French Revolution (1789), 22, 402, 419, 503, 504–5; and authors’ rights, 27; and the citizen, 312, 334, 419; and Considerations sur les principaux événements de la Révolution française (Staël), 333; and the Declaration of Vienna, 425; and democratic participation, 42–43; and female education, 338; and figure of the philosophe, 375, 377; and freedom of speech, 37; and French people, 23, 34, 156; and the guillotine, 444; and historical consciousness, 394; and literary history, 43; and literary language, 628; and meritocracy, 364; and natural laws, 43; and Nouvelle Clarice (Leprince de Beaumont), 342; and religion, 43; and Republican calendar, 18; and rights of blacks or slaves, 334; and the Terror, 344; and theatrical and media monopolies, 335; and violence, 419; and women’s rights, 30, 334–35
Freud, Sigmund, 41, 525, 558
Fronde, the, 178, 203, 263, 264
Gallimard, 514, 536, 537–38, 539
Game of Love and Chance, The (Marivaux): and autonomy, 357; and class, 358–59; and love, 357–59; and marriage, 357–59; and masters and slaves, 360; popularity of, 357; and Silvia’s exchange of roles with maid, 358–59; and social hierarchy, 359
Gargantua (Rabelais): and anti-monastic community, 83; and anti-monk Frère Jean, 62; and education, 79, 159; and Erasmus, 52, 58; and fabulous events, 84; and human institutions of the Church, 59; and interpretation, 81–82; and language of colors, 75; and Pantagruel, 71; and religion, 58, 59, 83; style of, 53, 58–59; and theology, 59; in vernacular language, 53; and violence, 59
Gassendi, Pierre: as a libertine, 182; and maxim ambulo ergo sum, 250–51; and modern philosophy, 276; and opposition to Descartes, 250–51; and reconciliation of Epicurean naturalism with Christian principles, 230; and role of sensory experience, 251; travels of, 251
Gautier, Théophile: and Emaux et camées (Enamels and Cameos), 507; and first book of Poesies, 506–7; and Hugo’s Hernani, 436, 438; and Romantic legend, 442
Genius of Architecture; or the Analogy of That Art with Our Sensations (Le Camus de Mezieres), 313
Genlis, Félicité de, 337–38, 341
genre: and ancient genres, 122–23; and aphorism, 229, 245; and autobiography, 31–32, 44; and the bildungsroman, 433n1; and Césaire’s different genres, 588–89; and characters, 229, 238; and cinema, 44; and comedy, 44, 80, 123, 174, 184–85; and comedy of character, 184–85; and context, 18; and dialogue form, 229, 261, 271, 287; and divisio, 80, 81; and drama, 81, 256, 442, 597; and epic, 39, 44, 56, 80, 204–205; and epic poetry, 294, 341; epistemic novels, 253; essays, 161–62, 536; and Les Etats et Empires de la Lune (The States and Empires of the Moon), 254; and Les Etats et Empires du Soleil (The States and Empires of the Sun), 254; explorer narratives, 256–60; and fables, 229, 230, 234, 238, 239, 240, 247, 250; and fairy tales, 223–25, 229, 234, 270, 281, 336; and fiction, 44, 168, 213, 215, 216, 223, 227, 229, 259, 260, 280, 294, 308, 309, 312, 314, 342, 347, 535–36; and the fifteenth century, 21; and form of the essay, 161–62, 165, 234; and freedom of speech, 37; and French opera, 191–92; and hierarchy of genres, 39, 44; and historical novel, 214; historical prose, 443; and horror genre, 208; and investigative journalism, 242; and the letter, 161, 229, 234, 241–42, 243, 254–56, 312; love sonnet sequences as, 132; and lyric poetry, 39, 113, 116; and Marguerite de Navarre, 59; and maxims, 229, 234, 238; and melodrama, 442; and the memoir-novel, 314–17; and modern fiction, 308; and Montaigne’s essays, 68, 161–62; and narrative