Antisemitism: Part One of the Origins of Totalitarianism
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secret service, [>]
secret societies, [>], [>] ff., [>], [>]–[>], [>] f.; and totalitarianism, [>]–[>], [>], [>] ff.
Security Service, Nazi, [>], [>], [>]
Seeley, J. R., [>], [>]
Seillière, Ernest, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Selbourne, Lord, [>], [>]
Serbs, [>]
Seventeenth Communist Party Congress, Russian, [>], [>]
Shaw, George Bernard, [>], [>]
Shock Troops, see SS
Siemens, Werner von, [>]
Siéyès, Abbé, [>]
Simmel, Georg, [>], [>]
Sinyavsky, Andrei D., [>], [>]
Sixteenth Communist Party Congress, Russian, [>]
Slansky, Rudolf, [>]
slave labor, [>], [>], [>] ff.
slavery, [>], [>], [>] ff., [>], [>], [>]
Slavophiles, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Slovakia or Slovaks, [>], [>]
Slovenia or Slovenes, [>], [>]
Smolensk Archive, [>] f., [>] f., [>]
Social Democratic Party, in Germany, [>], [>], [>] f., [>], [>]; in Austria, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] f.; and anti-semitism, [>], [>]; in France, [>], [>]; in Sweden, [>]. See also socialism
socialism or socialist movement, [>], [>] f., [>], [>] ff., 112ff., [>], [>] f., [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
“socialism in one country,” [>], [>]
society, [>]; bourgeois, [>], [>], [>] f., [>], [>], [>], [>] f„ [>] f.; English, [>]–[>], [>], [>]; French, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and mob, [>], [>], [>], [>]; South African, [>] ff.; totalitarian, [>] f., [>] ff., [>] f.; in concentration camps, [>], [>]
Society of Jesus, see Jesuits
“Society of the 10th of December,” [>], [>]
solitude, [>] ff.
Sombart, Werner, [>]
Sorel, Georges, [>], [>], [>]
South Africa, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]; British rule in, [>], [>], [>] ff., [>], [>], [>]; and racism, [>], [>] f., [>], [>], [>]; immigration to and emigration from, [>], [>], [>], [>]; population of, [>], [>], [>] ff.; and Nazi Germany, [>], [>]; Jews in, [>]–[>]. See also Boers; Cecil Rhodes
Souvarine, Boris, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Soviet Russia, xxivff., [>], [>]; and United States, [>]; “thaw,” [>], [>] f.; administration, [>], [>]; and China, [>]; and satellite countries, [>]; “collective leadership,” [>]; arts in, xxxvif.; foreign policy, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] f.; war with
Germany, [>], [>], [>]; and Russian refugees, [>], [>]; population, [>], [>], [>]; and classes, [>], [>]–[>]; and Soviets, [>], [>], [>], [>]; famine, [>], [>]; sources for history, [>]; and intellectuals, [>] f., [>], [>], [>] f., [>]; industrial enterprises, [>]; state structure, [>] f., [>] f.; constitution of 1936, [>], [>], [>], [>]; succession crisis, [>], [>], [>], [>]; penal system, [>] ff. See also forced labor; totalitarian regimes
Spain, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Spanish Civil War, [>], [>]
Spanish Republican Army, [>]
Speer, Albert, [>], [>]
Spencer, Herbert, [>], [>]
Spengler, Oswald, [>], [>], [>]
Spinoza, Baruch, [>]
SS, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] f., [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] f., [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; selection of members, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] f., [>]; international organization, [>], [>]; Office for Questions of Race and Resettlement, [>]; Higher Fuehrer Corps, [>], [>]; General SS, [>] f.; Shock Troops, [>], [>]; Death Head units, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Gestapo, [>]; and SA, [>]; Security Service, [>]; and concentration camps, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; Armed SS (Waffen-SS), [>], [>] f., [>], [>]; and the Nazi party, [>], [>]; and army, [>]; financing of, [>]; marriage laws, [>], [>]
Stakhanov system, [>], [>]
Stalin, Josef, [>], [>], [>]–[>] passim, [>]–[>] passim, [>], [>]; death of, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; on Hitler, [>], [>]; and the police, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Pan-Slavism, [>], [>]; and Russian people, [>], [>]; alliance with Hitler, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and decollectivization, [>]; at Party or Soviet Congresses, [>], [>] f., [>], [>], [>]; and Bolshevik party, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and the Soviets, [>]; and Lenin, [>], [>]; untruthfulness of, [>], [>], [>]; “state theory,” [>] f.; and Trotsky, [>], [>], [>] f.; on the Constitution of 1936, [>]; and socialism, [>]; concept of power, [>]; as ideologist, [>] ff.
