Hangzhou (i)
Hanifah, Banu (tribe) (i)
hanifs (pre-Islamic monotheists) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Hanzalah b. Safwan (i)
al-Harawi (i)
al-Hariri (i), (ii), (iii), Plate 13
al-Harith (Kindi leader) (i)
al-Harith (tribe) (i)
al-Harith b. Hillizah (i)
al-Harith b. Jabalah, King (i), (ii)
Harithah (i)
Harun al-Rashid, Caliph see al-Rashid, Caliph Harun
hasab (‘legacy’ of good/bad deeds) (i), (ii)
Hasan, mosque-madrasah of Sultan (i)
al-Hasan b. Ali b. Abi Talib (i), (ii)
Hashemites/Hashimites see Hashimis
Hashid (tribe) (i), (ii)
Hashim (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Hashim al-Mirqal (i)
Hashimis (clan) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi)
Hashimiyyah movement (i), (ii)
Hassan al-Tanukhi (i)
Hassan b. Thabit (i), (ii), (iii)
Hassanis (tribe) see al-Ma’qil
Hastings (i)
Hatib b. Abi Balta’ah (i), (ii), (iii)
Hawazin (tribe) (i)
Haydari dervishes (i)
Haykal, Muhammad Hasanayn (i)
Hays-Bays (i)
Hazael (i)
Hazilah (i)
Hebrews (i), (ii), (iii)
Hebrew language and script (i), (ii)
Hegra (Mada’in Salih) (i), (ii)
Heliopolis (i)
Hellenistic culture (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
‘Hempher, Mister’ (i)
Henry, O. (i)
Heraclius, Emperor (i)
Herat (i)
Herder, Johann Gottfried (i), (ii), (iii)
Herodotus (i), (ii), (iii)
al-Hijaz (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Hijaz Railway (i), (ii)
hijrah (severance, migration) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi); see also migration
Hilal, Banu (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Hims (Homs) (i)
Himyar and Himyaris (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii)
Hind (Lakhmid princess) (i)
Hind (wife of Abu Sufyan) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Hind bint al-Khass (i)
Hindi language (i)
Hinduism (i), (ii), (iii)
Hira’, Mount (i), (ii)
al-Hirah (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx)
Hisham, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
‘Hisham’s Palace’ see Khirbat al-Mafjar
Hitti, Philip (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Hittin, battle of (i), (ii)
Hohenstaufen dynasty (i)
Holden, David (i)
Holland see Netherlands
Holocaust (i), (ii)
Holy Roman Emperors (i), (ii)
Homer (i)
Homs see Hims
Hong Kong (i), (ii)
Hormuz, Strait of (i), (ii)
horses (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
in combination with camels (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
myth of origin (i)
Hourani, Albert (i)
House of Tongues (Cairo) (i)
House of Wisdom (Baghdad) (i), (ii)
Hoyland, Robert (i), (ii)
Huart, Clément (i)
Hubal (deity) (i), (ii), (iii)
Hujr (Kindi leader) (i)
Hulagu (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Huntington, Samuel (i)
Huraqah (i)
Husayn, Saddam see Saddam Husayn
Husayn, Taha (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi)
Husayn b. Ali, Sharif (king of al-Hijaz) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
al-Husayn b. Ali b. Abi Talib (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
al-Husri, Sati’ (i)
Huthis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Ibn al-Arabi (i)
Ibn al-A’rabi (i), (ii)
Ibn al-Athir (i)
Ibn Bassam (i)
Ibn Battutah (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)
Ibn al-Furat (i)
Ibn al-Hanafiyyah see Muhammad b. Ali b. Abi Talib
Ibn Hazm (i)
Ibn Hisham (i), (ii)
Ibn Ilyas (i)
Ibn Jubayr (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Ibn al-Kalbi (i), (ii), (iii)
Ibn Khaldun (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi)
Ibn Khallikan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Ibn al-Maghazili (i)
Ibn al-Muqaffa’ (i)
Ibn al-Mu’tazz, Abd Allah (caliph for a day) (i)
Ibn al-Nadim (i), (ii)
Ibn Nubatah (i)
Ibn al-Qalaqis (i)
Ibn Qutaybah (i)
Ibn Rashiq (i)
Ibn Rushd (i)
Ibn Sa’ud, King see Abd al-Aziz Ibn Sa’ud, King
Ibn Shubrumah (i)
Ibn Taymiyyah (i)
Ibn Wahb (i), (ii), (iii)
Ibn al-Wardi (i)
Ibn Wasil (i)
Ibn Zamrak (i)
Ibrahim (Abraham) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Ibrahim b. Muhammad (son of the Prophet) (i)
Ibrahim Pasha (i)
al-Idrisi (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Idrisid dynasty (i)
Ijl b. Sa’d al-Lat (i), (ii)
ijtihad, meaning of (i), (ii)
Ikhshidid dynasty (i), (ii), (iii)
al-Ikhwan (extremist Wahhabis) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Ikhwan al-Safa (‘the Brethren of Purity’) (i)
Il (deity) (i)
