Amritsar 1919

by Kim Wagner

  Interview with Alfred Griffin, 1986, IWM, sound archive 9101.

  Interview with Thomas Josef Laidlaw, 1976, IWM, sound archive 924.

  Lieutenant-Colonel M.H.L. Morgan, ‘The Truth about Amritsar: By an Eye Witness’, 72/22/1.

  National Library of Scotland

  Minto Papers, MS 12756.

  National Archives of India, New Delhi (NAI)

  Amritsar Conspiracy Case, NAI, Acc. no. 1829 (Microfilm).

  Home Political, Deposit, June 1919, no. 307.

  Home Political, Deposit, July 1919, no. 71.

  Home Political, Deposit, Sept. 1919, no. 12.

  Home Political, Deposit, Sept. 1919, no. 23.

  Home Political, Deposit, Oct. 1919, no. 28.

  Home Political, Deposit, Oct. 1919, no. 31.

  Home Political, Deposit, Oct. 1919, no. 62.

  Home Political, Deposit, Dec. 1919, no. 22.

  Home Political, A, Oct. 1919, nos 228–50.

  Home Political, A, Oct. 1919, nos 421–24.

  Home Political, B, May 1919, nos 148–78.

  Home Political, A, Feb. 1920, nos 347–58.

  Punjab States Archive, Chandigarh (PSA)

  5259: Home Judicial, B, July 1919, nos 72–85 (Miss Easdon’s Case).

  5260: Home Judicial, B, July 1919, nos 86–106 (Alliance Bank Case).

  5268: Home Judicial, B, June 1919, nos 249–70 (Miss Sherwood’s Case).

  5275: Home Judicial, B, June 1919, nos 429–31 (Guard Robinson Murder Case).

  5315: Home Judicial, C, May 1920, nos 268–322 (National Bank Case).

  5336: Home Judicial, C, April 1920, nos 806–16 (Alliance Bank Case).

  5337: Home Judicial, C, April 1920, nos 1152–61 (Majith Mandi Post Office Case).

  5340: Home Judicial, C, April 1920, nos 1264–71 (National Bank Case).

  Primary published material

  54th Sikhs (Frontier Force), The Quarterly Indian Army List, April 1919 (Calcutta, 1919).

  The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, 98 vols (Ahmedabad: The Publication Division, 1965).

  Congress Punjab Inquiry 1919–1920, vol. I: Report of the Commissioners Appointed by the Punjab Sub-committee of the Indian National Congress; vol. II: Evidence (Lahore: K. Santanam, 1920).

  Datta, V.N. (ed.), New Light on the Punjab Disturbances in 1919: Volumes VI and VII of Disorders Inquiry Committee Evidence, 2 vols (Simla: Indian Institute for Advanced Studies, 1975).

  Gopal, S. (ed.), Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 1973).

  ‘Influenza in India, 1918’, Public Health Reports, 34, 42 (17 Oct. 1919), pp. 2300–2.

  Ker, J.C., Political Trouble in India, 1907–1917 (Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, 1917).

  Mittra, H.N. (ed.), Punjab Unrest: Before & After (Calcutta: Annual Register, 1921).

  Punjab Disturbances: Compiled from the Civil and Military Gazette (Lahore: Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1919).

  Works published before 1947

  Ackerley, J.R., Hindoo Holiday: An Indian Journal (London: Chatto & Windus, 1932).

  Anon. (Norah Beckett), ‘Amritsar: By an English Woman’, Blackwoods Magazine (April 1920), pp. 441–6.

  Anon., The ‘Rowlatt Act’: Its Origin, Scope and Object (Bombay and Madras: Oxford University Press, 1919).

  Bennett, A., ‘Ten Months’ Captivity after the Massacre at Cawnpore’, The Nineteenth Century, LXXIII (January–June 1913), pp. 1212–34.

  Beresford, L., The Second Rising: A Romance of India (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1910).

  Blacker, L.V.S., On Secret Patrol in High Asia (London: John Murray, 1922).

  Buchan, J., Lord Minto: A Memoir (London: Nelson, 1924).

  Callwell, C.E., Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice (London, 1896; 3rd edn 1906).

  —— Field-Marshall Sir Henry Wilson, 2 vols (London: Cassell and Company, 1927).

  Candler, E., The Mantle of the East (Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, 1910).

  —— Abdication (London: Constable & Company, 1922).

  Chirol, V., Indian Unrest (London: Macmillan, 1910).

  Colvin, I., The Life of General Dyer (Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, 1929).

  Combe, Mrs K., Cecilia Kirkham’s Son (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & Sons, 1909).