Stalingrad, [>]
state, and the Jews, [>] ff.; hostility to, [>], [>]; state worship, [>], [>]; and the bourgeoisie, [>], [>]; and nation, [>], [>]–[>], [>]; and party government, [>]–[>], [>]. See also nation-state
statelessness, [>], [>]–[>], [>] ff.; and minorities, [>] f., [>] ff.; and nationality, [>]–[>], [>] f.; and nation-state, [>] f.; and totalitarianism, [>], [>], [>]
state-party (Weimar Republic), [>]
Stefan, Metropolitan, [>]
Stephen, Sir James, [>]
Stoecker, Adolf, [>], [>], [>], [>] f., [>], [>], [>]
Stolypin, Peter Arkadievitch, [>]
stormtroopers, see SA
Strasser, Gregor, [>]
Streicher, Julius, [>], [>]
Suarez, Georges, [>]
succession states, [>], [>]–[>] passim, [>]
Sudan, Cromer and the, [>]
Suez Canal, [>], [>], [>], [>]
superfluity, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] ff., [>]
supranationalism, [>], [>] f., [>], [>], [>]
Sweden, [>]
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, [>]
Switzerland, [>]
Syria, [>]
Taine, Hippolyte, [>], [>]
Tartars, [>]
Tchaka, King, [>]
Templars, [>]
terror, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] f., [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; and laws of movement, [>] f.
Thälmann, Ernst, [>] f.
Third Reich, see Nazi Germany
Third Republic, [>] f., [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>] passim, [>], [>], [>]
Thirty Years’ War, [>]
three hundred families, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Tiers Etat, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Tito, Josip Broz, [>]
Tocqueville, Alexis de, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Todt organization, [>], [>]
torture, [>], [>], [>] ff.
totalitarianism, [>], [>], [>], [>]; politics of, [>]; literature on, [>]; and racism, [>], [>], [>] ff.; and capitalism, [>], [>], [>] f.; and imperalism, [>], [>], [>]; and reality, [>], [>], [>] f., [>], [>] f., [>], [>] f., [>], [>], [>] f., [>], [>] f., [>] ff., [>], [>]; and ideology, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] ff., [>]–[>], [>]; future of, [>], [>], [>], [>]; and nationalism, [>], [>]; concept of power, [>] f., [>], [>] ff. See also Bolshevism; Nazism
totalitarian movements, [>], [>] f.; and pan-movements, [>] f., [>]–[>]; and parties, [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>] f., [>], [>]; and mob, [>] f., [>] f.; leaders of, [>] f., [>], [>]; and class system, [>]–[>], [>], [>] f.; and the bourgeoisie, [>], [>] f., [>] ff.; Nazi, [>] ff., [>] f., [>] f., [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>]; Bolshevik, [>]–[>], [>] f., [>] ff., [>], [>], [>] f., [>]–[>], [>] ff., [>]; hierarchy in, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>], [>] ff., [>] f., [>]; in post-World War I era, [>]–[>]; and propaganda, [>]–[>] passim; and terror, [>], [>]; and revolutionary parties, [>] f.; and secret societies, [>]–[>], [>]; elite formations, [>]–[>], [>], [>]–[>]; and leader principle, [>] f., [>] ff., [>]–[>], [>]–[>]. See also Bolshevik movement; Nazi movement
totalitarian regimes, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>]; in Eastern Europe, xxr; in China, [>]; and dictatorships, [>], [>], [>] f., [>] f., [>]; foreign policy, [>], [>], [>] f., [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>]; administration of, [>], [>]–[>], [>]–[>], [>] f., [>] f., [>] f., [>]–[>] passim, [>]; and terror, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>] f., [>] f., [>], [>]; Soviet Russia, [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>], [>], [>], [>]–[>], [>] f., [>] f., [>], [>]; Nazi Germany, [>
] f., [>], [>], [>] f., [>], [>], [>]–[>]; and loneliness, [>], [>]. See also Nazi Germany; Soviet Russia
Toussenel, Alphonse, [>]
trade and maritime stations, [>], [>], [>]
trade unions, in Soviet Russia, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Transvaal, [>], [>]
trials, in Soviet Russia, [>], [>], [>]; and confessions, [>] f., [>], [>]. See also Moscow Trials; Nuremberg Trials
Trotsky, Leon, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Lenin, [>]; and Stalin, [>], [>]; and “permanent revolution.” [>] f., [>]
Trotskyites, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Tucker, Robert C., [>], [>], [>], [>]
Tudor, House of, [>]
Tukhachevski, Mikhail N., [>]
Tunis, [>]
Turkey, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
Twentieth Communist Party Congress, Russian, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
two-party system, [>], [>]–[>]
tyranny or tyrants, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] f.; Hobbes on, [>]; and totalitarian regimes, [>] f., [>], [>], [>], [>] f.; Montesquieu on, [>]
Tyrol, [>]
Tyuchev, F. I., [>]
Uganda, [>], [>]
uitlanders, [>] ff.
