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Not Born Yesterday

Page 45

by Hugo Mercier


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  INDEX

  Page numbers in italics refer to figures.

  absurd ideas, of scientists, 217–18

  analytic thinking, 45; Gervais and

  Acerbi, Alberto, 208, 299n36

  Norenzayan on, 37–38

  action, false rumors and lack of, 153–54

  animal be hav ior: of Arabian babbler,

  Adaptation and Natu ral Se lection

  16–17, 22, 23; of baboons, 71–72; of bees, (Wil iams), 22

  17–18, 19; of bowerbird, 16, 26–27; adaptations, 22; in communication, 18

  of chimpanzees, 40–41; pregnancy

  adaptive credulity, 10–13; anthropolo-

  and, 17; of Thomson’s gazelles, 16,

  gists on, 9

  24–25, 28, 101; of vervet monkey,

  adversarial relationships, communication

  18–19, 20, 40, 275n11

  and, 22–23

  Anthony, Dick, 123–24

  advertisers, xviii; celebrities and, 142–43; anti- Semitic propaganda, 128–29

  cost of, 141; negligible effects from,

  anxiety, rumors and, 147–48

  141–42; po liti cal campaigns and, 141;

  Arabian babbler, 16–17; alarm calls of,

  preconceived opinions and, 141;

  22, 23

  tele vi sion cigarette, 142; Tel is on, 143

  Arceneaux, Kevin, 137

  Against Democracy (Brennan), 264

  Arendt, Hannah, 232

  aggregation: majority opinion and, 71;

  argumentation: common ground and,

  Munroe xkcd “Bridge” comic strip

  62; counterintuitiveness and, 221–22;

  on, 71, 72; Surowiecki on, 71

  beyond plausibility checking, 50–55;

  alarm calls, 21; of Arabian babbler, 22,

  small group discussion and, 113

  23; kin se lection and, 22

  arguments: chal enging, 55–58; confi dence

  alignment, of incentives, 84–85, 86, 88,

  in, 55; logical prob lems and, 51–52;

  92, 282n24, 283n29

  reasoning in, 52–53; strength of, 56

  Allcott, Hunt, 213

  arms race analogy, for open vigilance

  Allport, Gordon, 147

  mechanisms, 31–32, 38, 41, 46

  351

  352 inde x

  Art of Deception, The (Mitnick), 249–50

  Boyer, Pascal, 220; on information,

  Asch, Solomon, 5–6, 6, 74–75

  226–27

  automatic cognitive mechanisms, 100,

  brainwashing, xviii; Gallery on, 33;

  101–2, 105

  McCarthyism, 32; open- mindedness

  and, 32–38, 42–46; of POWs, 32–33,

  baboons, majority opinion and, 71–72

  42–43

  backfire effect, 278n3; of Bush and Iraq

  Brennan, Jason, 8, 264

  War, 48–49; Nyhan and Reifler on,

  Brexit, 35; fake news and, 200–201,

  48–49; vaccination opponents and,

  298n7

  49; Wood and Porter, E., on, 49

  Broockman, David, 138, 140

  Bad Medicine (Wootton), 202

  Bryan, Wil iam Jennings, 116

  Bad Writing Contest, 218

  Burgess, Thomas, 99

  Barker, Eileen, 122–23

  burning- bridges strategy, 192, 194;

  Barrett, Justin, 222–23

  extreme beliefs defense in, 196–97;

  Bataclan attacks, 111–12

  extreme flattery and, 191, 193;

  Baumard, Nicolas, 229

  extreme views and, 195; intel igence

  bees, animal be hav ior of, 17–18, 19

  or moral standing and, 195; reflective

  beliefs: argumentation and plausibility

  beliefs and, 196; self- incriminating

  checking, 50–55; causal effects, 214–16;

  statements in, 197–98

  challenging arguments and, 55–58;

