accusation of absconding, 188
captain, San Lucas, 76–77, 82
charges on return to Mexico, 164–66, 168–69
difficulties after separation, 110
Holland and England and, 194
insurrection and, 129–31
Kuroshio Current fauna, 153, 258 n19
letter to Philip II, 271 n13
at Likiep Atoll, 105–6, 108
in Mindanao, 125–28
navigation and return, 198–99
to Philippines after Legazpi’s death, 271 n13
San Lucas disappears, 84–85
San Lucas to Mindanao, 252 n2
separation plans failure, 262 n11, 262 n14
to Spain, 188
to Spain unpunished, 270 n11
Sumisu-tō (Smith Island), 258 n17
Urdaneta and, 193–94
vuelta decision, 141, 144–45, 167
vuelta North America, 157
vuelta provisions and water, 147, 155, 256 n11, 258 n25
vuelta rats, 155
vuelta sailing blind, 154, 259 n27
Arellano, Alonso de (Juana’s older brother), 240 n21
Arellano, Lope de, 240 n21
Arellano de Zúñiga, Juana Ramírez de, 76, 239 n21
Arte de navegar (Medina), 189
Audiencia of Mexico, 61–63, 83, 163, 164, 165, 168–70, 233 n29, 234 n1, 262 n14, 263 n15
Augustinian friars, 63, 67, 75, 82, 115, 124, 230 n18, 233 n31, 238 n16, 239 n18, 266 n25
Ayamonte, Spain, 71, 172, 236 n11
Azores, 91, 231 n6, 243 n5
B
Basque Country, 53, 67–68, 214 n8, 235 n6
Behaim, Martin, 30, 32, 218 n23, 221 n32
Bering, Vitus, 154
Berry, Edward Wilber, 4
Black slaves, 68–69, 74, 78
Borja, Juan de, ambassador to Portugal, 253 n14, 260 n2
Brazil, 9, 20, 92, 217 n20
C
Cabot expedition, 70, 224 n42, 229 n13, 257 n15
Cabral, Pedro Álvares, 92, 217 n20
Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez, 212 n1, 224 n42
Caesarea Karoli. See Mindanao
Camuz, Juan de, 136
Cantova, Juan Antonio, 197
Carrasco, Amancio Landín, 198, 253 n13
Carrión, Juan Pablo de
accusation of embezzlement, 169
bigamist, 52–53
Don Luis adviser, 48, 50–51
home in Carrión de los Condes, 229 n12
inquisitorial proceedings, 229 n14
life of, 49–50
on New Guinea, 60, 63
in prison, 229 n11
proposed route to the Philippines, 56–58, 83
Cauchela, Andrés, royal accountant, 52, 83
Cavendish, Thomas, 72, 237 n13
Cebu, 133, 269 n8
conspiracy by San Pedro sailors, 167–69
international trade and, 254 n17
Legazpi expedition and, 134–35, 137
Pericón destination, 171, 179
requerimiento, Christianity and Spanish domination, 135–36
salvator mundi statue gift, 137
on San Jerónimo, 265 n6
San Lucas at, 140–41
San Lucas in, 255 n4
vuelta decision, 141, 167
Chamorros, 113–14, 120–24, 251 n13
Charles I (king of Spain, aka Charles V of Holy Roman Empire), 34, 42, 44–45
Chaunu, Pierre, 198
China, 199–200
circumnavigation, 40, 53, 95, 117, 224 n40
Magellan and, 18
See also Elcano, Juan Sebastián
Columbus, Bartholomew, 23
Columbus, Christopher
Admiral of the Ocean Sea, 23, 32
Atlantic crossing, 9, 198
Atlantic gyres, 89
to Madeira, 25, 215 n14
magnetic declination, 116
mutinies and plots, 128
navigational skills and knowledge, 25–27
personal life, 24–25
in Portugal, 22–25, 27, 32, 214 n9
Roman league measurements, 202
Santa María, 18
in Spain, 33
Spain’s sea mastery, 20
Spanish and Portuguese crew, 69
Columbus, Ferdinand, 269 n7
Cook, James, 14, 87, 242 n1
Coriolis, Gaspard-Gustave de, 92
Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de, 224 n42
Cortés, Hernán, 46, 76, 96, 183–84, 229 n21, 249 n5, 252 n4, 266 n22
Cortés, Martín, 249 n5
Council of the Indies, 51, 189
Coutinho, Gago, 216 n16
Cyãbu. See Cebu
Cympagu. See Japan
D
Darwin, Erasmus, 2
Darwin, George Howard, 2–3
Davao Gulf, 126, 131, 133, 252 n2
del Campo, Felipe, 175, 179, 183, 186
Delle navigationi et viaggi (Ramusio), 148
Dias, Bartolomeu, 244 n7
Díaz, Gabriel, 164–65
Domingo, Andrés, 235 n7
