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How to Avoid a Climate Disaster

Page 25

by Bill Gates


  for manufacturing, 106, 107

  reduction/elimination of, 186, 204, 206, 209, 216, 223

  for transportation, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 242n

  Green Revolution, 114, 122, 166

  grid-scale electricity storage, 92

  growing plants and animals, zero-carbon goal for, 112

  deforestation and trees and, 113, 126, 172

  emissions to be reduced in, 55, 112, 117, 121, 124, 126, 162

  with fertilizer, 115, 121

  with food need increase, 113, 122, 23, 129, 165

  Green Premiums for, 119, 120, 125

  innovations for, 118, 125, 127, 165

  solutions available for, 118, 165

  H

  heating and cooling, zero-carbon goal for, 148

  with A/C units, 148 and n, 150, 152, 154, 244n

  emissions to be reduced in, 55, 151, 152, 153, 157

  with furnaces and water heaters, 60, 153, 56, 186, 221, 244n

  government policies needed for, 151, 155, 172, 186

  Green Premiums for, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 244n

  innovations and, 152, 155, 56, 157

  solutions available for, 151, 153, 54, 155, 156, 221, 244n

  heat pumps, 60, 153, 154, 156, 221, 244n

  home emissions, reducing, 187, 221

  see also heating and cooling

  hydrogen, 88, 93, 105, 139

  hydropower, 7n, 58, 69 and n, 70, 85

  I

  India, 68, 73, 103, 114, 150, 167

  Indonesia, 127, 150

  infrastructure, building of, 170, 189, 204, 209, 210

  innovations needed, technological

  for adaptation to warmer climates, 174, 176

  carbon capture as, 63, 94, 107, 108, 109, 111, 207

  for cooling and heating, 152, 155, 56, 157

  as economic opportunity, 35, 61, 185, 216

  for electricity production, 84, 90, 96, 190 (see also electrification; electrofuels)

  government policy and markets for, 108, 181, 189, 198, 202, 223

  for growing food and forests, 118, 125, 127, 165

  for manufacturing, 102, 108, 111

  priorities for, 61, 189, 199, 200

  for transportation, 137, 40, 141, 44, 146

  see also R&D funding for innovations

  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 7, 24, 28, 29

  intermittency of renewable energy, 8, 57, 75, 77n, 81, 93

  international cooperation, 152, 201, 214, 227

  see also Paris Agreement

  ITER nuclear fusion facility, 89

  J

  Japan, 78 and n, 86, 103, 150, 192, 216

  jet fuel, 144, 143

  jobs, transition to new, 187, 229

  K

  Kenya, 163, 161

  kilowatts, 56, 57, 73

  L

  life cycle of products, 69n, 137, 154, 208

  lightbulbs, replacing, 221

  liquid metals for batteries, 92

  lithium-ion batteries, 92

  local government, role of, 183, 188, 203, 209, 213, 219

  Low Carbon Fuel Standard, 207

  low-income countries

  climate disasters in, 29, 163

  energy use and emissions in, 4, 6, 162, 165, 170, 215, 237n

  farming in, 35, 118, 121, 23, 161, 163, 165

  fighting both poverty and climate change in, 4, 6, 7, 9, 67, 68, 133, 160, 169, 175

