Portuguese experts, 27, 216 n19
Sierra Leone latitude, 219 n26
Southern Cross, 217 n20
to southern tip of Africa, 244 n7
Spain-Portugal controversy, 190–92
Spanish expert, 34–35
Straits of Magellan, 35–36
vuelta, 26, 40, 74, 139–44
Western Pacific monsoon (Habagat), 142–44, 148, 243 n3
See also ocean currents and winds
New Guinea, 56–60, 63, 83, 197, 199, 255 n8, 268 n6
Noort, Olivier van, 123
North America to Philippines
Spain and, 161
United States and, 161–62
O
ocean currents and winds
Coriolis effect, 88–89, 142
ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation), 243 n2, 244 n10
explanation for, 258 n22
gyres, 87–89, 92–93, 216 n15, 242 n2
Indian Ocean gyre, 243 n3
Intertropical Convergence Zone, 59, 94
Japan and, 258 n21
Kuroshio Current, 151–53
Mar de Sargaço, 91
Mexico to Philippines route, 232 n24
North Atlantic Gyre, 25–27, 89–91
North Pacific Gyre, 40, 95, 97–98, 142, 151
Portuguese and, 216 n16
South Atlantic Gyre, 91–92, 244 n6
South Pacific Gyre, 94
typhoons, 145, 256 n9
ventos gerais, 93
weather and sailing conditions, 172
oceanic dispersals, 8–11, 207 nn 13–14, 209 nn 14–17, 209 nn 19–20
Orbis Terrarum (Plancius), 193–94
Origin of Continents and Oceans, The (Wegener), 4
P
Pacheco, Gerónimo, 235 n7
Pacific fauna, 153
Pacific Islanders, 11–15, 40, 106–9
Pacific Ocean, 2–3
crossing, animals and humans, 10–11
Magellan discovery, 39
Mexico to Asia, 225 n1
naming of, 94, 244 n10
origin theories, 2–5, 206 n4
return voyages, 40–41, 43–44, 46, 224 n42, 227 n6
Spanish expeditions, 43–44, 96–97
vessels in expeditions, 229 n13
Pago Mayor. See Japan
Pangea, 3–5
paraos (canoes), 107, 120–23, 134, 136, 196
pawned territories, 190, 193, 268 n6, 270 n9
Perestrelo, Felipa Moniz, 25, 33
Pericón, Pero Sánchez, 170–80, 184, 264 nn 2–3
See also San Jerónimo
Pericón de Mesa, Diego Sánchez, 172, 177
Philip II (king of Spain), 42–46, 51, 55, 83, 162, 188–90, 193, 225 n1
Philippines, 45
Asian colonizers, 12
islanders of, 43–44
names of, 44–45, 227 n5
natives hatred of Spanish, 134
pawned territories question, 190
Portuguese and, 58–59
Spain-Portugal dispute controversy, 190–91
Spanish fleet controversy, 44
strategic location, 57–58
See also Cebu; Davao Gulf; Mindanao; Samar
pilots, 70–71
foreigners as, 236 n11
See also Fernandes, Bernardo; Gallego, Hernán; Isla, Rodrigo de la; Martín, Lope; Plín, Pierres; Rodríguez, Esteban; San Martín, Andrés de
Plancius, Petrus, 193–94
Plín, Pierres, 75, 115, 235 n7, 237 n12, 262 n12
Polynesians and Micronesians, 209 n20
island hopping, 12
navigation systems, 14–15
Portugal
acquired territory, 213 n6
navigational experts, 28, 30–31, 90–92, 220 n31, 244 n6
Orient trade, 19–20
Spain competition, 20–22, 213 n7
world navigational aspirations, 24, 33
See also Lagos, Portugal; Lisbon; Spice Islands
provisions
island hopping, 13
lack of, 40
Legazpi expedition, 67, 74
in the Philippines, 43
San Jerónimo, 264 n4
San Lucas vuelta, 146–47, 163
San Pedro vuelta, 162
R
Rada, Martín de, 75, 115, 192, 239 n18, 269 n8
Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, 148
Regiomontanus, Johannes, 30
religion
Christ Child statue in Cebu, 136–37
Mindanao Muslims and Christians, 126–27, 252 n2
salvator mundi iconography, 136–37
rituals, Aztec and Philippines, 126–28, 252 n4
Rivas, Damián de, 67
Rivero, Pedro de, 147
Rodríguez, Esteban, 72, 75, 98, 103–4, 162, 237 n12, 247 n4
S
Saavedra Cerón, Álvaro de, expedition, 138–39, 148, 224 n42, 229 n13, 250 n10, 255 n8
La Florida, 96–97, 245 n13
Salcedo, Felipe de, 103, 162
Samar, 45, 132, 140–41, 253 n4
San Agustín, Gaspar de, 132, 141, 194, 198, 271 n13
San Bernardino Strait, 133, 141, 255 n4
San Jerónimo
from Acapulco, 171, 174
counter-plotters, 185
crew loyal to Martín, 172–73
crew size, 264 n4
crew unrest and mutinies, 175–77, 179–81, 183–84, 186–87
marooned crew, 196–98
Mexico-Peru route, 263 n1
military crew of, 173, 181, 183
nautical equipment and sails, 185–87
and Pericón’s horse, 174–76
to the Philippines, 178
pilot and allies marooned, 187
route of, 266 n18
shipboard conditions, 174
survivors in Cebu, 265 n6
at Ujelang Atoll, 182–87, 266 n20
weather and sailing conditions, 264 nn 3–4
San Juan, 75, 102–3
San Lucas, 100
Arellano named captain, 76
Audiencia plan for, 263 n15
conspiracy by San Pedro sailors, 168
conspiracy justice, 169
contingency plans followed, 166–67, 262 n10, 262 n11
crew member discipline, 165
difficulties after separation, 111
insurrection, 128–30
at la Isla de los Nadadores, 109
at Likiep Atoll, 105–6