Ilmaqah (deity) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
imamate, institution of the (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
iman (belief, faith) (i), (ii)
Imru’ al-Qays b. Amr, King (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Imru’ al-Qays b. Hujr (Hunduj b. Hujr) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)
India and Indians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv)
Indian Ocean (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)
Arab expansion around (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), Chapter 12 passim
Indonesia (i), (ii)
Indonesian language (i)
Ingrams, Doreen (i)
Ingrams, Harold (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
intifadahs (i), (ii)
Iqbal, Muhammad (i)
Iram (i)
Iran and Iranians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii); see also Persia and Persians; Sasanian empire
Islamic Revolution (1979) (i), (ii), (iii)
Iran–Iraq War (1980s) (i), (ii)
’iraq, meaning of (i)
Iraq and Iraqis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xx
xiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi), (lxii), (lxiii), (lxiv), (lxv), (lxvi), (lxvii), (lxviii), (lxix), (lxx), (lxxi), (lxxii), (lxxiii), (lxxiv), (lxxv), (lxxvi), (lxxvii), (lxxviii), (lxxix), (lxxx), (lxxxi), (lxxxii)
US-led invasion of (2003) (i), (ii)
Irgun (i)
irrigation and agriculture (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); see also Marib Dam
Isaiah (i)
al-Isfahani (i)
Ishmael see Isma’il
islam, meanings of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Islam (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx)
adaptation to new environments (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
as a disunifying factor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
as a unifying factor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)
dissemination in Arab empire (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
intellectual debate in (i), (ii)
law and ethics (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); see also fiqh
‘pillars’ of (i)
‘political’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)
South Arabian heritage of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
‘Islamic State’ (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), Plate 25
Isma’il (Ishmael) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
as unifying Arab ancestor (i), (ii)
Isma’il Pasha (i), (ii)
Isma’ilis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Israel and Israelis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii)
Istakhr (i)
Istanbul (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); see also Constantinople
Italy and Italians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Iyad (tribe) (i), (ii)
Iyad b. Ghanm (i)
al-Jabal al-Akhdar (i)
Jabalah b. al-Ayham, King (i), (ii), (iii)
al-Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
al-Jabiri, Muhammad (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
al-Jabiyah (i), (ii), (iii)
Ja’far al-Barmaki (i), (ii)
Jafnah (clan) (i)
al-Jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic ‘age of ignorance’) (i), (ii), (iii)
al-Jahiz (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi)
Book of the Stick (i), (ii)
Jainism (i)
Jalal al-Din Tabrizi (i)
Jam, Minaret of (i)
Jama’at al-Taqrib (i)
Jamal Abd al-Nasir see Nasser
Jamal al-Layl family (i)
Jamil (i)
Jarawah (Berber tribe) (i)
al-Jarawi (i)
Jarir (i), (ii)
Jarjumis (i)
Jarmaqis (i)
Jassas (i), (ii)
Java (i), (ii)
Jawhar, Muhammad Ali (i)
Jawhar al-Rumi/al-Saqlabi/al-Siqilli (i)
Jawlan see Golan
Jazeera, Al (i), (ii)
Jeddah (i)
Jericho (i)
Jerusalem (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Dome of the Rock (i)
East Jerusalem (i)
King David Hotel bombing (i)
Jesus (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
Jews and Judaism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl)
Jhats (Indian people) (i)
jihad (i), (ii), (iii)
Joan of Arc (i)
John of Damascus, Saint (i)
Johnson, Samuel (i), (ii), (iii)
Jordan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); see also Transjordan
Jubran Khalil Jubran (i), (ii), (iii)
Judaism see Jews and Judaism
Judham (tribe) (i)
al-Jufri, Sayyid Muhsin (i)
al-Jufri family (i)
al-Jundi, Sami (i)
Jupiter (deity)
Jurhum (tribe) (i)
Jurjan (i), (ii)
Juvenal (i)
Ka’bah of Mecca, the (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii)