fiction, 597; newspapers, 213; and nouvelle historique (historical short stories), 216–17; novel, 44, 212–17, 224, 254, 309, 312–28, 442, 521, 589; and one genre in French sequences, 131; opera, 270; and Pantagruel (Rabelais), 71; and poetic genres, 116, 122, 123, 256, 442; and political satire, 123; and popular fiction, 29; and pornography, 208; and portrait, 229, 234, 238; and proimetrum, 254; and prose, 147, 152, 168, 215, 216, 220, 223, 227, 242, 254, 287, 308, 535–36; and romance, 21, 29–31, 202, 215, 216, 219–20, 223; and Pierre de Ronsard, 125; and satire, 241, 261, 298; and science fiction, 254; and short stories, 216–17, 229, 230, 337; standards of appropriateness for, 78; and term nouvelles, 30, 104; and tragedy, 39, 44, 80, 123, 171, 193–94, 204, 294, 341; and travel writing, 3, 12, 229, 250–62, 264; and utopias, 229, 253, 254, 261, 264; and verse, 254; and vraisemblance (verisimilitude), 216; and work of Cyrano de Bergerac, 261, 265. See also novel
Germany: autocratic regime in, 534–35; and control of Vichy regime, 552; and De l’Allemagne (On Germany), 332; and Hitler’s annexation of Czechoslovakian Sudetenland, 548; and Hitler’s appointment as chancellor, 535; and influence on France, 22; and Nazis in World War II, 563; and occupation of France, 38; and the Seven Years’ War, 299; Voltaire’s travels in, 294
Gide, Andre, 7, 155, 515, 517, 521; and diary form, 596; and Les faux-monnayeurs, 535, 536, 596; and L’immoraliste (The Immoralist), 522, 536, 595; and importance of in 1930, 535; and male homosexuality, 522; as a member of the Gallimard staff, 538; and modern classicism, 619; and narrative as forgery, 605; and narrative experiments, 600; and Nobel Prize in Literature, 536–37; and La Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF), 537; politics of, 535
Godwin, Francis, 261, 262
Gouges, Olympe de, 334–35
Graffigny, Françoise de, 327–28, 346–47
Greek culture: and the Aeneid (Virgil), 66, 73, 163; and ancient Greece, 466, 505, 507; and antiquity, 50, 68, 137, 195, 270, 272–73, 274, 388; and Aristotle, 39, 132, 158, 171, 192, 195, 224, 280, 282, 442–43; and Art poétique (Horace), 120, 140; and Athenian comedy, 80; and Athenian democracy, 505; and Athenian polis, 240, 270, 272; and beauty, 20; and Cicero, 78–79, 132, 158, 161; and comedy, 20; and depictions of emotion, 206; and Diogenes, 378, 381, 388, 409; and Euripides’s plot in Phèdre (Racine), 193, 195, 197; and Galen, 53; and gods, 80, 81, 87, 124, 129, 167, 341, 396; and gods in Racine’s plays, 192–95, 196, 197; and Greco-Latin epic hexameter, 127; and Greek language, 23, 71, 73, 74, 140, 141–42, 253; and Greek sources of Erasmus, 49; and group of Alexandrian poets, 138; and Hellenist Anne Dacier, 30, 271, 285; and Hippocrates, 53; and Hippolytus (Euripides), 195; and Homer, 82, 113, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 138, 144, 261, 271, 273, 280; and Homeric world, 272, 273, 274, 275, 285–86; and Homer’s Iliad, 271, 285; and Homer’s Odysseus, 261, 308; and Horace, 113, 120, 122, 124, 140, 144, 158, 162, 167, 192, 282; and humanism, 151; and idea of imitation, 144–45; and legal reforms, 505; and literature, 143, 144, 271, 282–83; and Longinus’s On the Sublime, 282–83; and Lucian of Samosata, 48, 54; and Lucretius, 124; and lyric poetry, 113; and military leaders, 138; and moderation, 78–79; Montaigne’s love of, 158; and Muses, 124, 507; and mythology, 253, 264–65, 281; and the Odyssey (Homer), 204–5; and Ovid, 124, 138, 158, 261, 262; and paganism in poetry and the arts, 