Terrorism, Inc

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Terrorism, Inc Page 43

by Colin P Clarke


  Money Laundering Control Act, 24

  Moorland, Caroline, 33

  Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), 9, 55

  Morrison, Danny, 44

  Mortgage fraud, 72

  Mosul, Around, 160

  Mubarak, Hosni, 146

  Mughniyeh, Imad, 88

  Muhammad, Jaysh, 162

  Mujahedin, 113, 133, 141; and Pakistan, 17; stinger missiles, 15

  Multi-barrel rocket launchers (MBRLs), 55

  Muralitharan, Vinayagamoorthy, 57, 67

  Mustad’afin, 88

  Mustakbirin, 88

  Muswadda, Adnan, 107

  Mutative process, 8

  Nablus Mall, 99

  Naim, Moses, 142, 179

  Naji, Abu Bakr, 165

  Nandikadal Lagoon, 68

  Naqqash, Anis, 75

  NASCO conglomerate, 137

  Nasrallah, Sayeed Hassan, 6, 86, 91

  National Drug Control Strategy (NDCS), 131

  National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), 16

  National Security Council (NSC), 25

  National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), 4

  NATO: bombardment Serbs, 16; Haqqani, 17; Libya, 23; Taliban, 17

  NCL Holdings, 115

  Nedumaran, P., 60

  Neo-Taliban. See Taliban

  Netanyahu, Benjamin, 109

  New York City, 29

  New York Times, 139

  Nigeria: human trafficking, 12; rampage of Boko Haram, 24, 141

  Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories (NCCTs), 25

  Non-kinetic activities: and Al–Qaida, 151–52; and Hamas, 111–12; and Hezbollah, 92–93; and ISIS, 169; and LTTE, 68; and PIRA, 46–47; and Taliban, 130–31

  Nonprofit organizations (NPOs), 6

  Norman, Paul, 46

  North Africa: Al-Qaida in, 143; and human trafficking, 12; Western tourists kidnappings, 9–10

  Northern Aid Committee (NORAID), 28–29

  Northern Ireland: armed robberies, 33; civil rights movement, 27; Irish Republican Army, 29; Libya, 15; and Northern Command, 39; PIRA usage of funds, 35, 36; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 15, 27–47

  Northern Ireland Housing Executive, 31

  Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), 122

  Norton, Richard, 87

  Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), 182

  Notre Dame University, 89

  Observer Group Lebanon (OGL), 75

  Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), 24

  Office of Intelligence and Analysis, 26

  Oftedal, Emilie, 182

  Òglaigh na hÉireann, 42

  Omar, Mullah Mohammed, 113, 129

  Open source intelligence (OSINT), 167

  Operational capability, 14–19; Al-Qaida, 141–46; Hamas, 103–6; Hezbollah, 80–85; intelligence, 16–17, 57–59, 81–83, 104–5, 121–22, 143–44; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 56–61; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 36–40; sanctuary, 17–18, 37–38, 83–84, 122, 144–45; Taliban, 120–23; training, 18–19, 39–40, 84–85; weapons, 15–16, 36–37, 56–57, 80–81, 103–4, 120–21

  Operational security (OPSEC), 14

  Operation(s): Autumn Clouds, 111; Bushmill, 46; Case Lead, 111; Cast Lead, 95; Christo, 46; Days of Penitence, 111; Green Quest, 26; Hit andWin, 46; Kamikaze, 92; Pillar of Defense, 95, 111; Protective Edge, 111; Rainbow, 111; Returning Echo, 111; Summer Rain, 111

  Operations security (OPSEC), 81

  Organizational capacity, 19–23; Al-Qaida, 146–50; Hamas, 106–10; human resources and recruitment, 22–23, 42–43, 88–90, 109–10, 126–28; ideology, 20–22, 41–42, 87–88, 108–9, 124–26, 148; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 163–68; leadership, 19–20, 41, 85–87, 107–8, 123–24; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 61–66; media and publicity, 23, 43–44, 90–91, 110, 128–29; and PIRA, 40–44; Taliban, 123–29

  Organizational design, 19–20

  Organizational structure, 19–20, 65; horizontal, 20; two-tiered, 65; vertical, 20

  Oslo Accords, 110

  Pakistan, 4, 11; Al-Qaida, 134; Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 126; jihadist, 122; Madrassa, 119; mujahedin, 17; safe havens, 123; Taliban, 115, 119, 122–23, 130, 136

