Bab al-Mandab (i), (ii), (iii)
Babylon (Egypt) (i)
Babylon (Iraq) and Babylonians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
Bacon, Sir Francis (i)
Bacon, Francis (painter) (i)
badawah (‘bedouinism’, non-settled society) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); see also tribes
badawah–hadarah relations (i.e. between non-settled and settled social groups) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv)
Badr, Raid of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
badw (Bedouins) see badawah
Baedeker’s Palestine and Syria (i)
Baghar (i)
Baghdad (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv)
Baha’ism (i)
Bahrain (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Bajilah (tribe) (i)
Bajkam (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Bakil (tribe) (i), (ii)
Bakr (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii)
al-Baladhuri (i), (ii), (iii)
Baldwin, James (i)
Balfour Declaration (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Balkans (i), (ii)
Balkh (i)
Bangladesh (i); see also Bengal
Barcelona (i)
Baring, Evelyn (Lord Cromer) (i)
Barmak family (i), (ii)
al-Barraq (i)
Bartalamin (i)
Bartók, Béla (i)
al-Basha, Asim (i)
Bashshar b. Burd (i)
al-Basrah and Basrans (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv)
al-Basus (i), (ii)
War of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Ba’th movement (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
bayan (special ‘high’ speech used for revelations etc.) (i), (ii), (iii)
Baykal, Lake (i)
Baynun (i)
Bayt al-Hikmah see House of Wisdom
Beaverbrook, Lord (i)
Becket, Thomas (i)
Bedouins see badawah
Beeston, A.F.L. (i)
Beirut (i)
Bekaa Valley (i)
Ben Bella (i)
Bengal (i)
Bengali language (i)
Berbers (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix)
Berber languages (i), (ii), (iii)
Berlin (i)
Bethel (i)
Bible (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
bid’ah (‘innovation’) (i), (ii)
al-Biruni (i)
al-Bitar, Salah al-Din (i)
Black Death (i), (ii), (iii)
Black Sea (i)
‘Black September’ (1970) (i)
Boccaccio (i)
Bolsheviks (i)
Bombay (i)
books, Arabic (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix); see also libraries; Qur’an
Borges, Jorge Luis (i), (ii), (iii)
Borneo (i), (ii)
Bornu (i)
Bosporus (i)
Boston (i)
Bourguiba, Habib (i)
Bowles, Paul (i), (ii)
Brahma (deity) (i), (ii)
Brazil (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Britain and the British (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv)
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) (i)
British Library (i)
Bu Azizi, Muhammad (i)
Bu Hayrad, Jamilah (i)
Buddhism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Bugha (i), (ii)
Bugis (i)
al-Buhturi (i)
Bukhara (i)
al-Buraymi (i)
Burton, Sir Richard (i)
Bush, George H.W. (i)
Bush, George W. (i), (ii)
al-Bushri brothers (i)
Buwayh (i)
Buwayhid dynasty (i), (ii), (iii)
Buyah see Buwayh
Buyid dynasty see Buwayhid dynasty
Byron, Lord (i), (ii)
Byron, Robert (i), (ii)
Byzantine empire and Byzantines (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii)
Cadmus (i)
Caedmon (i)
‘Caesar’ (general term for Roman/Byzantine emperors) (i), (ii), (iii)
Caesarea (Palestine) (i)
Cain (i)
Cairo (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii)
Calabria (i)
Calcutta (i)
Calicut (i)
caliph, meaning of (i)
caliphate, institution of the (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii)
Calvinism (i)
Cambay, funeral monuments from (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), Plate 14
Cambridge (i)
camels (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi)
domestication of (i)
in combination with horses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
myth of origin (i)
Camp David accords (i), (ii), (iii)
Cape of Good Hope (i), (ii), (iii)
Carlyle, Thomas (i), (ii)
Carmona (i)
Casablanca (i)
Caspian Sea (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Castile and Castilians (i)
Catherine of Braganza (i)
Caucasus (i), (ii), (iii)
Cave, People of the (i)
Ceuta see Sabtah