  Burns, Justine, 254–55

  contrary opinions and, 48–50; costly Bush, George W., 212; backfire effect actions and, 261; false rumors and,

  and, 48–49; Iraq War justification

  151–55; intuition and, 58–62, 152;

  by, 172–74; 2000 presidential

  intuitive, 152, 178, 260, 261; justifica-

  election, 137–38

  tions for, 214; misconceptions and,

  Butler, Judith, 218

  260; preexisting, 47–48; reflective,

  152, 178–79, 189–90, 196, 260–61; cable news networks, taking sides

  self- incriminating statements and,

  strategy of, 242–43

  197–98; social transmission of

  Cacioppo, John, 98

  religious, 175, 177; Sperber on, 152

  Cambridge Analytica, 139

  believers, 175–78

  campaigners, 134, 141, 290n53; ambigu-

  bias: frequency- based, 275n36; prestige,

  ous results of, 135–36; Arceneaux

  12–13; success, 11–13

  and Johnson on, 137; Cambridge

  blind trust, 2–5

  Analytica and, 139; effectiveness

  bloodletting practice: culture and, 203;

  experiments, 138; Gelman and King

  Galen on, 199–200, 201, 207, 228–29

  on, 140; inefficiency of, 139–40;

  Bordia, Prashant, 149

  Kalla and Broockman on, 138, 140;

  bowerbird, 16; costly signaling of, 26–27

  Klapper on, 136; lab- based techniques

  Boyd, Robert, 10, 275n32; on celebrity

  and, 136–37; media influence, 136–37,

  advertising, 142; on cultural learning

  140; 2000 presidential election and,

  and success, 11

  137–38; in U. S. politics, 135

  ind e x 353

  Canetti, Elias, 97

  cognitive sophistication: credulity and,

  Caplow, Theodore, 149, 150

  35; gullibility association with, 38;

  cascade, of influence, 285n56

  open- mindedness and, 38–42

  Catholic Church: Children’s Crusade

  commitment signals, 89; epistemic

  and, 2; Enlightenment and, 264;

  modals for, 90; Tenney on, 90–91

  mass persuasion and, 144; preachers

  communication: adaptations in, 18;

  and, 124–25, 127

  adversarial relationships and, 22–23;

  celebrities: advertisers and, 143; Boyd and

  animal be hav ior and, 16–18; conflicts

  Richerson on advertising and, 142;

  and evolution of, 18–20; cues in,

  prestige bias and suicide of, 12;

  18–19; diligence in, 92; emotional

  relevant cultural products and,

  signals in, 104–5; failures in, 20–22;

  156–57

  omnivorous diets evo
lution

  challenging arguments, 55–58

  analogy, 39–42; signals in, 18, 25–28;

  charismatic authority, xiv; counterintu-

  success in, 22–25; vigilance in,

  itiveness and, 225–26; of Lacan, 225

  15–29

  Chiarel a, Sabrina, 103–4

  Communist Party, Chinese, 133

  children: culture continuity and, 9,

  Com pany of Strangers, The (Seabright),

  274n27; Dawkins on gullibility of, 9;

  240

  gullibility of, 9, 45–46; incentives

  competence: best knowledge and,

  and, 86–87; intuition displayed by,

  76–77; in per for mance, 68; preschool-

  68–69; open vigilance mechanisms

  ers on, 76; in wide audience, 113

  and, 248; selective ignorance of, 103

  con men: 419 Nigerian scam, 250–51; in

  Children’s Crusade, 2; Pope Innocent

  The Sting, 248–49; Thompson as,

  III influence on, 3

  249–50

  chimpanzees, communication signals

  Condorcet, Marquis de, 3, 71

  of, 40–41

  Condorcet jury theorem, 71, 73

  China Cultural Revolution, 132–34,

  confessions: eyewitness testimony and,

  289n37

  182; interrogators and, 184, 295n14;