  Palestine: Hamas and Islamic Jihad, 96; suicide bombers, 98

  Palestine Liberation Organization, 6

  Palestinian Authority (PA), 100

  Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), 72

  Pape, Robert, 142

  Path analysis, 8

  Pathmanathan, Kumaran, 56

  PayPal, 174

  People’s Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), 54, 63

  Peru, 4, 12

  Peshawar, 11; and arms trafficking, 11

  Peters, Gretchen, 119, 151

  Philippines, 9

  An Phoblacht, 23, 29, 43

  Pillar of Defense, Operation, 95, 111

  Pollack, Kenneth, 19

  Poppy, 12

  Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 40, 55

  Prabhakaran, Velupillai, 6, 60–65, 68

  Prevention of Terrorism Act, 46

  Projected recoilless improvised grenade (PRIG), 37

  Prostitution, 12

  Protection payments, 13. See also Extortion

  Protective Edge, Operation, 111

  Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA): activity funding, 28–35, 172–75; armed robbery and theft, 10, 33–34; COIN, 17, 36–38; counter terrorists’ finances, 44–47; dark economy, 32–35; external state support, 35; extortion and protection, 34–35; fraud, 31; fund usage, 35–44; gray economy, 28–32; human resources and recruitment, 42; ideology, 41, 63–64; intelligence, 37–38, 57–59; leadership, 41; legal businesses, 31–32; media and publicity, 43; minimalist model, 16; money laundering, 32; operating costs, 28; operational capability, 36–40; Qaddafi weapon supplied, 15; recruitment, 23; Republic of Ireland (ROI), 38, 39; sanctuary, safe haven, and operational space, 38–39; smuggling, trafficking, and counterfeiting, 34; training, 39–40; troubles in Northern Ireland, 27–47; United States, 175; weapons, 37–38

  Psychological operations (PSYOP), 23, 81

  Pure Tamil Movement, 50

  Qaddafi, Muammar, 16, 38; external state support, 35; weapon supplied to PIRA, 15

  Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 133

  Qana massacre, 91

  Qanat Al-Moqawama, 90

  Qaseem, Naim, 88

  Qassam rockets, 104, 111

  Quetta military, 121

  Quetta Shura Taliban (QST). See Taliban

  Rabasa, Angel, 17

  Rabita Trust, 136

  Radar and Telecommunications Unit, 56

  Ra’id, Muhammad, 85

  Rainbow, Operation, 111

  Ramachandran, M. G., 60

  Ramadan (Muslim holy month), 135

  Rammallah-al-Bireh zakat committee, 99

  Ranstorp, Magnus, 85, 86

  Rantissi, Abdel Aziz, 108

  Reagan, Ronald, 44

  Recruiting Section, 56

  Recruitment: Iraq, 22; Jemmah Islamiyah, 22; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 22; PKK, 22; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 23; Southeast Asia, 22

  Regev, Eldad, 75

  Relief Committee of Imam Khomenei (RCIK), 89

  Republican Clubs, 41

  Republican News, 43, 44

  Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), 56

  Resolution 1373, 25

  Returning Echo, Operation, 111

  Revival of Islamic Heritage Society (RIHS), 136

  Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), 9, 183; and drug trafficking, 11; intelligence, 16

  Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 13, 16

  Richards, David, 128

  Richardson, 99

  Robbery, armed, 10

  Rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs), 15

  Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 51

  Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 45

 
Rubezone Chemicals plant, 57

  Rubin, Barnett, 114

  Russia: Counterinsurgency (COIN), 15; human trafficking, 12; weapons supply to Abkhazia, 15; weapons supply to Moldova, 15; weapons supply to Nagorno-Karabakh, 15

  Ruthirakumaran, Viswanathan, 49–50

  Ruttig, Thomas, 128, 130

  Sa, Khun, 7

  Sadaqah, 135

  Safa Group, 137

  Safe houses, 38

  Salafist Islam, 109

  Salafist jihadist organizations, 6

  Salafist jihadists, 133

  Sanabil al Khair, 135

  Sanctuary, 17–18; Al-Qaida, 17, 144–45; Guatemala, 18; Hamas, 105; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 59–60; Malaya, 17; Mozambique, 17, 18; Nicaragua, 18; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 38–39; Taliban, 122; Thailand, 17; Vietcong, 17

  Sands, Bobby, 31

  Sawt al Aksa, 110

  Sawt al-Jihad, 150

  Sea Battle “Regiments,” 56

  Sean MacStiofain, 41

  Sea Pigeons, 55, 56

  Sea Tigers, 55–57, 65

  Second Intifada, 95, 111

  Sendero Luminoso, 12

  Sensitive Investigative Unit (SIU), 131

  September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks: Al-Qaida, 25, 55, 149; and failed states, 177–79