286–87; and Perrault view of ancient poetry as flawed, 280; and Pindar, 78, 80, 113, 115, 116, 117, 122, 123, 124, 125, 144; and Plato, 81, 82, 158, 171, 277, 396; poets of, 68, 78, 81, 113, 123, 124, 125, 138–39, 144; and Rabelais, 78; and seeking of wisdom, 65, 78–79, 167, 396; and Socrates, 81, 82, 158–59, 166, 167, 252, 260, 261, 396, 456, 601–2, 608; and title of Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptameron, 92; and tragedy, 20, 80, 81, 194–95, 282, 597; and translation of poems, 145; and truth, 20; and usefulness, 20; and Venus, 313; and Virgil, 66, 73, 113, 123, 124, 125, 128, 138, 144, 158, 273, 285, 503. See also Aristotle; language; Petrarch; Seneca
Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, 374, 382, 402
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm F., 193, 208, 383, 389
Henri IV, 8, 21, 161
Heptameron (Marguerite de Navarre): and author’s life, 99, 103, 108; and Boccaccio’s Decameron, 59, 93, 94, 96; as a collection of stories, 92, 93, 94, 101, 102, 103; and dialogue form, 93, 105; and discussions between storytellers, 93, 94, 95, 96, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107–8; and early modern caste, 102; and education of author, 97; and equality, 105; and exemplarity of tales, 104; and faith, 94; and flood scene, 94; and group of travelers, 93, 94, 95, 104–5; and Pierre Gruget’s Heptameron, 93, 104; and human nature, 94, 110; interpretations of, 104; and irony, 107; Italian sources of, 93, 94, 95, 96, 105; and litterature engag�
�e, 110; and love, 93, 106, 107; and love and friendship, 93; and Luther’s sermons, 107; and marital fidelity, 93, 94; and marriage, 93, 98–99, 103; and meaning of title, 92; and monastic life, 100; and monks listening to stories, 108–9; narrative contract in, 105–6; and narrator Hircan, 107, 108–9; and Oisille as leader, 95, 106, 107; and Parlamente’s identification with Marguerite, 96; and La passion secrète d’une reine (Chardak), 109; and La Princesse de Clèves (Lafayette), 101; and poem Châtelaine de Vergy, 105–6; publication of, 100–101; and realist French narrative, 102; and reception history, 103, 104; reception of, 101–2, 106; and religious themes, 93–94, 102, 108, 109, 110; and satire, 109; and sexuality, 93, 94, 95–6, 102, 103, 106–7; and sixteenth-century aristocratic society, 94; and stories of Histoires des amans fortunez (Boiastuau), 92–93; structure of, 102, 103, 104; and theology, 110; and transition from oral to written narrative, 106; and truth of accounts, 96, 102–4, 105, 106, 107, 108; and women as advocates of parental control, 98; and world-historical change, 97
Hernani (Hugo): battle of, 436–38, 440, 443–44; and censorship, 443–44; as a love story, 444; and play’s first night, 8; shock of, 446
Histoire d’un voyage fait en terre de Bresil (History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil) (Léry), 158, 256
Histoire naturelle (Natural History) (Buffon), 395, 402
Histoires des amans fortunez (Boiastuau), 92–93
history: and addition of Navarre to France, 21; and the “Affair of the Placards” by Swiss radicals, 100; and Africa, India, and South America, 257; and Algerian history, 641, 642, 650; and Algerian War, 38, 596, 631, 635, 636, 638; and ancient history, 161, 446, 447; and anticolonial movements, 578; and Antillean history, 584; and Battle of Eylau disaster, 441; and breakup of Roman Empire, 20; and Bulletins of the Grande Armée, 441; and capitalism, 85, 587; and Cartier’s expeditions to North America, 256; and censorship during a national