwell, Shooting an Elephant, p. 239.
2.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 203. From his vantage-point, Dyer could not actually see any of the people in the Bagh carrying weapons. ‘I assume numbers had sticks,’ he nevertheless claimed. ‘I knew they were going to be armed with sticks.’ Ibid., p. 117.
3.Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 7.
4.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 203. Later Dyer later also stated that he ‘did not see a single woman or child’, though in truth he could have made only the most cursory survey of the thousands gathered.
5.Ibid., p. 117.
6.Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 13.
7.Surtees, Hansard, HC, Deb. 8 July 1920, vol. 131, col. 1775.
8.Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 13.
9.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 203.
10.Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 15.
11.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p.123.
12.Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 15.
13.Rupert Furneaux, ‘The Massacre at Amritsar’, Times Literary Supplement, 9 April 1964.
14.Jackie Smyth, ‘The Massacre at Amritsar’, Times Literary Supplement, 30 April 1964.
15.See Smyth, The Only Enemy, p. 103.
16.Rupert Furneaux, ‘The Massacre at Amritsar’, Times Literary Supplement, 9 April 1964.
17.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 126.
18.See Spencer Jones, From Boer War to World War: Tactical Reform of the British Army, 1902–1914 (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012).
19.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, pp. 118 and 203.
20.Ibid., p. 203.
21.Letter of 26 March 1920, S.K. Datta Papers, AAS, BL, Mss Eur F/178/48, BL.
22.Lala Gian Chand, CPI, II, no. 12, p. 41.
23.Lala Karam Chand, ibid., no. 23, p. 68.
24.Abdul Ahad alias Adu, ibid., no. 57, p. 101.
25.Nathi, ibid., no. 65, p. 108.
26.Lala Churanji Lal, ibid., no. 68, p. 111.
27.Moulvi Gholam Jilani, ibid., no. 134, p. 181.
28.Girdhari Lal, ibid., no. 1, pp. 9–10.
29.Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 8.
30.Thompson Diary, 14 July 1919.
31.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 203.
32.Ibid.
33.Statement by Dyer, 3 July, p. 8. It may be noted that the drawn-out depiction of the massacre in Attenborough’s Gandhi movie lasts for just two minutes. For the length of the shooting see also Partap Singh, CPI, II, no. 74, p. 116.
34.Arthur Swinson personally interviewed Anderson, who was still alive in 1964, see Swinson, Five Minutes to Sunset, p. 210.
35.McCallum, CSAS, p. 5.
36.Rupert Furneaux, ‘The Massacre at Amritsar’, Times Literary Supplement, 9 April 1964.
37.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 203.
38.Ibid.; and Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 18.
39.Plomer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 36.
40.Mulchand, CPI, II, no. 33, p. 81; and Pandit Chet Ram, ibid., no. 51, p. 97.
41.Lala Guranditta, ibid., no. 45, p. 91.
42.Sardar Partap Singh, ibid., no. 49, p. 95.
43.Lala Karam Chand, ibid., no. 23 p. 69.
44.Arthur Keith and Hugh M. Rigby, ‘Modern Military Bullets: A Study of their Destructive Effects’, The Lancet, 2 Dec. 1899, pp. 1499–507. The Mark VI was not, technically speaking, an expanding bullet, but see W.F. Stevenson, ‘Note on the Use of “Dum-Dum” and Explosive Bullets in War’, British Medical Journal, 2, 2808 (24 Oct. 1914), pp. 701–2.
45.Pandit Chet Ram, CPI, II, no. 51, p. 97. See also List of Statements (persons killed or wounded), nos I–IV and VIII–XI, in Langley to Montmorency, 22 Dec. 1921, BL, AAS, IOR/L/PJ/6/1650.
46.Wazir Ali, CPI, II, no. 42, p. 89.
47.See photographs of bullet-holes, Report, CPI, I, between pp. 54 and 55; see also Malaviya, Open Rebellion, p. 5; and S. Gopal (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1973), vol. I, pp. 130 and 132.
48.Lala Mansa Ram, CPI, II, no. 48, p. 94; Lala Kishori, ibid., no. 50, p. 96; and Lala Durga Das, ibid., no. 52, p. 97.
49.Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, vol. I, p. 133.
50.McCallum, CSAS, p. 5.
51.Report of Briggs, in Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, Appendix A, p. 25.
52.McCallum, CSAS, p. 5.
53.John D. Tyson, ‘The Massacre at Amritsar’, Times Literary Supplement, 19 March 1964.