Ukraine or Ukrainians, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
unemployment, [>], [>]; in Soviet Russia, [>], [>]; and totalitarianism, [>]. See also superfluity
Unione Popolare Italiana, [>]
Union Générale, [>]
Union of South Africa, see South Africa
United Kingdom, see England
United Nations, [>]
United States, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and Soviet Russia, [>] ff.; foreign policy, [>] ff.
Uralov, see Avtorkhanov, Abdurakhman
Urals, [>]
Valéry, Paul, [>]
Valmy, [>]
Valois, House of, [>]
Varnhagen, Rahel, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Verfassungspartei, in Austria, [>]
Verfügungstruppen, see SS Shock Troops
Versailles treaties, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]. See also Minority Treaties
Vichy government, [>], [>] f., [>], [>]
Victoria, Queen of England, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Vietnam, [>], [>]
Villiers, Charles François Dominique de, [>]
Vilna, [>]
Vishinsky, Andrei, [>]
Vitu, [>]
Voix du Nord, [>] f.
Volga Germans, [>]
Volksgemeinschaft, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Voltaire, F. M. Arouet de, [>], [>], [>]
Voroshilov, K, [>]
Wagner, Richard, [>]
Waldeck-Rousseau, René, [>], [>]
Wallachia, [>]
Walsin-Esterhazy, Ferdinand, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Weber, Max, [>] f.
Weimar Republic, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; Jews’ status in, [>]; Systemzeit, [>]; constitution, [>], [>]
Werner, Paul, [>]
Wertheimer, Samson, [>]
Western traditions and morals, [>] f., [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; breakdown of, [>], [>], [>]; break with, [>], [>]; in non-European countries, [>] f.; in England, [>]; and bourgeoisie, [>]–[>]
West Indies, [>]
Weygand, Maxime, [>]
“white man,” or “white man’s burden,” [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]
William II, [>], [>]; and antisemitism, [>]
“Wilson Affair,” [>]
Wilson, Woodrow, [>]
Wittelsbach, House of, [>]
Witwatersrand, gold mines of, [>]
workers’ movements, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]. See also labor parties; socialism
working class, [>], [>], [>] ff., [>], [>], [>] f., [>], [>]. See also proletariat
world government, [>], [>]
World War I, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] ff.; as “Jewish crime,” [>]; and T. E. Lawrence, [>]; and the Pan-Germans, [>]; aftermath of, [>] ff.; and statelessness, [>]; the elite and, [>] f.
World War II, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>]; and the Nazis, [>], [>]; Nazis’ conduct of war, [>] f.; Russian losses, [>]
Yalta agreement, [>]
youth movement, German, [>], [>], [>], [>]
Yugoslavia, [>], [>], [>]
Zanzibar, [>]
Zhdanov, Andrei A, [>]
Zhukov, Georgi K, [>]
Zimmerer, [>]
Zinovievites, [>]
Zionism or Zionists, [>], [>], [>], [>]; as antisemitic movement, [>]; Zionist Congress, [>]
Zola, Emile, [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>], [>] f., [>]
Zulu tribes, [>]
Zweig, Stefan, [>], [>], [>]
About the Author
HANNAH ARENDT (1906–1975) was one of the twentieth century’s most brilliant and original political thinkers. A prolific essayist and philosopher throughout her life, she studied philosophy at the University of Heidelberg under Karl Jaspers. She was University Professor of Political Philosophy in the graduate faculty of the New School for Social Research for many years, as well as a Visiting Fellow of the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago.