crisis, 38; as a chain of causes and effects, 43; and civil war, 113, 114, 123, 128; classical history, 158; and the cold war, 630; and colonization, 256–57, 578; and Communist Party, 578; and consciousness in Europe, 6, 272; and Cortez’s violence against Aztec Empire, 87; and the Council of Trent, 156; and coverage, 2, 3; and the Crusades, 257; cyclical notion of, 147, 151; and Cyrano de Bergerac, 265; and deaths of writers, printers, and translators, 100; and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 419; and the Declaration of Vienna, 425; and decolonization in the 1950s and 60s, 576; and Diet at Haguenau, 120; and different governmental systems, 433; and English-language histories, 1; and Essays (Montaigne), 158; and European histories, 158; and Europe’s civil and religious wars, 233; and failed Communist Shanghai insurrection, 546, 547, 551; of France in Middle Ages, 21; and France’s Italian wars, 118; and French army’s murders, 639, 643; and French colonialism, 636–44; and French crises of the 1930s, 534–35; of French literature, 11, 17, 42–43, 45, 155, 238, 242; and French poetry, 3–5, 554; and French Resistance, 621; and French Revolution, 630; and the Fronde era, 178, 203, 263, 264; and Girondin government, 340; of Haiti, 585–86, 587; and Haussmann’s changes to Paris, 470; and Henri II’s peace with England, 123; and historiography, 172, 191; and Hitler’s appointment as German chancellor, 535; and humanism, 156; and introduction of printing, 21; and July Monarchy, 436–37; and the July Revolution in 1830, 507; and leftist coalition Popular Front, 552; and Lisbon earthquake, 297; of literature, 2–7, 11, 238; and membership in canon of French literature, 5; and modern history, 7, 161; and modernity, 15–16, 84–85; and Montaigne’s Essays, 155, 168; and Munich agreements, 548, 552; and Napoleon Bonaparte, 419–23, 425, 427; and Napoleon III’s Second Empire, 466, 470; and natural history, 239; and the New World, 97, 256–57; and perspective of colonized Algerians, 639; and power of the Terror of 1974, 38; and presentism, 2, 446; and readership, 1–3, 45; and realist bildungsroman, 420; and the Reign of Terror, 504–5; relation of literature with, 272; and repressive Second Empire, 37–38; and the Restoration, 420, 423, 426, 427, 432–33, 441, 444, 505; and revolution of 1848, 466, 470, 505–6, 507; and royal historiographers, 26, 191; and Saint-Simon, 518; and the Seven Years’ War, 299–300, 374; and the sixteenth century, 119, 132, 156–57, 233, 256; and St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre, 132, 157; and territorial expansion, 256, 257; and treatment of women, 85; and War of Austrian Succession, 372; and wars of King Francois I, 91; and Wars of Religion, 7, 51, 85, 156–57; and women writers, 30–31; and World War I, 516, 525, 528, 530, 622; and World War II, 548, 554, 563, 621, 627, 631, 640. See also colonialism; French Revolution; literary history
Hobbes, Thomas, 173, 182, 187, 238, 245, 396
Holland: and Isabelle de Charrière, 343–44; and Anne-Marie Du Bocage, 341; and Erasmus of Rotterdam, 47; and publishing, 37
honnêteté, 187–88, 189, 376, 377
Horace: Art poétique of, 120, 140; cultural role of, 144; and literary criticism, 192; and moderation, 78; and Montaigne, 158, 162, 167; odes of, 114–15; and poetry, 282; and Pierre de Ronsard, 113, 114–15, 122, 124