  Cooper, F., The Crisis in Punjab, from the 10th of May until the Fall of Delhi (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1858).

  Crane, W., India Impressions: With Some Notes of Ceylon during a Winter Tour, 1906–7 (London: Methuen, 1907).

  Del Mar, W., India of To-day (London: A. & C. Black, 1905).

  Douie, J., The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916).

  Duff, A., The Indian Rebellion: Its Causes and Results – In a Series of Letters (London: s.n., 1858).

  Dyer, Brig.-Gen. R.E.H., The Raiders of the Sarhad (London: H.F. & G. Witherby, 1921).

  Forster, E.M., ‘Reflections in India, I: Too Late?’, The Nation and the Athenaeum, 21 Jan. 1922, pp. 614–15.

  —— A Passage to India (London: Edward Arnold, 1924; new edn, London: Penguin, 2005)

  Forsyth, D., Autobiography and Reminiscences of Sir Douglas Forsyth, edited by his daughter (London: Richard Bentley and Son, 1887).

  Gwynn, Maj.-Gen. Sir C.W., Imperial Policing (London: Macmillan, 1934).

  Home, A., ‘Amritsar: The City of the Golden Temple’, The Modern Review, Jan. 1920, pp. 57–71.

  Irvine, A.A., Land of No Regrets (London: Collins, 1938).

  Kaye, J.W., A History of the Sepoy War in India 1857–1858, 3 vols (London: W.H. Allen & Co., 1876–80).

  Kaye, J.W. and Malleson, G.B., Kaye’s and Malleson’s History of the Indian Mutiny, I–VI (London: W.H. Allen & Co., 1888–9).

  Keith, A. and Rigby, H.M., ‘Modern Military Bullets: A Study of their Destructive Effects’, The Lancet, 2 Dec. 1899, pp. 1499–507.

  Kipling, R., ‘In the Year ’57’, Civil and Military Gazette, 14 and 23 May 1887.

  —— ‘On the City Wall’, In Black and White (Allahabad, 1888).

  —— ‘The Enlightenments of Pagett, M.P.’, Pioneer, 11–12 Sept. 1890.

  —— Kim (London: Macmillan, 1901, new edn, Norton Critical Edition, New York: Norton, 2002).

  Leckey, E., Fictions Connected with the Indian Outbreak of 1857 Exposed (Bombay: Chesson and Woodhall, 1859).

  Leggett, S., ‘The Amritsar Hydro-Electric Irrigation Installation’, Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, CCXII (1921).

  Leigh, M.S., The Punjab and the War (Lahore: Printed by the Superintendent, Government Printing, Punjab 1922).

  Malaviya, K.D., Open Rebellion in Punjab (Allahabad, 1920).

  Malleson, G.B., The Indian Mutiny of 1857 (London: Seeley and Co., 1891).

  Manto, S.H., My Name is Radha: The Essential Manto (Gurgaon: Penguin India, 2015).

  Minto, Countess of, India: Minto and Morley 1905–1910 (London: Macmillan, 1934).

  Mohan, P., An Imaginary Rebellion (Lahore, 1920; new edn, The Punjab ‘Rebellion’ of 1919 and How It Was Suppressed: An Account of the Punjab Disorders and the Working of Martial Law (New Delhi: Gyan Pub. House, 1999)).

  Nair, C.S., Gandhi and Anarchy (Madras: Tagore & Co., 1922).

  Nehru, J., Jawaharlal Nehru: An Autobiography (London: Lowe & Brydon, 1936).

  Newell, H.A., Amritsar: The City of the Golden Temple (Bombay, 1913).

  O’Dwyer, M., India as I Knew It, 1885–1925 (London: Constable & Company, 1925)

  Orwell, G., Burmese Days (London: Victor Gollancz, 1935; new edn, London: Penguin, 2014),

  —— ‘Shooting an Elephant’ (New Writing, 1936), in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds), The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, vol. 1: An Age Like This, 1920–1940 (London: Secker & Warburg, 1968).

  Rai, L., Young India: An Interpretation and a History of the Nationalist Movement from Within (London: Home Rule for India League, 1917).


  Richards, P.E., Indian Dust: Being Letters from the Punjab (London, George Allen & Unwin, 1932).

  Roberts, Lord [F.S.], Forty-one Years in India: From Subaltern to Commander-in-Chief (London: Macmillan, 1897).

  Savi, E.W., My Own Story (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1947).

  Scidmore, E.R., Winter India (New York: The Century Co., 1903).

  Setalvad, C. H., Reflections and Recollections: An Autobiography (Bombay: Padma Publications, 1946).