  Chopra, Deepak, 238–39, 303n59

  in Japan, 185; Kassin and Wrights-

  Christians: millenarian movements,

  man on, 184; shame and, 295n23; of

  120–21; Stark on, 122

  witches, 185–90

  Cleon, 114–16

  conformity: Asch experiments on, 5–6,

  Clinton, Bil , 2

  6, 74–75; Gallup on, 75–76; Milgram Clinton, Hil ary, 2, 212, 260; fake news

  experiments on, 6–8, 75, 232–33;

  on, 201, 205

  Moscovici on, 5–6

  Clooney, George, 142–43

  conformity bias, 13; cultural learning

  coarse cues, for trust, 240–41, 247–50,

  and, 11; Japa nese kamikaze

  254, 255

  and, 12

  cognitive mechanisms: automatic and

  Conis, Elena, 60

  mandatory, 100, 101–2, 105; to find

  conspiracy theories, 164, 172, 269–70;

  allies, 241; gullibility and, 257

  of Jones, 4, 228; as threat, 158

  354 inde x

  contagion analogy, 105, 108; on crowds,

  crusades, 2, 3, 126

  96; Espinas on, 98; in New York, 95;

  cues, 161; for changing mind, 259;

  pathogens and, 97, 106–7; Sighele on

  coarse, for trust, 240–41, 247–50,

  moral, 96; social media and, 96–97;

  254, 255; in communication, 18–19;

  in Tanganyika, 95–96; transmission

  evolutionarily valid, 73, 74; liars

  of emotions and, 106

  nonverbal, 78–79

  contrary opinions, beliefs and, 48–50

  cultural learning: conformity bias and,

  control, of facial expressions, 100,

  11; success bias and, 11; from

  284n26

  successful individuals, 11

  Correa, Angela, 181

  culture: bloodletting practice and, 203;

  costly actions, beliefs and, 261

  children and continuity of, 9, 274n27;

  costly signals: bowerbirds and, 26–27;

  exhaustive cultural transmission and,

  in communication, 25–26, 241–42;

  9; human survival and, 10; maladap-

  Zahavi on, 26

  tive practices in, xiv, 13; religious

  counterempathy, 105

  beliefs and, 294n21

  counterintuitive scientific theory,

  Cunningham, Steven, 181

  231–33, 237–38, 270

  curiosity, about rumors, 155–59

  counterintuitiveness, 218; argumentation

  and, 221–22; charismatic authority,

  Dalai Lama, 294n15

  225–26; concepts and, 219–20; on

  Dao, David, 146, 165, 292n2

  inertia, 224, 224; in intuition, 222–23;

  Darjeeling landslide, Sinha on rumor

  intuitive thinking and, 222–23;

  of, 147

  reflective beliefs and, 261; religious

  Darwin, Charles, 99

  concepts and, 220, 222–23; scientific

  Dawkins, Richard, 9

  concepts and, 220–21, 223, 224;

  death penalty, justifications for, 210

  shallowness and, 225

  deception detection, 78

  credulity: adaptive, 9–13; cognitive

  demagogues: of Bryan and Long, 116;

  sophistication and, 35; Gilbert

  Cleon, 114–16; existing opinions

  experiments on, 36–37, 43–44;

  relied on by, 114–18; of Hitler,

  gullibility compared to, 273n4;

  116–21

  Heraclitus on, 8–9; observers on, 4

  democracy, 210, 211, 264; Plato on, 3

  crisis, rumors of, 147–48, 158–59

  Demo crats, MSNBC and liberal,

  Crowd in the French Revolution (Rudé),

  242–43

  108–9

  Deskovic, Jeffrey, 181, 183

  crowd psy chol ogy: Heraclitus on, 34;

  Dezecache, Guil aume, 98, 102

  Le Bon, Tarde and Taine on, 34, 96;

  DiFonzo, Nicholas, 149

  politics and, 34

  Diggory, James, 150–51

  crowds: contagion of feelings in, 96;

  diligence, 83–84, 92, 282n20

  panic in, 111–12; rational, 108–12

  Dimberg, Ulf, 97–98

  Crucible, The (Miller), 185

  discussion groups, polarization in, 209

  ind e x 355

  Dockendorff, Martin, 71

  extreme beliefs defense, in burning

  Duna, 294n16; reflective beliefs of, 178;

  bridges strategy, 196–97

  religious beliefs of, 176–77; San Roque

  extreme flattery, in burning bridges

  on, 176

  strategy, 191, 193

  extreme views, in burning bridges

  Echols, Catharine, 86–87

  strategy, 195

  economic games experiments, on trust, eyewitness advantage, 65; informa-

  254–55, 304n28

  tional access and, 64

  Eich, Ritch, 147

  Ekman, Paul, 79–80

  face recognition, 156

  Emotional Contagion (Hatfield, Cacioppo, facial expressions, 79, 80, 98–99;