Chad, Lake (i)
Chang’an (Xi’an) (i)
Charles II, King (of England) (i)
Charles, Prince of Wales (i)
Chechens (i)
Chile (i)
China and the Chinese (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx)
Chingiz Khan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Christianity and Christians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (
lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi)
Circassians (i), (ii), (iii)
Cleopatra (i)
‘client’-kings and queens (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)
coinage (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Cold War (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Colombo (i)
Columbus, Christopher (i)
Committee for the Commandment of Virtue and the Suppression of Vice (i)
Comoros (i), (ii)
concubinage see Arabs, marriage and concubinage with non-Arabs
Conrad, Joseph (i)
Constantine V, Emperor (i)
Constantinople (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv); see also Istanbul
Blachernae church (i)
Copts (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Coptic language (i)
Cordova (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Crimea (i)
Cromer, Lord see Baring, Evelyn
Crone, Patricia (i)
Crossman, Richard (i)
Crusades and Crusaders (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)
Ctesiphon (i), (ii)
Cyprus (i)
Daftar Jaylani (i)
Dahir, King (of Sind) (i)
Dahis, War of (i)
Dakar (i)
Damascus (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv)
Umayyad Mosque (i), (ii), (iii), Plate 9
Damietta (i)
Dandolo, Doge Enrico (i)
Davie, Grace (i)
Daws (tribe) (i)
‘Day of the Camel’ (i), (ii), (iii)
‘Day of the Elephant’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Daylam and Daylamites (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
‘Days of the Arabs’ (tribal conflicts) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Decius, Emperor (i)
Dedan (i)
Delhi (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Delhi Sultans (i), (ii)
Delos (i)
Delphi (i)
democracy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
Dhahran (i), (ii), Plate 20
dhimmah (protection) (i)
Dhofar (i), (ii)
Dhubyan (tribe) (i)
Dhu ’l-Kala’ (i), (ii)
Dhu ’l-Khalasah (deity) (i), (ii)
Dhu Qar (i)
Dhu ’l-Qarnayn (i)
Dhu Raydan (i), (ii)
Dhu ’l-Rummah (i)
Dhu ’l-Sama’ (deity) (i)
dictators (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), Chapter 15 passim
Dienné (i)
din, meanings of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Dinshaway incident (1906) (i), (ii)
Dioscorides (i)
Diyar Bakr (i)
Doha (i)
Doughty, Charles M. (i)
Douglas, Norman (i)
Dresch, Paul (i)
Druze (i)
Druze rebellion (i), (ii)
Dryden, John (i)
Dubai (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Dulles, John Foster (i)
Dumah (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Durayd b. al-Simmah (i), (ii)
Durrell, Lawrence (i)
Dutch people (i); see also Netherlands
East India Company (English) (i), (ii)
East Indies (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Edward, ‘the Black Prince’ (i)
Egypt and Egyptians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi), (lxii), (lxiii), (lxiv), (lxv), (lxvi), (lxvii), (lxviii), (lxix), (lxx), (lxxi), (lxxii), (lxxiii), (lxxiv), (lxxv), (lxxvi), (lxxvii), (lxxviii), (lxxix), (lxxx)
Egyptian Free Officers’ Revolution (1952) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (i)
Elcho Island (i)
Eliot, T.S. (i), (ii)
Elizabeth II, Queen (i), (ii)
Elmusa, Sharif S. (i)
Empty Quarter (i), (ii), (iii)
En Avdat (i)
England see Britain
Enriot, Emile (i)
Ephesus, Seven Sleepers of (i)
Ethiopia and Ethiopians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii); see also Abyssinia; Axum
Ethiopic language (i); see also Amharic language
Eugénie, Empress (i)
Euphrates River (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)
European empires, modern (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi); see also Britain and the British; France and the French
al-Fadl b. al-Rabi’ (i)
Fakhitah (i)
Fakhr al-Dawlah (Abbadid prince) (i)