  Sinha, T.P., ‘Pussyfoot’ Johnson and His Campaign in Hindustan (Madras: Ganesh & Co., p. 1922).

  Steevens, G.W., In India (Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, 1900).

  Stevenson, W.F., ‘Note on the Use of “Dum-Dum” and Explosive Bullets in War’, British Medical Journal, 2, 2808 (24 Oct. 1914), pp. 701–2.

  Tagore, R., Letters to a Friend (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1926).

  Thompson, E.J., The Other Side of the Medal (London: The Hogarth Press, 1925).

  —— A Letter from India (London: Faber & Faber, 1932).

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  Trevelyan, G.O., Competition Wallah (London: Macmillan, 1866).

  Walpole, H., The Secret City: A Novel in Three Parts (London: Macmillan, 1919).

  Weale, P., Indiscreet Letters from Peking (London: G. Bell, 1906).

  Yeats-Brown, F., Bengal Lancer (London: Victor Gollancz, 1930).

  Yule, H. and Burnell, A.C., Hobson-Jobson: Being a Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases (London: John Murray, 1903).

  Works published after 1947

  Amin, S., ‘Approver’s Testimony, Judicial Discourse: The Case of Chauri Chaura’, in Subaltern Studies V (Delhi: Oxford University Press India, 1987), pp. 166–202.

  —— Event, Metaphor, Memory: Chauri Chaura, 1922–1992 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).

  Anand, A., The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge and the Raj (London: Simon & Schuster, 2019).

  Anon., A History of the Khalsa College Amritsar (Amritsar, 1949).

  Arnold, D., ‘The Poison Panics of British India’, in Harald Fischer-Tiné (ed.), Anxieties, Fear and Panic in Colonial Settings: Empires on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2017), pp. 49–71.

  Bailkin, J., ‘The Boot and the Spleen: When Was Murder Possible in British India?’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 48, 2 (2006), pp. 462–93.

  Barrier, N.G., ‘The Arya Samaj and Congress Politics in the Punjab, 1894–1908’, Journal of Asian Studies, 26, 3 (May, 1967), pp. 363–79.

  —— ‘The Punjab Disturbances of 1907: The Response of the British Government in India to Agrarian Unrest’, Modern Asian Studies, 1, 4 (1967), pp. 353–83.

  Bayly, C.A., Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

  Beckett, E. (John Wrake ed.), The British Raj, vol. II: Decay (USA: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011).

  Bennett, H., ‘The Other Side of the COIN: Minimum and Exemplary Force in British Counterinsurgency in Kenya’, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 18, 4 (2007), pp. 638–64.

  —— Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-insurgency in the Kenya Emergency (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).

  Bloch, M., The Historian’s Craft (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1954).

  Blunt, A., ‘Embodying War: British Women and Domestic Defilement in the Indian “Mutiny”, 1857–8’, Journal of Historical Geography, 26, 3 (2000), pp. 403–28.

  Bose, P., Organizing Empire: Individualism, Collective Agency, and India (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003).

  Bose, P. and Lyons, L., ‘Dyer Consequences: The Trope of Amritsar, Ireland, and the Lessons of the “Minimum” Force Debate’, boundary 2, 26, 2 (1999), pp. 199–229.

  Bose, S. and Jalal, A., Modern South Asia: History, Culture, and Political Economy (London: Routledge 1998).

  Brass, P., Theft of an Idol: Text and Context in the Representation of Collective Violence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).

  Brown, J., Gandhi’s Rise to Power: Indian Politics, 1915–22 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).

  Burton, A., ‘Reterritorializing Empires’, in Emily S. Rosenberg (ed.), A World Connecting, 1870–1945 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), pp. 306–47.

  Canetti, E., Crowds and Power (London: Victor Gollancz, 1962), p. 20.

  Chakravarty, G., The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

  Chandavarkar, R., Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, c. 1850–1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

  Chatterjee, P., The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).

  Choudhury, D.K.L., ‘Sinews of Panic and the Nerves of Empire: The Imagined State’s Entanglement with Information Panic, India c. 1800–1912’, Modern Asian Studies, 38, 4 (Oct. 2004), pp. 965–1002.

  Collett, N., The Butcher of Amritsar: Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer (London: Continuum, 2006).

  Condos, M., ‘Licence to Kill: The Murderous Outrages Act and the Rule of Law in Colonial India, 1867–1925’, Modern Asian Studies, 50, 2 (2016), pp. 479–517.

  —— ‘“Fanaticism” and the Politics of Resistance along the North-West Frontier of British India’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 58, 3 (2016), pp. 717–45.