Hugo, Victor: and censor Briffaut, 443–44; and Les contemplations, 442; and Cromwell, 443; cultural role of, 123, 436, 505, 507; death of, 128; and dictionary, 24; exile of, 506; and first night of Hernani, 8; and God’s creation, 507; and love and social reform, 506; and philosophy, 130; as a poet, 3, 28; and protests at the Comédie Française, 436, 437–38; public funeral of, 10; and republicanism, 505, 506; and rise of Louis-Napoleon, 506; and Romanticism, 436, 437, 438, 440, 441; Romantic dramas of, 437–38; and Ruy Blas, 443; and support for royalist cause, 504; and truth, 506. See also Hernani (Hugo)
humanism: and Christian humanists, 49, 54, 63, 64–65, 68; and classical antiquity, 156; and disapproval of the Gothic, 79; and divisio, 80, 81; and Dutch humanist Justus Lipsius, 165; and education, 58, 63, 64–65, 79, 97, 158, 159; and Erasmus, 35, 51, 52, 53, 58, 59, 63–65, 156; and free will, 83; and French humanists, 48, 51, 53, 147; and the Gothic world, 83; and Greek and Roman literature, 143; and human relations, 59; and ideals of heroism, 156, 157, 159; and Italian humanists, 48, 49, 183; Italian roots of, 156; and Etienne de La Boétie, 159–60; and Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, 52, 56; and legacy of Greece and Rome, 151; and mastering many fields of knowledge, 157; and military virtue, 159; and Montaigne, 157, 162, 166, 167–68; and northern Europe, 156; and Oration on the Dignity of Man (Pico della Mirandola), 183; and Paris, 49, 50; and philology, 58; and political crisis, 157; and political rhetoric, 159; and Rabelais, 78, 156; and Renaissance humanism, 78–80, 275; and return to ancient sources, 49, 156, 272; and scholasticism, 83; and the sixteenth century, 156; and tension with Christianity, 79–80; and the twentieth century, 84; and use of vernacular language, 35; and virtue, 156. See also Erasmus; Renaissance
Hume, David, 272, 399
Illiad (Homer), 271, 285
Illusions perdues (Balzac): and characters’ lack of principles, 423, 430; and chronicles of the nineteenth century, 9; and crime, 417, 430; and financial speculation, 417; and high society, 428, 429, 430, 431; and marriage to aristocratic heiress, 430–31; and Napoleon Bonaparte, 418, 427, 428, 430; and Paris, 415, 420, 428, 429–30, 437; and Parisian theater, 437; and the Restoration, 427, 428; and Lucien de Rubempré, 416, 417, 420, 427–33, 437; and self-made noblemen, 429, 430; and sexual exploits, 417, 430; and social capital of noble name, 428; and Julien Sorel, 427, 431
immanence, principle of, 171, 172–73
impromtu de Versailles, L’ (The Versailles Impromptu) (Moliere), 173–74, 177–78
Index librorum prohibitorum (Index of Prohibited Books) (Vatican), 36, 78, 81, 160
Italy: and Giorgio Agamben, 446; and ancient Rome, 149–50, 151; and beginnings of the Renaissance, 20; and Boccaccio’s Decameron, 93, 94, 95; and commedia dell’arte, 174, 352, 356; and Tommaso Campanella, 253; and competition with France, 132, 144; and Histoire de la peinture en Italie (The History of Painting in Italy), 445; history of, 158; and humanism, 156; and influence of Petrarch, 117, 144, 151; and Italian humanists, 48, 49; and Italian Renaissance, 152; literature and civilization
in, 151, 160; medieval culture of, 445; monasteries in, 423; and Montaigne’s travels to Rome, 160; and Pico della Mirandola, 183; poetry of, 140, 144, 150, 151, 152; and the querelle des bouffons, 379; and Ronsard’s ode, 124; and the seventeenth century, 269; and the sixteenth century, 22, 149, 152; and sociability of Italian courts, 269; and Stendhal’s appointment as consul, 433; and wars with France, 118. See also Petrarch; Roman culture; Speroni, Sperone
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