  forests in, 126, 127, 172

  health in, 4, 62, 148, 164

  M

  maize, drought-tolerant, 166

  mangrove trees, 173

  manufacturing

  cars, 135n, 145

  with concrete and cement, 98, 100, 104, 107, 108, 109, 187

  emissions to be reduced in, 54, 55 and n, 102, 103, 106, 7, 109

  Green Premiums for, 106, 107

  innovations for, 102, 108, 111

  outsourcing of, 41

  with plastics, 100, 104, 107, 110

  product standards for, 208

  recycling and reusing in, 110

  with steel, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109

  zero-carbon goal for, 98

  meat and alternatives, 112, 115, 16, 117, 126, 129, 222, 241n

  methane

  short-term impact of, 21, 35, 176

  sources of, 19, 21, 69, 113, 117, 118, 121

  Mexico, 115, 116, 150, 166, 172

  Miami, FL

  middle-income countries, 35, 64, 65, 133, 169, 199, 209, 216

  Mission Innovation, 11, 12

  N

  natural defenses, preservation and restoration of, 73

  natural fertilizer, 123

  natural gas

  for cooling and heating, 149n, 154, 155, 156, 244n

  global electricity from, 71, 70

  history of use and cost of, 44

  and job replacements, 188

  and methane, 19, 21

  net-negative emissions, 19, 110

  net-zero emissions goal

  see also zero, getting to

  Nigeria, 4, 5, 127

  nitrogen, 123, 125

  nitrous oxide, 21, 113, 117, 124

  nuclear energy

  advanced reactors, 8, 86, 89, 190

  advantages of, 57, 84, 85, 86, 190

  global electricity from, 84, 70

  government policies on, 190

  innovations in, 8, 86, 93, 190

  for manufacturing, 107

  power density of, 58

  risks and safety of, 47, 86, 87, 190

  for ships, 147

  nuclear fission, 84

  nuclear fusion, 87

  O

  offshore wind energy, 89, 194

  oil, 39, 43, 44, 70, 71, 87, 156, 191, 192

  onshore wind energy, 194, 205

  outsourcing of manufacturing, 41

  oxygen, 30, 103, 104, 105, 110

  P

  palm oil and deforestation, 127

  pandemic, impact of, see COVID-19, impact of

  Paris Agreement, 10, 11, 12, 50, 212, 213, 215, 237n

  permafrost, melting of, 35

  plant-based burgers, 119, 222

  plastics, 100, 104, 107, 110

  policies, see government policies

  power grids, decarbonized, 80, 82n, 97, 111, 151, 156

  power lines, 81, 83

  power plants, 57, 66, 67, 73, 80, 85, 87, 95, 190, 197, 208

  private-public partnerships, 174, 184, 193, 194, 202, 211, 223

  Puerto Rico, 27

  pumped hydro and alternatives, 92

  R

  R&D funding for innovations

  with industry partnerships, 174, 184, 193, 194, 202, 211, 222

  with long-term commitment, 11, 48, 174, 184, 201, 204, 212

  need for steep increases in, 189, 200, 212

  priorities for, 61, 189, 199, 200

  with risk tolerance, 11, 47, 175, 184, 201, 204, 212, 222

  in U.S., 200, 210, 216

  radioactive fuel and waste, 87, 88

  reducing and reusing as lifestyle, 95, 110, 121, 145

  refrigerants, 152

  renewable energy

  batteries for, 75, 79 and n, 91, 93

  government policies for, 90, 192, 207

  intermittent generation of, 8, 57, 75, 77n, 81, 93

  location and transmission with, 74 and n, 77, 80, 94

  potential and limitations with, intro.1 and n, 8, 70, 74, 81, 224, 239n

  timing of transition to, 44, 45, 83, 238n

  in U.S., 7n, 73, 77n, 84, 89, 192, 193, 207

  see also specific renewable sources

  Renewable Fuel Standard, 191, 207

  renewable portfolio standards, 207

  research and development, see innovations needed; R&D funding for innovations

  rice, new types of, 167, 168

  Russia, 190

  S

  sea level rise, 28, 160, 171

  Seattle, WA, 26, 77, 157, 58

  S
hanghai, growth of, 101, 102

  Shenzhen, China, 140, 41

  ships and fuel alternatives, 132, 134, 143, 44, 147, 243n

  smallholder farms, 161, 163, 166

  soil, nitrogen and carbon in, 124, 125

  solar energy

  costs of, 81, 192

  initiatives with, 174, 192, 202

  intermittent generation of, 57, 75, 81, 86, 93

  material use in panels for, 85, 240n

  power density of, 58, 86, 96

  scaling of, 205

  solar panels, 46, 80, 85, 157, 192, 240n

  state government, role of, 183, 203, 209, 212

  steel, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109

  storage of electricity, 91

  see also batteries

  storms, 26, 27

  sub-Saharan Africa, 4, 6, 29, 67, 68, 121, 163, 166

  synthetic fertilizer, 115, 121

  T

  temperature, see global temperature increase

  TerraPower nuclear reactor, 8, 86, 93, 190

  thermal storage, 93

  “This Is Water” speech (Wallace), 37, 38 and n

  transmission of electricity, regional, 74 and n, 80

  transportation, zero-carbon goal for, 130

  with electric alternatives (see electric vehicles)

  emissions to be reduced in, 54, 55, 131, 132, 33, 134, 135 and n

  with fuel alternatives, 137, 40, 142, 143, 44, 147, 191, 207

  with fuel efficiency, 46, 48, 145

  future demand for, 132, 33

  Green Premiums for, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 242n

  innovations for, 137, 40, 141, 44, 146

  solutions available for, 135, 140, 41, 145, 205, 207

  TransWest Express, 82

  trees for carbon capture, 127

  trucks and fuel alternatives, 134, 140, 141, 42, 146, 147

  2050, getting to zero by, 35, 80, 137, 196, 209, 213, 230

  U

  underground power lines, 83

  United Kingdom, 90, 91, 179

  United States

  electricity in, 69, 72, 80, 90, 182, 207

  emissions in, 41, 132, 152, 163

  energy policies in, 48, 179, 191, 207

  government role in energy innovation, 210

  R&D funding in, 200, 210, 216

  renewables in, 7n, 73, 77n, 84, 89, 192, 193, 207

  U.S. Congress, role of, 191, 210

  U.S. Department of Energy, 182, 201, 202, 211

  utility companies, 96, 207, 208, 213, 221

  V

  vaccinations, 62, 164, 229

  veganism, 118

  vehicles, see transportation

  W

  Wallace, David Foster, 37

  warming, global, see adaptation to warmer climates; global temperature increase

  waste, reducing, 95, 110, 121, 145

  water heaters, 153, 155, 56

  weather patterns, effects on, 24

  wildfires, 28, 181n

  wind energy

  intermittent generation of, 57, 75, 77n, 81, 86

  materials used for, 85

  offshore (ocean), 89

  power density of, 58, 86, 96

  scaling of, 193, 194, 205

  transmission needs for, 82

  Y

  Yara fertilizer distribution center, 121, 22

  Z

  zero, getting to

  broad approach to, 7, 10, 17, 198, 227

  as economic opportunity, 35, 61, 185, 216

  measuring cost of, 58

  measuring progress of, 62, 197

  necessity of, 3, 6, 13, 18, 226

  vs. net-zero emissions, 18

  optimism for, 4, 16, 226, 227, 230

  timeframe for, 35, 196, 209, 212, 213

  see also climate disaster, avoiding

  A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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