Footnotes
1 The latest example of this view is Norman Cohn’s Warrant for Genocide. The myth of the Jewish world-conspiracy and the “Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” New York, 1966. The author starts from the implied negation that there is such a thing as Jewish history at all. Jews are in his view “people who ...lived scattered across Europe from the English Channel to the Volga, with very little in common to them all save their descent from adherents of the Jewish religion” (p. 15). Antisemites, on the contrary, can claim direct and unbroken lineage through space and time from the Middle Ages when “Jews had been seen as agents of Satan, devil-worshippers, demons in human form” (p. 41), and the only qualification to such sweeping generalizations that the learned author of Pursuit of the Millennium sees fit to make is that he deals only with “the deadliest kind of antisemitism, the kind that results in massacre and attempted genocide” (p. 16). The book also tries rather strenuously to prove that “the mass of the German population was never truly fanaticized against the Jews” and that their extermination “was organized and in the main carried out by the professionals of the SD and the SS,” bodies that “did not by any means represent a typical cross-section of German society” (pp. 212 if.). How one wishes this statement could be squared with the facts! The result is that the work reads as though it were written about forty years ago by an unduly ingenious member of the Verein zur Bekämpfung des Antisemitismus of unhappy memory.
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2 The quotations are all drawn from Jacob Katz, Exclusiveness and Tolerance, Jewish-Gentile Relations in Medieval and Modem Times, New York, 1962 (Chapter 12), an entirely original study, written on the highest possible level, which indeed should have exploded “many cherished notions of contemporary Jewry,” as the jacket claims, but did not because it was almost completely ignored by the general press. Katz belongs among the younger generation of Jewish historians, many of whom teach at the Jerusalem University and publish in Hebrew. Why their work is not more speedily translated and published in this country is something of a mystery. With them, the “lachrymose” presentation of Jewish history, against which Salo W. Baron protested nearly forty years ago, has indeed come to an end.
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3 It is interesting to note that the first modern Jewish historian, J. M. Jost, who wrote in Germany in the middle of the last century, was much less prone to the common prejudices of secular Jewish historiography than his more illustrious successors.
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4 Katz, op. cit., p. 196.
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5 ibid., p. 6.
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6 Ibid., p. 7.
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7 The only exception is the antisemitic historian Walter Frank, the head of the Nazi Reichsinstitut für Geschichte des Neuen Deutschlands and the editor of nine volumes of Forschungen zur Judenfrage, 1937–1944. Especially Frank’s own contributions can still be consulted with profit.
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1 The figures are quoted from Leo Model, “The Politics of Private Foreign Investment” and Kenneth M. Kauffman and Helena Stalson, “U.S. Assistance to less developed Countries, 1956–65” respectively, both in Foreign Affairs, July, 1967.
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2 L. Model’s article quoted above (p. 641) gives a very valuable and pertinent analysis of these problems.
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3 This is what Mr. Dulles said in a speech at Yale University in 1957, according to David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, The Invisible Government, New York, 1964, p. 2.
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4 According to Mr. Dulles, the government had to “fight fire with fire,” and then with a disarming frankness by which the former head of the CIA distinguished himself from his colleagues in other countries, he went on to explain what this meant. The CIA, by implication, had to model itself upon the Soviet State Security Service, which “is more than a secret police organization, more than an intelligence and counter-intelligence organization. It is an instrument for subversion, manipulation and violence, for secret intervention in the affairs of other countries.” (Italics added.) See Allen W. Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence, New York, 1963, p. 155.
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5 See the very instructive article by Orville L. Freeman, “Malthus, Marx and the North American Breadbasket,” in Foreign Affairs, July, 1967.
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1 No doubt, the fact that totalitarian government, its open criminality notwithstanding, rests on mass support is very disquieting. It is therefore hardly surprising that scholars as well as statesmen often refuse to recognize it, the former by believing in the magic of propaganda and brainwashing, the latter by simply denying it, as for instance Adenauer did repeatedly. A recent publication of secret reports on German public opinion during the war (from 1939 to 1944), issued by the Security Service of the SS (Meldungen aus dem Reich. Auswahl aus den Geheimen Lageberichten des Sicherheitsdienstes der SS 1939–1944, edited by Heinz Boberach, Neuwied & Berlin, 1965), is very revealing in this respect. It shows, first, that the population was remarkably well informed about all so-called secrets—massacres of Jews in Poland, preparation of the attack on Russia, etc.—and, second, the “extent to which the victims of propaganda had remained able to form independent opinions” (pp. XVIII-XIX). However, the point of the matter is that this did not in the least weaken the general support of the Hitler regime. It is quite obvious that mass support for totalitarianism comes neither from ignorance nor from brainwashing.