the Black Stone (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), Plate 6
Ka’bah of Najran, the (i)
Ka’bah of Sindad, the (i)
Kabul (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
kafara, meanings of (i)
al-Kaff family (i)
Kafur, Abu ’l-Misk (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
kahins and kahinahs (seers and seeresses) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi)
Kalbid dynasty (i)
Kangaba (i), (ii)
Karbala (i)
Karim merchants (i)
Karkh (i)
Kashghar (i)
Kassir, Samir (i), (ii)
Kaylukari (i)
Kennedy, Hugh (i)
Kenya (i)
Kerala (i), (ii), (iii)
Kerouac, Jack (i)
Khabur River (i)
Khadijah (i), (ii), (iii)
Khafajah (tribe) (i)
Khajuraho (i)
Khalid b. Sinan al-Absi (i), (ii)
Khalid b. al-Walid (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
khalifah, khilafah see caliphate
kharaj (land tax) (i)
Kharijis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
Khartum (i)
Khashoggi, Jamal (i)
khatibs (orators; later, preachers) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Khawlan (tribe) (i)
khayal al-zill (shadow-puppet theatre) (i)
Khaybar (i)
Khazars (i), (ii)
Khazraj (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Khirbat al-Mafjar (i)
Khomeini, Ayatollah (i), (ii), (iii)
Khrushchev, Nikita Plate 19
Khurasan and Khurasanis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi)
‘Khusraw’ (general term for Sasanian shahs) (i), (ii)
Khusraw Anushiruwan, Shah (i)
Khuza’ah (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii)
Khuzistan (i)
Khwarizm (i)
Khwarizm Shah (i)
Kilito, Abdelfattah (i)
Kilwa Kisiwani (i), (ii), (iii)
Kindah (tribe) and Kindis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv)
al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Ya’qub (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Kipling, Rudyard (i), (ii)
al-Kisa’i (i)
Kish Island (i)
Kishk, Muhammad Jalal (i)
Kollam (i)
Krishna (deity) (i), (ii)
al-Kufah and Kufans (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv)
Kulayb (Taghlibi chief) (i), (ii), (iii)
Kumyah (Berber tribe) (i)
Kurds (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)
Kuwait (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
al-Kuwayk (i)
Kyrgyzstan (i)
Labid (i)
Lakhm (tribe) and Lakhmid dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (
x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii)
Lane, Edward William (i), (ii)
Lar (i)
Laroui, Abdallah (i)
al-Lat (deity) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Latin language (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
Lawrence, T.E. (i), (ii), (iii)
League of Nations (i)
Lean, David (i)
Lebanon and the Lebanese (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi)
Leo the Armenian, Emperor (i)
León and Castile (i)
Levant, the (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii)
Lévi-Strauss, Claude (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Lewis, Bernard (i)
lexicography see Arabic language, studies
libraries (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)
Libya (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
London (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Lunt, James (i)
Luxor (i)
Ma’add (tribe) (i), (ii)
al-Ma’arrah (i)
al-Ma’arri (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)
Macdonald, M.C.A. (i)
Macedonia (i)
Macoraba (=Mecca?) (i)
Mada’in Salih see Hegra
Madhhij (tribe) (i), (ii)
al-Madinah/Madinat Rasul Allah see Medina
madrasahs (colleges) (i), (ii), (iii)
Maghrib and Maghribis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv)
al-Mahalibah family (i)
al-Mahdi, Caliph (i)
mahmal (symbolic, camel-borne pilgrimage litter) (i), Plate 17
Mahmud of Ghaznah (i)
Ma’in (i), (ii); see also Minaeans
Majapahit empire (i)
Makhzum, Banu (clan) (i)
Malabar (i)
Malacca (Melaka) (i)
Strait of (i)
Malay language, Old (i), (ii)
Malaysia (i)
Maldives (i), (ii), (iii)
Kinolhas Island (i)
Mali empire (i), (ii), (iii)
modern state of (i), (ii)
Malik b. Anas (i)
Malik b. Nuwayrah (i), (ii)
Malikshah (i), (ii)
Mamluks (military ‘dynasty’) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi)
al-Ma’mun, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi)
war with al-Amin (i)
Manaf (deity) (i)
Manat (deity) (i)
Mandelstam, Osip (i)
al-Mansur, Caliph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)
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