  —— The Insecurity State: Punjab and the Making of Colonial Power in British India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).

  Condos, M. and Rand, G. (eds), ‘Coercion and Conciliation at the Edge of Empire: State-building and its Limits in Waziristan, 1849–1914’, The Historical Journal, 61, 3 (2018), pp. 695–718.

  Darwin, J., ‘A Roundtable on John Darwin’s The Empire Project: Reply’, Journal of British Studies, 54, 4 (Oct. 2015), pp. 993–7.

  Das, G.K., E.M. Forster’s India (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1977).

  Das, V., Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007).

  Datta, V.N., Amritsar: Past and Present (Amritsar: Municipal Committee, 1967).

  —— Jallianwala Bagh (Ludhiana: Lyall Book Depot, 1969).

  Datta, V.N. and Mittal, S.C., Sources on National Movement, 3 vols (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1985).

  Datta, V.N. and Settar, S. (eds), Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (Delhi: Pragati Publications: Indian Council of Historical Research, 2000).

  Dewey, C., Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service (London: Hambledon Press, 1993).

  Doran, C., ‘Gender Matters in the Singapore Mutiny’, Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 17, 1 (April 2002), pp. 76–93.

  Draper, A., Amritsar: The Massacre That Ended the Raj (London: Cassell, 1981).

  Drohan, B., Brutality in an Age of Human Rights: Activism and Counterinsurgency at the End of the British Empire (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017).

  Duncan, Maj.-Gen. N.W., AFV #9: Early Armoured Cars (London: Profile Publications, 1970).

  Fein, H., Imperial Crime and Punishment: The Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh and British Judgment, 1919–1920 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1977).

  Fenech, L.E., ‘Contested Nationalisms; Negotiated Terrains: The Way Sikhs Remember Udham Singh “Shahid” (1899–1940)’, Modern Asian Studies, 36, 4 (Oct. 2002), pp. 827–70.

  Ferrell, D.W., ‘The Rowlatt Satyagraha in Delhi’, in R. Kumar, Essays on Gandhian Politics: The Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), pp. 189–235.

  Fischer-Tiné, H. (ed.), Anxieties, Fear and Panic in Colonial Settings: Empires on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2017).

  Fisher, A.H., Through India and Burmah with Pen and Brush (London: T. Werner Laurie, 1911).

 
French, D., The British Way in Counterinsurgency, 1945–1967 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)

  —— ‘Nasty Not Nice: British Counter-insurgency Doctrine and Practice, 1945–1967’, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 23, 4–5 (2012), pp. 744–61.

  Furneaux, R., Massacre at Amritsar (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1963).

  Gallagher, J. ‘Nationalisms and the Crisis of Empire, 1919–1922’, Modern Asian Studies, xv, 3 (1981), pp. 355–68;

  Gauba, A., Amritsar: A Study in Urban History, 1840–1947 (Jalandhar: ABS Publications 1988).

  Ghosh, D., Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919–1947 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017).

  Gilbert, M. (ed.), Servant of India: A Study of Imperial Rule from 1905 to 1910 as Told through the Correspondence and Diaries of Sir James Dunlop Smith (London: Longmans, 1966).

  Gopal, P., Insurgent Empire: Anticolonialism and British Dissent (London: Verso, 2019).

  Guha, R., ‘The Mahatma and the Mob – “Essays on Gandhian Politics: The Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919” edited by R. Kumar’, South Asia, 1, 3 (1973), pp. 107–11.

  —— Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983).

  —— ‘Not at Home in Empire’. Critical Inquiry, 23, 3 (spring 1997), pp. 483–93.

  Heehs, P., The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900–1910 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993).

  Horowitz, D.L., The Deadly Ethnic Riot (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003).

  Hussain, N., The Jurisprudence of Emergency: Colonialism and the Rule of Law (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2003).

  Hyde, H.M., Lord Reading (London: Heinemann, 1967).

  Ilahi, S., Imperial Violence and the Path to Independence: India, Ireland, and the Crisis of Empire (London: I.B. Tauris, 2016).

  Jayakar, M.R., The Story of My Life, 2 vols (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1958).

  Jones, S., From Boer War to World War: Tactical Reform of the British Army, 1902–1914 (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012).

  Lawrence, Lady, Indian Embers (Oxford: George Ronald, 1949).

  Kaul, C., Reporting the Raj: The British Press and India, c. 1880–1922 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003).

  Kaur, M., ‘Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy: Its Impact and Emergence as National Historical Monument’, in Gursharan Singh (ed.), Jallianwala Bagh Commemoration Volume; and Amritsar and Our Duty to India (Patiala: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, 1994), pp. 163–9.