  Serena, Chad C., 181

  Shadow war, 78

  Shaheed, 109

  Shalit, Gilad, 100

  Shanthakumar, Sothilingam, 56

  Shari, Muhi a-din, 103

  Sharia, 127, 165

  Sharifian Caliphate, 165

  Shebeens, 31

  Shepherd, Bryan, 22

  Shia Islam, 87

  Shia schools, 72

  Shin Bet, 99

  Shinn, James, 126

  Shura, Quetta, 123

  Shuras, 126

  Sigma Distribution, Inc., 73

  Signals intelligence (SIGINT), 17

  Sinhala Only Act, 64

  Sinn Fein, 28, 34, 35, 41, 44

  Slobodan Milosevic, 16

  Small arms and light weapons (SALW), 15

  Smuggling, 10–12; charcoal, 13; defined, 10; diamonds, 13; Hamas, 101; Hezbollah, 76–77; human, 10; illicit narcotics, 11; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 158–59; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 53; oil, 158, 168; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 34; Taliban, 114, 117–18; weapons, 11

  Social entrapment, 64

  Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT), 176

  Somalia, 5, 9, 13

  Soubha, Nagy, 107

  Southeast Asia: Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) kidnappings, 9; Al-Qaida’s network in, 92; Hezbollah foothold in, 71, 80; LTTE campaigns in, 22; recruitment, 22

  South Lebanese Army (SLA), 81

  SouthWest African People’s Organization (SWAPO), 55

  Soviet-Afghan War, 134, 142

  Soviet invasion, 114

  Soviet jihad, 166

  Soviet Union, 11; and criminal violence, 14; support to proxies, 13; weapon supply, 15. See also Russia

  Spain, 4, 12

  Specially Designated Global Terrorist (SDGT), 111

  Special Security Apparatus (SSA)., 82

  Sri Lanka: background, 48–49; equality, 62; population, 48; Tamil Tigers, 4–5

  Sri Lankan Armed Forces’ (SLAF), 65, 66

  Stinger missiles, 15

  Strasbourg Christmas and Al-Qaida attack, 176

  Sudan: Al-Qaida, 137, 146; United Nations legitimacy, 23

  Summer Rain, Operation, 111

  Sunuqrut, Mazen, 99

  Sunuqrut Global Group, 99

  Suresh, Manicavasagam, 49

  Suspicious activity requests (SARs), 24

  Sykes-Picot Agreement, 150

  Syria, 5; Hezbollah, 79; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) training camps, 163; kidnapping risk, 9

  Syrian civil war, 95

  Tabqa Dam, 159

  Tajco Company, LLC, 73

  Taliban: activity funding, 113–19; Afghan Threat Finance Cell (ATFC), 130; Al-Qaida, 119, 125, 129, 142, 144; armed robbery, 117; assassination campaign, 16; background, 113; charities, 115; Code of Conduct, 124, 127; COIN, 121, 124; counter terrorists' finances, 129–31; drug trafficking, 113, 114, 117–18; extortion and protection, 118; Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), 122, 144; fraud, 115; fund usage, 119–29; Haqqani Network (HQN), 125; “hearts and minds,” 129; human resources and recruitment, 126–28; ideology, 124–26; insurgency in Afghanistan, 16; intelligence, 121–22; International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 128; kidnapping for ransom (KFR), 116–17; legal businesses, 115; madrassas, 128; media and publicity, 128–29; money laundering, 116; NATO, 17; Osama bin Laden, 129; Pakistan, 115, 119, 122–23, 130; pious, 125; smuggling, trafficking, and counterfeiting, 114, 117–18; from strugglers to smugglers, 113–32; training, 122–23; Twitter, 43; weapons, 120–21

  Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization, 63

  Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP), 67

  Tamil Nadu, 59–60

  Tamil New Tigers (TNT), 49

  Tamil Relief Organization (TRO), 51

  Tamil street gangs, 51

  Tamil Tigers. See Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

  Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), 49

  Tannenbaum, Elhanan, 75

  Tanzania: Al-Qaida attack on U.S. embassies, 25; Hezbollah stronghold in, 75

  Taxation: cigarettes, 76; fraud, 31; Hindu temples, 53; Islamic, 118

  Taylor, Charles, 13, 16

  Taylor, Max, 32

  Techne vs. metis, 18–19

  Technical expertise, 18

  Technical Investigative Unit (TIU), 131

  Technology: command and control networks, 19; exchange between Hezbollah and Palestinian groups, 106; and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 57, 58t; used by Taliban, 43