maestre Juan “the Greek,” 129–30
Martín as pilot, 77
in Mindanao, 125–26, 131, 252 n2, 255 n4
missed Guam, 114
moved to front of expedition, 84
navigation of, 259 n27, 262 n10
“patache” on Legaspi expedition, 73, 238 n15
provisions and water, 257 n11
route of, 247 n9
separation from fleet, 99, 110, 132, 163, 166
Sōfu Gan (Widow’s Crag), 150
at Sumisu-tō (Smith Island), 258 n17
vuelta, 140–41
vuelta dangerous moment, 157–59
vuelta decision revolt, 145–47
vuelta hardships, 153–55
vuelta navigation, 154, 156–57, 161
vuelta provisions and water, 146–48
vuelta rats, 155
vuelta resupply in Japan, 148, 150
vuelta success, 162, 260 n2
vuelta success questioned, 163
San Martín, Andrés de, 224 n40
San Pablo, 75, 102, 117–18, 145, 239 n18
San Pedro, 74–75, 79–80, 102, 145, 162–63, 165, 237 nn 13–14, 239 n18
Santa Cruz, Alonso de, 189
São Jorge Castle (Lisbon), 23–24
Sauz, Mateo del, 62, 75, 78, 82, 239 n19
mid-ocean meeting for new destination, 82
Sobel, Dava, 27
Sōfu Gan (Widow’s Crag), 150, 258 n17
Solórzano, Pero Núñez de,
173, 175, 179
Sotomayor, María de. See Medina, Isabel
Spain
Canary Islands, 213 n6
description of, 22
expedition failures, 40
Navidad, Mexico shipbuilding, 17–19
Pacific expeditions, 43, 46
Portugal competition, 19–20, 34, 39–41, 213 n7
territory of, 214 n8
Spanish expedition. See Legazpi expedition
Spice Islands, 45
longitude of, 117
Magellan at, 40, 94
Portuguese and, 58–60, 190, 192
revised destination, 83
Saavedra expedition, 96
San Lucas to, 147
Spanish side of demarcation line, 36, 221 n33
Villalobos expedition, 44
Straits of Magellan, 40, 53, 94, 168, 221 n32
Suárez, Leonor, 52, 230 n15
T
Tinoco, Aires, 90
Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation The Principall Navigations, Voiages (Hakluyt), 194
transpacific connection, 199–200
Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479), 213 n6, 214 n8
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), 20–21, 36, 115, 190–91, 193, 213 n6
Treaty of Zaragoza (1529), 190, 193, 268 n5
Tristão, Nuno, 90
Tuasan, Muslim navigator, 134–35, 254 n16
U
Urdaneta, Andrés de
Acapulco return, 162
apprentice to Elcano, 53
Augustinian priest-friar, 54, 195
from Basque Country, 68
credit for navigation and return, 198–99
destination question, 63, 71
disappearance motive, 84–85
Don Luis and, 54, 56
and Guam, 121–22
impact of voyages, 200
la Isla de los Ladrones, 114
Legazpi expedition success, 163, 194
letter to Philip II, 79
longitude question of Pacific, 269 n8
on Magellan expedition, 245 n12
Malay language, 133–34
marooned in Southeast Asia, 53
at Marshall Islands, 103–4
measurements of the earth, 202
mid-ocean meeting for new destination, 82–83
navigational problems, 111
proposed route to New Guinea, 56–60, 83, 231 n22, 232 n26, 268 n6
recruited by Don Luis, 55
return to Mexico City and Spain, 188
on the San Pedro, 74–75
severe burns of, 59
to Spain, 267 n2
Spain-Portugal controversy, 268 n6, 270 nn 9–10
Spain-Portugal dispute controversy, 189–93
Spanish circumnavigation attempt, 95
Spanish expedition role, 60
Spice Islands and Portuguese, 59
vuelta decision, 145–46
on vuelta technical details, 189
Western Pacific monsoon (Habagat), 144
Urdaneta, Gracia de, 53
V
Valderrama, Jerónimo, 61–63, 75, 233 n31
Varela, José de Andía y, 14
Vázquez de Espinosa, Antonio, 247 n7
Velasco, Luis de (viceroy), 46–48, 50–52, 54, 56, 60–63, 71, 228 n8
Vendanao. See Mindanao
Vigo, Gonzalo de, 251 n12
Villalobos, Rui López de, 44, 226 n3
Villalobos expedition
to Asia, 224 n42
Carrión on, 48
crew member discipline, 165
at Mindanao, 44
navigational problems, 97, 110
San Jorge, 256 n10
San Juan de Letrán, 144, 146
Spaniard captive witness, 253 n14
vuelta attempt, 44, 140, 255 n8
Vizinho, José, 31–32, 220 n31
W
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 8
War of the Castilian Succession, 213 n6
Wegener, Alfred, 3–4
Werner, Johannes, 269 n8
World Cruising Routes, 94, 232 n24, 245 n11
X
Xavier, Francisco, 41
Y
Yáñez, Alonso, 236 n11, 262 n9
Ymago mundi (Ailly), 25, 215 n14
Z
Zacuto, Abraham, 31, 218 n24
Visit marinerbooks.com to find more books by Andrés Reséndez.
About the Author
Andrés Reséndez’s most recent book, The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America, was a finalist for the National Book Award and the winner of the 2017 Bancroft Prize. He is a professor of history at the University of California, Davis, a current Carnegie Fellow, and an avid sailor. He lives in Davis, California.
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