E
earth
dinosaurs extinction, 6–7, 206 nn 9–10
ferns survival, 7, 207 n12
killer asteroid theory, 6–8
landmass of, 205 n1
oceanic dispersals, 8
South America as an island, 8–9
Elcano, Juan Sebastián, 53
Elizabeth (queen), 43
Espadas del fin del mundo (comic), 48
F
Faleiro, Francisco, 34–35, 37–38, 116–17, 189, 221 n31, 249 n5
Faleiro, Rui, 34–39, 116–17, 220 n30, 224 n40
Faras, João, 217 n20
Felipe. See Philip II
Ferdinand II (king), 33
Fernandes, Bernardo, 93
Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo, 35, 231 n21
Fisher, Osmond, 2–3
Flamenco, Juan Enrique, 185
Fortún, Jaymes Martínez, 117, 237 n12
G
Gallego, Hernán, 197
Gama, Vasco da, 92, 94, 244 n7
Garnica, Santiago de, 184
Garrucho, Cristóbal, 236 n11
Gastaldi, Giacomo, 148–50, 257 n15
Gemelli Careri, Giovanni Francesco, 145, 258 n26
Giro del Mondo (Gemelli Careri), 145
globalization, 260 n1
González, Melchor, 67
González Dávila expedition, 224 n42
Grijalva, Hernando de, 224 n42, 229 n13
Guam, 112
Dutch visit, 123
geology of, 120
island hopping, 12
la Isla de los Ladrones, 114, 121–22, 183
Legazpi expedition in, 166
Legazpi’s arrival, 116, 120
Legazpi’s expedition in, 121, 124–25
Magellan at, 250 n10
population of, 251 n12
Spaniards and, 113, 251 n16
strategic location, 251 n16
Umatac Bay, 121–23, 250
United States and, 162, 200
See also Chamorros
Guillén, Felipe, 249 n5
H
Hakluyt, Richard, 194
Hawaiian Islands, 87, 242 n1
Hernández, Domingo, 235 n7
Hernández, Gabriel Sánchez, 67
Hernández, Pablo, 262 n12
House of Trade (Spain), 70–71
I
Inglés, Juan, 235 n7
Isabella (queen), 33, 213 n6
Isla, Juan de la, captain, San Juan, 76
Isla, Rodrigo de la, pilot, San Juan, 76, 237 n12
L
la Isla Filipina. See Samar
las Islas de los Ladrones. See Marianas chain of islands
J
Japan, 32, 255 n3
drifters to North America, 258 n18
Hojunmaru, drifted to North America, 152
Kuroshio Current, 151
&nb
sp; Magellan near, 139
San Lucas near, 154
Sumisu-tō (Smith Island), 258 n17
Tokujômaru, drifted to North America, 152
Zipangu or Cipango, 148, 150
Jiménez, Lorenzo, 67, 239 n18
João II (king of Portugal), 27, 30, 32, 36
Lagos, Portugal, 69–71, 90
Lake, Philip, 4
Lara, Bartolomé de, 177, 181, 184–86
Lavezaris, Guido de, 78
Legazpi, Melchor de, 267 n2
Legazpi, Miguel López de, 166
Arellano named captain San Lucas, 76–77
ashore at Guam for Spain, 124
from Basque Country, 68
in Cebu, 135, 169
Cebu conspiracy uncovered, 167–69
destination question, 63–64
disappearance motive, 84–85
fleet commander, 74
in Guam, 120, 122–23, 125
letter to Philip II, 79
at Marshall Islands, 101–2, 108
mid-ocean meeting for new destination, 82–83
mistakes Guam for Philippines, 114
navigation dispute, 116
route to Philippines, 99
rules of, 77–78
salvator mundi statue omen, 137
in Samar, 132
on San Pedro, 75
separation contingency plan, 166
on separation of San Lucas, 110–11, 163
Spanish expedition commander, 60–61
Spanish settlement in Philippines, 162
and Tuasan, 134
visitador objection to, 62
Legazpi expedition
Acapulco return, 162
Bohol battle with Brunei Muslims, 133
in Cebu, 141
conspiracy by San Pedro sailors, 262 nn 12–14
debarkation, 80
destination question, 63–64, 71, 166, 240 n22
longitude problem of, 114–17, 119
at Marianas, 113
at Marshall Islands, 104
pilot’s role, 71–72, 237 n12
preparation for, 78–79
procedures enumerated, 77
religion and, 79
requerimiento, Christianity and Spanish domination, 136
return voyage Pacific gyres, 139–40
route to Philippines, 84, 87, 98–100, 242 n1
separation contingency plan, 84, 99, 109–10, 166
separation of the San Lucas, 84–85, 163, 165–68, 255 n4