  Rapson), 98

  control of, 100, 284n26

  emotional signals, in communication,

  failures, in communication, 20–22

  104–5

  fake news, 199; Acerbi on entertainment

  emotional vigilance, 104; automatic

  of, 208, 299n36; beliefs causal effects

  and mandatory mechanisms in,

  and, 214–16; of Brexit, 200–201, 298n7;

  101–2, 105; children selective

  on Clinton, H., 201, 205; Collins dic-

  ignorance and, 103

  tionary on, 200; justifications and,

  Engels, Friedrich, 13, 124

  206–8; polarization and, 208–11;

  Englis, Basil, 97, 105

  po liti cal, 207–8; sensationalism

  Enigma of Reason, The (Sperber), 57

  and, 215–16; in social media, 207,

  Enlightenment, 3, 126, 263; Catholic

  298n11, 299n32; Trump election and,

  Church and, 264

  200–201, 204–5, 207, 215, 298n7; U.S.

  ent
ertainment, Acerbi on fake news,

  polarization, 211–14

  208, 299n36

  false beliefs, 202, 266; from trust, 245

  epistemic modals, for commitment,

  false confessions, 197; coerced, 182; of

  89–90

  Deskovic, 181, 183; exonerations and,

  epistemic vigilance, Sperber on, 31

  182; persuasion and, 182; voluntary, 182

  Eriksson, Kimmo, 231–32

  false rumors, 148–50, 263, 269, 292n13;

  Espinas, Alfred, 98

  belief in, 151–55; lack of action fol ow-

  Eusebius, 122

  ing, 153–54; social costs of, 161–62,

  Evans- Pritchard, E. E., 186

  171–72; about threats, 157–58; on

  evidentials: of Duna, 176–77; of Kaluli

  Twitter, 158

  language, 178–79; in language,

  fax model of cultural transmission, 9, 10

  168–69

  feelings: of anger, 100; contagion of, 95–98,

  evolution: of communication, 18–20;

  105–8; Darwin on, 99; emotional

  by natu ral se lection, 19; of omnivo-

  vigilance, 101–5; expression of, 100;

  rous diets analogy, 39–42

  Frank on, 99–100; passion without

  evolutionarily valid cues, 73, 74

  reason, 98–101; pathogens and, 97,

  exonerations, in false confessions, 182

  106–7; rational crowds and, 108–12

  356 inde x

  Fershtman, Chaim, 254

  Goebbels, Joseph, 128, 129, 135

  Fiorina, Morris, 211

  Goldman, Alvin, 238

  flattery, extreme, 191, 193, 296n40

  Gore, Al, 33, 212; 2000 presidential

  flattery inflation, Márquez on, 195

  election, 137–38

  419 Nigerian scam, 250–51

  groups: affiliation signals for, 241;

  Fox News Channel: conservative

  argumentation and small group,

  Republicans and, 242–43, 245–46;

  113; membership costs in, 191–92;

  studies on politics effects of, 245–46

  polarization in discussion, 209

  Frank, Robert, 99–100

  gullibility, 13–14; of children, 9, 45–46; French Revolution, 108–9

  cognitive sophistication association

  frequency- based bias, 275n36

  with, 38; credulity compared to,

  Freud, Sigmund, 78

  273n4; Dawkins on children, 9;

  friction and flooding, Roberts on, 133

  examples of, xiii– xiv; Gilbert on, 8;

  gullible about, 262–65; Trump

  Galen: bloodletting practice by, 199–200,

  election and, 35, 276n15

  201, 207, 228–29; humoral theory of

  guru effect, 238; Lacan and, 234–36;

  disease support by, 199–200

  obscure statements and, 234;

  Gallery, Daniel, 33

  Sperber on, 234

  Gallup, Andrew, 75–76

 

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