al-Farabi (i), (ii), (iii)
al-Farazdaq (i), (ii)
Farghana and Farghanans (i), (ii), (iii)
Farhat, Ilyas (i)
al-Farra’ (i)
Fars (i), (ii), (iii)
Farsi language see Persia and Persians, language and culture
Faruq, King (i)
Fatah see Palestine Liberation Organization
al-Fath b. Khaqan (i)
Fatimah (i), (ii), (iii)
Fatimid dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Faysal b. Husayn b. Ali, King (of Iraq), (i), (ii)
Fayyad b. Muhanna b. Isa (i)
Fertile Crescent (northern) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi)
Fertile Crescent (southern) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
‘fertile fringe’ (i), (ii), (iii)
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (i)
fiqh (jurisprudence) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Firanj see Franks
Firdawsi (i), (ii)
Fishman, Joshua (i)
France and the French (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii)
French language (i), (ii)
Franco, Francisco (i)
frankincense (i)
Franks (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x); see also Crusades and Crusaders
Fujian (i)
Fukuyama, Francis (i), (ii)
al-Fustat (i), (ii)
futuhat (first-century AH Arab conquests) Chapter 7 passim, (i)
Gabriel (angel) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Galilee, Sea of (i)
Galileo Galilei (i), (ii)
Gaza and Gaza Strip (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Gellner, Ernest (i)
genealogy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv)
Genghis Khan see Chingiz Khan
Geniza, the Cairo (i)
Germany and Germans (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Ghada (Bedouin in India) (i)
Ghassan and Ghassanid dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv)
Ghaznah (i)
ghazw see raiding
Ghiy
ath al-Din (Abbasid in India) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Ghiyath al-Din, Sultan (Saljuq ruler) (i)
Ghumarah (Berber tribe) (i)
al-Ghumari (i)
Ghumdan, palace of (i), (ii)
al-Ghutah (i)
Ghuzz see Oghuz
Gibraltar (i), (ii), (iii)
Gibran Kahlil Gibran see Jubran Khalil Jubran
Gindibu (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Goa (i)
Golan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Goths see Visigoths
grammarians see Arabic language, studies
Granada (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Graves, Robert (i)
Great War see World War I
Greater Zab River and battle (i), (ii), (iii)
Greece and Greeks (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi)
Greek alphabet (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Greek language (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)
Gresik (i)
Grimsby (i)
Guadalquivir River (i)
Guangzhou (i), (ii)
Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’ (i)
Guinea (i)
Gujerat (i)
Gulf, Arabian/Persian (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)
Gulf states (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Gulf War (1980s) see Iran–Iraq War
Gulf War (1990–1) (i), (ii), (iii)
Gunbadh-i Qabus (i), Plate 12
Gutas, Dimitri (i)
Gutenberg, Johann (i)
habl/hbl (treaty, covenant) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Hadad (deity) (i)
hadarah (settled society, ‘civilization’) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); see also badawah–hadarah relations
Haddad, Fernando (i)
al-Haddar (i)
hadith (reports of Muhammad’s sayings and doings) and hadith studies (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi)
Hadramawt and Hadramis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv)
Hafiz (i)
Hagar (i), (ii), (iii)
hajj see Mecca and Meccans, pilgrimage
al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
al-Hakam (Cordova caliph) (i)
Halabjah (i)
al-Hallaj (i), (ii)
Halliburton, Richard (i)
Hamadhan (i)
Hamah (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Hamas (i), (ii)
Hamdan (tribe) (i)
Hamdan Qarmat (i)
al-Hamdani (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Hamdanid dynasty (i), (ii), (iii)
Hammad al-Rawiyah (i), (ii)
Hamzah b. Abd al-Muttalib (i)
Hanafis (school of jurisprudence) (i)
Arabs Page 83