54.Jackie Smyth, ‘The Massacre at Amritsar’, Times Literary Supplement, 20 Feb. 1964.
55.Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, p. 22.
56.Lala Nathu Ram, CPI, II, no. 54, p. 100. See also Seth Lakhmi Chand, ibid., no. 43, p. 90.
57.Lala Gian Chand, ibid., no. 12, p. 41.
58.Girdhari Lal, ibid., no. 1, p. 10.
59.Ibid., p. 11.
60.Lala Atmaram, ibid., no. 4, p. 29.
61.Manto, ‘For Freedom’s Sake’, in My Name is Radha, p. 182.
62.Trevelyan, The Golden Oriole, p. 482; and MWD, p. 182.
63.MWD, p. 183.
64.Wathen, ‘Law Report, 26 May 1924: High Court of Justice’, The Times, 27 May 1924.
65.MWD, p. 183.
66.Irving, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 27.
67.Report of Briggs, in Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, Appendix A, p. 25.
68.Ashford letter, 19 April 1919, in Hill to Saunders, 24 May 1919, BL, AAS, IOR/L/PJ/6/1650, p. 3.
69.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, pp. 118 and 134.
70.Morgan, ‘The Truth about Amritsar: By an Eye Witness’, IWM, 72/22/1, p. 6.
71.‘Mrs Bec
kett (BBC documentary: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0077547): accessed 12 April 2018.
72.Thompson, Evidence, DIC, VI, in Datta, New Light, p. 78.
73.MWD, p. 183.
74.Ibid.
75.O’Dwyer, Evidence, DIC, VI, in Datta, New Light, p. 130.
76.See also Thomson Diary, 13 April 1919.
77.Colvin, Life of General Dyer, pp. 184–5.
78.Wathen, ‘Law Report, 26 May 1924: High Court of Justice’, The Times, 27 May 1924.
79.MWD, p. 184.
80.Thomson Diary, 14 April 1919.
81.MWD, p. 184.
82.Kitchin, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 221.
83.Kitchin, ‘Law Report, 19 May 1924: High Court of Justice’, The Times, 20 May 1924.
84.Ratan Devi, CPI, II, no. 75, pp. 116–17.
85.Ibid., p. 117.
86.Ibid., p. 118.
87.Lala Gian Chand, ibid., no. 12, p. 41.
88.Lala Kishori Lal, ibid., no. 50, p. 96.
89.Girdhari Lal, ibid., no. 1, p. 11.
10 Forces of Terror
1.Report of Dyer, 14 April, in Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, Appendix C, pp. 27–8.
2.Thompson to Craik, 14 Aug. 1919, NAI, Home Political, Deposit, Sept. 1919, no. 23, p. 2. See also Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 118; and Thompson Diary, 8 August 1919.
3.O’Dwyer, Evidence, DIC, VI, in Datta, New Light, I, p. 133.
4.Collett, The Butcher of Amritsar, p. 267.
5.O’Dwyer, India as I Knew It, p. 285.
6.Report of Dyer, 14 April, in Statement by Dyer, 3 July 1920, Appendix C, p. 28.
7.O’Dwyer, Note on Punjab Disorders, Evidence, DIC, VI, in Datta, New Light, I, p. 796.
8.O’Dwyer, India as I Knew It, p. 283.
9.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 203.
10.Irving, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 6; Sardha Sukha Singh, ibid., p. 146; and Dr Bal Mukhun, CPI, II, no. 20, p. 56.
11.Dyer, Evidence, DIC, III, p. 203.
12.Dr Ishar Dass Bhatia, D.W. 109, O’Dwyer v. Nair, TNA, J17/634, pp. 381–3.
13.Bal Mukund, D.W. 112, ibid., p. 399.
14.Lala Munshi Ram, CPI, II, no. 66, p. 109.
15.Dr Bal Mukund, ibid., no. 20, p. 57.
16.Lala Dhani Ram, ibid., no. 64, p. 107.
17.Dr Kidar Nath Bhandari, D.W. 110, O’Dwyer v. Nair, TNA, J17/634, p. 386.
18.Dr Devi Dass, CPI, II, no. 70, p. 113.
19.Dr Bal Mukund, ibid., no. 20, p. 57.
20.Ibid. See also Bal Mukund, D.W. 112, O’Dwyer v. Nair, TNA, J17/634, p. 399.
21.Girdhari Lal, CPI, II, no. 1, p. 11.