ship living conditions, 80–82, 241 n2
successor secrecy, 77–78
voyagers, objectives, 74–75, 234 n1, 238 n16
See also Rodríguez, Esteban; San Juan; San Lucas; San Pablo; San Pedro; Urdaneta, Andrés de
Lisbon, 23
Ribeira das Naus (shipyard), 24, 215 n12
Loaísa expedition, 121, 139, 148, 224 n42, 227 n7, 229 n13, 230 n17, 251 n12
López, Miguel, 235 n7
M
Magalhães, Fernão de. See Magellan, Ferdinand
Magellan, Ferdinand
Chamorros and, 123
circumnavigation, 40, 95, 117
at Guam, 113–14, 120, 250 n10
King Phillip and, 42
mutinies and plots, 128
navigational skills and knowledge, 93–95
Pacific gyres, 89, 93–94
Pacific Ocean size, 224 n41
Philippines named archipiélago de San Lázaro, 44, 227 n5
salvator mundi statue gift, 137
in Spain, 34–35
to Spice Islands, 94–95, 245 n11
Spice Islands on Spanish side, 36
Straits of Magellan and Pacific Ocean, 34, 39, 219 n30
Magellan expedition
Pacific currents and, 95
San Antonio, 18
Trinidad, 40, 140, 144, 146, 153,256 n10
vuelta attempt, 255 n8
Magellan’s Island. See Cebu
Maldonado, Pedro, 229 n14
Manuel I (king of Portugal), 33
Marianas chain of islands, 13, 210 n20, 251 n12
geology of, 113, 248 n1
See also Guam
Marshall Islands, 1, 101–4, 108, 181–82, 196–97
Martín, Diego, 117, 237 n12
Martín, Lope
Afro-Portuguese defector, 34, 69
charges on return to Mexico, 165
conspiracy by San Pedro sailors, 168, 262 nn 12–14
forged nationality papers, 71
handpicked by Philip II, 19, 71
insurrection role, 130–31
jailed for embezzlement, 169–70
at Likiep Atoll, 105
in Navidad, 72
navigation and return, 198–99
navigator and licensed pilot, 20, 69–71, 236 n11
and Pericón’s horse, 174–75
in Philippines, 125–26
and San Jerónimo, 171–75, 177–81, 183–85
San Lucas leading expedition, 84
on San Lucas separation, 110
second voyage to Philippines, 168–70
on Ujelang Atoll, 196–98
vuelta decision, 140–45, 167
vuelta navigation, 148, 154, 156–58, 259 n27
Martínez, Juan, 174–75, 178, 180–84, 264 n3
Masiá, Luis Sánchez, 198, 253 n13
Matalotes, 97, 99, 109, 166, 246 n15
Medina, Isabel, 49–53, 229 n14
Medina, Pedro de, 189
Mendaña, Álvaro de, 197
Mendoza, Ana de Castilla y, 47
Mendoza, Antonio de, 225 n1
Micronesian islands navigation, 97, 246 n15
Mindanao
barangay (inhabitants) rituals, 126–28
conversion to Islam, 252 n2
San Lucas in, 125, 127, 131, 167, 255 n4, 262 n10
Villalobos expedition at, 44
Villalobos expedition vuelta, 140
Moctezuma, 47, 252 n4
Moluccas. See Spice Islands
Mosquera, Juan Ortiz de, 173, 175, 177–81
Muñoz, Hernán Sánchez, 239 n21
N
Native Americans, 13–14, 211 n24
settlement of Americas, 210 n22
Nature, 2
Navidad, Mexico
artillery request, 51
burned down by pirates, 72
diversity of workers and crew, 68–69
fleet construction, 51–52
health hazards of, 67
living conditions, 65–68, 234 n2
number of ships, 50–52
secret shipbuilding fleet, 17–19, 42, 72–73, 212 n1
slaves and Indigenous people, 68
Urdaneta’s plans for, 55, 231 n20
navigation
antimeridian line, 36–37, 190–92, 222 n35, 269 n7
Cantino Planisphere, 37
Cape Bojador, 26, 89, 216 nn 15–16
circumnavigation, 40
declination tables, 30–31, 70, 98, 218 n24
International Date Line, 201
isogonic chart, 223 n37, 250 n7
kelp in Pacific ocean, 258 n26
latitude and longitude, 27–31, 98, 114–16, 119, 156, 216 n19, 224 n40, 269 n8
la volta do mar largo, 26, 28, 90, 243 n3
leguas, or nautical leagues, 201–2
lunar eclipse and, 222 n35
magnetic declination, 37–38, 116–19, 223 nn 39–40, 249 n5, 250 nn 6–7
Manual of Munich, 217 n21
Mercator projection, 194
parallel sailing, 99
Portuguese and Spaniards, 211 n24
Conquering the Pacific Page 31