  Tehrik, Nifaz Shariat Muhammadi (TNSM), 145

  Tel Aviv, 78, 95, 105

  Telecommunications fraud, 72–73

  Templer, Gerald, 21

  Temporary Provisions Act, 46

  Territorial entrapment, 64

  Terrorism: challenges in combating financing, 171; cost of terrorist attacks, 182f; countering financing of, 23–26, 44–47, 66–68, 91–93, 111–12; groups ability to raise funds, 172–75; inexpensive and group’s goals, 182–84; vs. Insurgency, 2, 15; introduction, 1–26; legal avenue for financing, 184–85. See also specific terrorist groups

  Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI), 26

  Terrorist Finance Unit (TFU), 46

  Terrorist financing: charity, 6; diaspora support, 5–6; fraud, 6–7; legal businesses, 7

  Terrorist Financing Operations Section (TFOS), 25

  Terrorist Intelligence Gathering Evaluation and Review committee (TIGER), 45

  Thailand: and arms trafficking, 11; sanctuary, 17

  Thanabalasingam, Chetti, 49

  Thatcher, Margaret, 44

  Theft, armed, 10

  Themar al-Mubaraka Company, 137

  Thruelsen, Peter Dahl, 119

  Tidey, Don, 33

  Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), 55

  Tone, Theobald Wolfe, 27

  Torsello, Gabriele, 117

  Trafficking: and Cold war, 11; defined, 10; drug, 12; Hamas, 101; Hezbollah, 76–77; human, 10; illicit narcotics, 11; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 158–59; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 53; money, 159; oil, 158; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 34; Taliban, 117–18

  Training, 18–19; Al-Qaida, 146; Gaza, 97; Hamas, 106; Hezbollah, 84–85; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 163; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 60–61; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 39–40; Taliban, 122–23; Tamil militants, 60

  Triple Diamonds NV, 76

  Triple Frontier, 71

  Tueni, Gibran, 86

  Turkey, 5, 18

  Turkish People’s Liberation Army, 40

  Twitter, 43

  Ukraine
, 5

  U.K.’s National Criminal Intelligence Service, 47

  Ummah, 88, 148; Al-Qaida, 134; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 155

  Underwater Demolition Teams, 56

  Union Transport Africaines, 71

  United Kingdom: Hindu temples taxation, 53; Joint Action Group on Organized Crime of the Metropolitan Police, 46–47; and LTTE activities, 66

  United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), 55

  United Nations, 131

  United Nations Security Council, 25, 169

  United Nations Security Council Resolution, 89

  United States: Afghanistan, 123; anti-Communist trade union movement, 30; combating financing of terrorism (CFT), 25; cooperation, 175–77; employment, 29; failed states serves breeding ground for terrorists after 9/11, 177–79; and Islamic charities, 4–5; non-state actors and goals, 179–81; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 175; Republican terrorism, 29; support to proxies, 13; weapon supply, 4–5

  United States Marine Corps (USMC), 120

  University of Gaza, 111

  Uruguayan Tupamaros, 40

  USA PATRIOT Act, 25

  U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), 169

  U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 74

  Ushr, 118

  U.S. Treasury Department, 93

  Valley of the Apurimac and Ene River (VRAE), 12

  Valvettithurai, 56

  Vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs), 142, 161

  Vick, Alan, 2

  Virtual Tamil nation, 66

  Voice of Jihad, 150

  Voices of Tigers, 66

  Volunteers of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, 42

  Wadi al-Aqiq, 137

  Wafic Safa, 82

  Warlord Economy, 114

  War of the flea, 120

  Wasiq, Abdul Haq, 121

  Watan Group, 115

  Weapons, 15–16; Al-Qaida, 142–43; Central Asia, 15; Chechnya, 15; Diaspora community supplier of, 15; Hezbollah, 80–81; Indian weapons supply to LTTE, 15; Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 160–61; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 56–57; Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 37–38; Qaddafi supplied to PIRA, 15; smuggling Gaza, 101; Soviet Union, supply of, 15; supplied in Caucasus, 15; supplied in South Asia, 15; supplied in West Africa, 15; United States, supply of, 15

  Wehrey, Frederic, 86

  Weiss, Gordon, 62

  West Africa, 13; and arms trafficking, 11; weapons supply in, 15

  West Bank, 109, 110

  West Belfast, 41

  Western Europe: human trafficking, 12; prison, and extremism, 21; terrorist attack in, 183

  Wilayat al-faqih, 87

 

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